Características epidemiológicas de las consultas pediátricas en el servicio de emergencia de un hospital público del interior del país: Uruguay 2019 / Epidemiological characteristics of pediatric consultations at the emergency services of a public hospital in the interior of Uruguay in 2019 / Características epidemiológicas das consultas pediátricas no serviço de emergência de um hospital público do interior do Uruguai no ano 2019

El Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú es un centro de referencia departamental y regional con un Servicio de Emergencia único. Asiste a 68.000 usuarios, 25% pediátrico. Objetivos: describir la epidemiología global de las consultas durante el año 2019 en el Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú y las características de la población pediátrica que concurre al mismo. Analizar los principales motivos de consulta, demanda asistencial, nivel de gravedad, rol del médico que asiste al paciente pediátrico y destino del paciente. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de la demanda asistencial durante el año 2019. Descripción y análisis de las consultas pediátricas entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de junio de 2019. Resultados: 47.647 consultas, 11.411 pediátricas. Meses de mayor consulta: julio, agosto y octubre. N: 4.905, 34,4% preescolares. 89% de las consultas se clasificaron como nivel 4 y 5. La patología respiratoria predominó en todas las franjas etarias y meses del año. Los pacientes nivel 1 se derivaron a cuidados moderados o CTI, y uno falleció. Discusión y conclusiones: mayor demanda asistencial en los meses fríos por patologías respiratorias. 1 de cada 100 consultas corresponden a emergencia-urgencia y 1 de cada 5 menos urgentes. Inadecuado uso del Servicio de Emergencia con sobrecarga asistencial. Se confirma utilidad del triage como herramienta en un Servicio de Emergencia mixto

The School Hospital Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú is a departmental and regional reference center with a unique Emergency Service. It serves 68,000 users, 25% of which are pediatric users. Objectives: to describe the total epidemiology consultations in 2019 at the Emergency Service of the Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú and the characteristics of its emergency pediatric population. Analyze the key reasons for consultation, care demand, level of severity, the role of doctors who receive pediatric patients and patients' referral. Material and methods: retrospective descriptive study of the demand for care in 2019. Description and analysis of pediatric consultations between January 1 and June 30, 2019. Results: 47,647 consultations, 11,411 pediatric. Months of greater consultation: July, August and October. N: 4905. 34.4% preschool. 89% of the consultations were classified as level 4 and 5. Respiratory pathology prevailed in all age groups and months of the year. Level 1 patients were referred to moderate care or ICU and one died. Discussion and conclusions: higher demand for care in Winter months due to respiratory pathologies. 1 out of every 100 consultations belonged to Emergency-Urgency Services and 1 out of 5 were less urgent. Inadequate use of the Emergency Service with care overload. We confirm the effectiveness of Triage as a tool in a mixed Emergency Services patients' referral process.

O Hospital Escola do Litoral de Paysandú é um centro de referência departamental e regional com um Serviço de Emergência único. Atende 68.000 usuários, 25% pediátricos. Objetivos: descrever a epidemiologia geral das consultas durante o ano de 2019 no Serviço de Emergência do Hospital Escola de Paysandú e as características da população pediátrica que atende o Serviço de Emergência. Analisar os principais motivos de consulta, demanda de atendimento, grau de gravidade, atuação dos médicos que atendem os pacientes pediátricos e destino do paciente. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo retrospectivo da demanda de atendimento durante o ano de 2019. Descrição e análise das consultas pediátricas entre 1º de janeiro e 30 de junho. de 2019 Resultados: 47.647 consultas, 11.411 pediátricas. Meses de maior consulta: julho, agosto e outubro. N: 4.905. 34,4% pré-escolar. 89% das consultas foram classificadas como nível 4 e 5. A patologia respiratória prevaleceu em todas as faixas etárias e meses do ano. Pacientes nível 1 foram encaminhados para cuidados moderados ou UTI e um faleceu. Discussão e conclusões: maior procura de cuidados nos meses frios devido a patologias respiratórias. 1 em cada 100 consultas corresponde a Urgência-Emergência e 1 em cada 5 corresponde a consultas menos urgentes. Uso inadequado do Serviço de Emergência com sobrecarga de atendimento. Confirma-se a utilidade da Triagem como ferramenta em um Serviço de Emergência misto.

The Frailty Based on the Memorial Sloan Kettering Frailty Index for Prediction of Surgical Outcome in Advance Epithelial Ovarian Cancer-Experience of a Single Center in Mexico.

Retrospective impact evaluation of frailty as measured by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Frailty Index (MSK-FI) on outcomes in older women surgically treated for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Women ≥ 60 years with stage IIIC/IV EOC who underwent primary debulking surgery (PDS) or interval debulking surgery (IDS) were included. Medical records were reviewed for patients' characteristics and outcomes. We retrospectively applied the MSK-FI which included 10 comorbidities and functional assessment that were extracted from medical records. The MSK-FI ranges from 0 to 11; a score of ≥ 3 was considered frail. Associations were assessed using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression. We identified 79 patients treated with PDS (n = 36, 45.5%) or IDS (n = 43, 54.4%) with complete data. The prevalence of frailty based on MSK-FI was 25%. Almost half of the frail patients (47.3%) were admitted to the ICU compared to 16% of non-frail patients (p = 0.006). In univariable analysis, the MSK-FI was associated with postoperative complications [OR 1.57 (95% CI 1.04-2.37), p = 0.03] and ICU admission [OR 2.05 (95% CI 1.30-3.23), p = 0.002], but not with readmission rate [OR 1.29 (95% CI 0.65-2.59), p = 0.5], postoperative mortality [OR 1.02 (95% CI 0.51-2.00), p = 0.9], and hospital stay [ß 0.60 (95% CI - 1.19-2.41)]. In multivariable analysis, the frailty index was independently associated with postoperative complications [OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.02-2.34), p = 0.04] and ICU admissions [OR 1.97 (95% CI 1.23-3.16), p = 0.004]. Frailty, based on the Memorial Sloan Kettering Frailty Index, is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes in older women with advanced ovarian cancer, suggesting that MSK-FI can improve the predictive ability of current surgical assessment tools.

Lack of Exposure to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Chilean Cervids, and Evidence of a New Mycobacterium-Like Sequence.

Screening of serum and fecal samples from huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) and pudu (Pudu puda) from southern Chile for Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) found all but four samples Mycobacterium-negative. The positive sequences showed only 92-93% similarity with MAP and were from remote Isla Riesco populations.

Pressões respiratórias máximas em indivíduos obesos antes e após cirurgia bariátrica / Maximum respiratory pressure in obese individuals before and after bariatric surgery

A obesidade é uma doença crônica e multifatorial que leva a alterações sistêmicas e é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. Entre as alterações respiratórias decorrentes da obesidade se discute como o ganho de peso ou a perda deste pode interferir nas pressões respiratórias máximas (PRM), não existindo consenso na literatura. Objetivo: Analisar o poder preditivo das equações de referência para PMR em obesos antes e após perda de peso. Métodos: Estudo transversal no qual foram incluídos vinte pacientes obesos dos Programas de Cirurgia Bariátrica de hospitais de referência em Manaus/Amazonas, que tiveram as PRM avaliadas por meio de manuvacuometria antes e aproximadamente um ano e meio após a cirurgia bariátrica. Resultados: O peso médio diminuiu de 138,5 ± 21,7 kg para 82,7 ± 8,2 kg após a cirurgia. As PRM foram supranormais antes da cirurgia e reduzidas após a cirurgia. Entre as equações analisadas, apenas as propostas por Sanchez et al. foram capazes de predizer os valores medidos. Conclusão: As PRM foram aumentadas nos obesos mórbidos avaliados e reduzidas após a cirurgia. As equações mais utilizadas na prática clínica brasileira parecem não ser capazes de predizer valores de PRM nessa população, sendo as mais adequadas as propostas por Sanchez et al. (AU)

Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease and is considered a global public health problem. Among the respiratory changes due to obesity, weight gain or loss of body weight can interfere with maximal respiratory pressures, and there is no consensus in the literature. Objective: To analyze the predictive power of the reference equations for maximal respiratory pressures in obese before and after weight loss. Methods: A crosssectional study was carried out in which 20 obese patients were included in the Bariatric Surgery Programs of reference hospitals in Manaus/Amazonas. The maximal respiratory pressures were assessed by manuvacuometry before and approximately one year after bariatric surgery. Results: The mean weight decreased from 138.5 ± 21.7 kg to 82.7 ± 8.2 kg after surgery. The maximal respiratory pressures were supranormal before surgery and reduced after surgery. Among the analyzed equations, only those proposed by Sanchez et al. were able to predict the measured values. Conclusion: The maximal respiratory pressures were increased in the morbidly obese evaluated and reduced after the surgery. The most used equations in Brazilian clinical practice seem not to be able to predict maximal respiratory pressures values in this population, being the most adequate those proposed by Sanchez et al. (AU)

Cateterismo de senos petrosos en el diagnóstico etiológico de síndrome de Cushing: primera experiencia en Uruguay / Petrosal sinus sampling for etiological diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: first experience in Uruguay / Cateterismo dos seios petrosos no diagnóstico etiológico da síndrome de Cushing: primeira experiência no Uruguai

Resumen: Identificar la causa de un síndrome de Cushing dependiente de adrenocorticotropina (ACTH) es esencial para realizar un tratamiento correcto. La hipersecreción de ACTH es debida en su mayoría a un tumor hipofisario (enfermedad de Cushing) o, en un 10%-20%, a tumores con producción ectópica de esta hormona. Los test no invasivos tienen baja sensibilidad y especificidad para diferenciar estas dos etiologías. El patrón oro lo constituye el cateterismo bilateral de los senos petrosos inferiores (CSP). Mediante el CSP se demuestra la hipersecreción de ACTH a nivel hipofisario al documentar un gradiente de ACTH central a periférico en el drenaje del tumor. Se recomienda realizarlo en todo síndrome de Cushing ACTH dependiente, aunque suele reservarse para pacientes con diagnóstico de hipercortisolismo y hallazgos negativos o equívocos en la resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) de la región selar. Presentamos el primer caso en Uruguay en que se utilizó el CSP como método diagnóstico, una mujer de 55 años que presentó un hipercortisolismo ACTH-dependiente con una imagen adenohipofisaria <6 mm. El gradiente petroso-periférico confirmó el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Cushing y no hubo complicaciones durante el procedimiento. Posteriormente se realizó la resección del adenoma mediante cirugía transesfenoidal, con buena evolución y confirmación inmunohistoquímica del tumor.

Summary: Identifying the cause of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome is key to define the appropriate treatment. Hypersecretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is mainly caused by a pituitary tumor (Cushing's syndrome) or, in 10% to 20% of cases, by tumors with ectopic production of this hormone. Differentiation between these two etiologies may not be easy due to the low sensitivity and specificity of non- invasive tests. Bilateral sampling of the lower petrosal sinus is the gold standard to differentiate between a pituitary and an ectopic origin, showing the pituitary ACHT hypersecretion and recording the central-to-peripheral ACTH gradient in the tumor's drainage. Despite it being highly recommended for all cases of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome, it is reserved for patients with a diagnosis of hypercortisolism and negative or misleading findings in the MRI of the sellar region. The study presents the first case of petrosal sinus sampling for diagnostic purposes in Uruguay, in a 55-year-old woman with ACHT-dependent hypercortisolism showing an adenohypophysis image < 6 mm. The petrosal-peripheral gradient confirmed the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and no complications arose during the procedure. Afterwards a transsphenoidal surgery was performed for resection of the adenoma. Evolution was good and immunochemistry confirmed the tumor's etiology.

Resumo: Identificar a causa da síndrome de Cushing dependente de adrenocorticotropina (ACTH) é essencial para o tratamento adequado. A hipersecreção de ACTH se deve principalmente a um tumor hipofisário (doença de Cushing) ou, em 10%-20%, a tumores com produção ectópica desse hormônio. Os testes não invasivos apresentam baixa sensibilidade e especificidade para diferenciar essas duas etiologias. O padrão ouro é o cateterismo bilateral dos seios petrosos inferiores (CEP). O CSP demonstra hipersecreção de ACTH no nível da hipófise, documentando um gradiente de ACTH central a periférico na drenagem do tumor. É recomendado nos casos de síndrome de Cushing dependente de ACTH, embora seja geralmente reservado para pacientes com diagnóstico de hipercortisolismo e achados negativos ou duvidosos na ressonância magnética (RNM) da região selar. Apresentamos o primeiro caso no Uruguai em que o CSP foi usado como método diagnóstico, uma mulher de 55 anos que apresentava hipercortisolismo ACTH dependente com imagem da hipófise anterior <6 mm. O gradiente petroso-periférico confirmou o diagnóstico de doença de Cushing e não houve complicações durante o procedimento. A seguir, o adenoma foi ressecado por cirurgia transesfenoidal, com boa evolução e confirmação imunohistoquímica do tumor.

Predictive equations for respiratory muscle strength by anthropometric variables.

Recent studies have pointed out divergences in the predictive quality of reference equations for respiratory muscle strength, alerting the need to introduce into these equation-specific variables for certain target populations. OBJECTIVES: This study proposes predictive equations of respiratory muscle strength by the variables such as body weight and body mass index (BMI = weight/height2 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, and the evaluation was made by the test of maximum static respiratory pressures (MIP and MEP) according to standard protocol of the Brazilian Society of Pneumology and Tisiology. For data analysis, the following three models of linear regression were adjusted: age, age/weight, age/BMI. The software used in the analysis was the R version 3.2.1. RESULTS: Of the 353 subjects evaluated (229 women and 124 men), 109 subjects were normal weight, 101 subjects were overweight and 143 subjects were obese. The BMI average of the individuals was 31.42 ± 10.26 kg/m2 and age 46.26 ± 16.47 years. The two statistical models that considered the variables weight and BMI had the R2 value of 29.86% for MEP and 21.77% for MIP when the weight was the predictive variable and 21.33% for MIP and 28.38% for MEP when the variable was BMI. CONCLUSION: It was found with the adjusted models that there was a considerable gain in the predictive quality of the models for MEP and MIP adding weight or BMI, without significant difference between both.

Ultrasound-assisted reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinone with anilines through an EDA complex.

Naphthoquinone amino derivatives exhibit interesting physicochemical properties and a wide range of biological activities with potential medicinal applications. A clean, fast and simple method for the preparation of phenylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones is presented by the reaction of naphthoquinone (NQ) and anilines under ultrasound irradiation (US). Anilino derivatives were synthesized in good yields and shorter reaction times in comparison with the conventional method. This ultrasound procedure can be applied to the preparation of naphthoquinone derivatives with anilines containing electron-donor substituents (2-OMe, 4-OMe, 4-Me and 4-OEt) or halogen or electron-withdrawing substituents (4-F, 4-Cl, 4-Br, 3-F, 3-Cl, 3-Br, 4-Ac). This procedure was also applied to the reaction of anilines with 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (DCNQ). A reaction mechanism involving an EDA complex is proposed based on NMR experiments and previous studies about solid/solid reactions.

Polimorfismo do gene de receptor da leptina e a obesidade / Leptin receptor gene polymorphism and the obesity

Introdução: A obesidade consiste em um complexo conjunto de fatores comportamentais, ambientais e genéticos que se relacionam e se potencializam. Acredita-se que polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) possuam relação com a obesidade e que estejam hiperexpressos nesta condição. Objetivo: Revisar a relação da presença de polimorfismos no gene LEPR com a obesidade em crianças e adolescentes, buscando evidenciar condições e/ou fatores ambientais relacionados. Métodos: Trata-se de um artigo de atualização sobre o tema polimorfismo do LEPR e a associação com a obesidade. Resultados: Os dados levantados mostram a influência de polimorfismos do gene receptor de leptina (LEPR) com o desenvolvimento da obesidade, assim como fatores ambientais, tais como dieta hipercalórica na presença do polimorfismo, potencializam o desenvolvimento dessa condição clínica, resultando em aumento das medidas antropométricas e bioquímicas, na presença da mutação genética.

Introduction: Obesity consists of a complex set of behavioral, environmental and genetic factors that relate to and potentiate. It is believed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have relation with obesity and are hiperexpressos this condition. Objective: Review the relationship between the presence of polymorphisms in LEPR gene with obesity in children and adolescents, to disclosing conditions and / or related environmental factors. Methods: This is an update article on the topic LEPR polymorphism and the association with obesity. Results: The data collected show the influence of polymorphisms of the Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) with the development of obesity as well as environmental factors such as caloric diet in the presence of the polymorphism potentiate the development of this medical condition, resulting in increase of action anthropometric and biochemical in the presence of gene mutation.

Determinação do risco cardiovascular em adultos jovens universitários / Determination of cardiovascular risk in young adults university students

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o risco cardiovascular em uma população de adultos jovens universitários que frequentam os cursos de Educação Física e Fisioterapia na Universidade Federal do Amazonas utilizando o Escore de Framingham e o Escore de Risco Global. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal onde foram avaliados 63 indivíduos de ambos os sexos com 20-30 anos. Os métodos de avaliação incluíram questionário, análise antropométrica e coleta sanguínea para realização dos exames bioquímicos. Para determinação do risco cardiovascular foram utilizados os escores de Framingham (ERF) e Risco Global (ERG) para uma idade modificada de 65 anos. As análises estatísticas foram descritivas (média, desvio-padrão, frequência simples e percentagem). O Teste t de Student foi aplicado para comparação entre grupos (p<0,05). O ERF identificou, entre o sexo masculino 23,53% com baixo risco e 76,47% com risco intermediário para desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular nos próximos 10 anos. Todas as mulheres apresentaram baixo risco. O ERG demonstrou que entre os homens, 94,12% apresentaram risco intermediário e 5,88% alto risco, e dentre as mulheres 63,04% estavam na faixa de baixo risco e 36,96% risco intermediário. Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de níveis intermediários no desenvolvimento de DCV na população de adultos jovens nos próximos 10 anos figurando-os como alvo imediato de ações preventivas.

The objective of this study was to determine the cardiovascular risk in a population of young university students attending the courses of Physical Education and Physiotherapy at the Federal University of Amazonas using the Framingham Score and the Global Risk Score. It is a cross-sectional observational study in which 63 individuals of both sexes with 20-30 years were evaluated. Methods of evaluation included questionnaire, anthropometric analysis and blood collection for biochemical tests. The Framingham (FRE) and Global Risk (GRE) scores for a modified age of 65 years were used to determine cardiovascular risk. Statistical analyzes were descriptive (mean, standard deviation, simple frequency and percentage). Student's t-test was applied for comparison between groups (p <0.05). The FRE identified 23.53% of men with low risk and 76.47% with intermediate risk for cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years. All women were at low risk. The GRE showed that among the men, 94.12% presented intermediate risk and 5.88% high risk, and among the women 63.04% were in the low risk range and 36.96% intermediate risk. The results demonstrate the occurrence of intermediate levels in the development of CVD in the population of young adults in the next 10 years, as an immediate target for preventive actions.

Reabilitação pulmonar em indivíduos com fibrose pulmonar idiopática: qual a evidência? / Pulmonary rehabilitation in individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: what is the evidence?

Introdução: A fibrose pulmonar idiopática (FPI) é uma pneumonia intersticial idiopática crônica, progressiva, sem cura, com morte entre 3 meses a 4 anos após o diagnóstico. A qualidade de vida (QV) dos indivíduos com FPI é baixa, com muitos sintomas respiratórios. Têm-se demonstrado que a melhora da QV e dos sintomas pode ocorrer com a reabilitação pulmonar (RP). Contudo, existem poucos estudos nacionais sobre o assunto sendo esta conduta pouca realizada no Brasil. Objetivos: Investigar evidências científicas sobre a RP em indivíduos com FPI. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de estudos secundários: diretrizes, guidelines e revisões sistemáticas, em inglês e português, publicados entre 2000 e 2016 nas bases de dados: BVS, Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed, Scielo Org. Os descritores e seus correlatos foram identificados no Medical Subject Headings e nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde. A questão PICO foi: P: indivíduo com FPI, I: reabilitação pulmonar, O: tempo livre de piora, dispneia, distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), QV, capacidade vital forçada (CVF) e sobrevida. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada através do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) e do Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR). O grau de recomendação e a sugestão da prática foram baseados no United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Resultados: Seis artigos foram incluídos com boa qualidade metodológica. A RP foi recomendada para a maioria dos indivíduos com FPI ­ grau de recomendação B. Conclusão: A RP foi capaz de melhorar positivamente a maioria dos desfechos analisados, devendo ser incluída no rol de condutas terapêuticas para indivíduos com FPI que desejarem realiza-la. (AU)

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, uncured, with fatal issue in 3 months to 4 years after diagnosis. Quality of life (QOL) of patients with IPF is weak, with many respiratory symptoms. Improving QOL and symptoms can occur with pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). However, there are few national studies on the subject and this rehabilitation has little place in Brazil. Objectives: To investigate scientific evidence available on the RP in patients with IPF. Methods: Systematic review of secondary studies: policies, guidelines and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, published between 2000 and 2016 in the data bases: BVS, Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed, Scielo Org. Descriptors and their specific correlates were identified in the Medical Subject Headings (MESH) and the Descriptors in Health Sciences (DECS). The question PICO was: P: individual with IPF, I: pulmonary rehabilitation, O: outcome: worsening of free time, dyspnea, distance walked in 6-minute walk test, oxygen saturation (SpO2), QOL, forced vital capacity (FVC) and survival. Methodological quality was assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR). The degree of recommendation and practical suggestions were based on the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Results: Six articles were included with good methodological quality. The RP is recommended for most individuals with IPF - degree of recommendation B. Conclusion: The RP was able to positively improve most of the outcomes and should be included in the list of therapeutic approaches for individuals with IPF who want to achieve it.(AU)

Aspiração endotraqueal de adultos intubados: evidências para boas práticas / Endotracheal suctioning of the adults intubated: evidence for best practice

Introdução: A aspiração endotraqueal é o procedimento invasivo mais realizado em indivíduos intubados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Contudo, existem poucos estudos nacionais de boa qualidade metodológica sobre o assunto, não havendo no Brasil consenso da literatura e/ou padronização da técnica. Objetivos: Estabelecer recomendações baseadas em evidências científicas sobre a aspiração endotraqueal em adultos intubados. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de estudos secundários: diretrizes, guidelines e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português, pesquisada nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, Cochrane Review, Cochrane Library, Scielo Org, Scielo Brasil, PEDro, Clinical Evidence e Evidence Based Medicine. Resultados: Foram incluídos cinco artigos com classificação entre C e D pelo R-Amstar. Conclusão: A aspiração endotraqueal deve ser realizada em adultos intubados por pessoal qualificado, assepticamente, sempre que necessária. Não deve exceder 15 segundos por aspiração e nem ser realizada rotineiramente, e sim, na presença de secreções ­ grau de recomendação A. A sonda de aspiração deve ter um diâmetro menor que 50% do tubo endotraqueal e a hiperoxigenação com fração inspirada de oxigênio a 100% no ventilador deve ser utilizada ­ grau de recomendação A. A pressão de sucção não deve exceder 150 mmHg negativos ­ grau de recomendação B. É recomendada a aspiração subglótica, especialmente naqueles indivíduos com mais de 72 horas de ventilação mecânica invasiva ­ grau de recomendação A. (AU)

Introduction: Endotracheal aspiration is the most accomplished invasive procedure in intubated individuals in intensive care units. However, there are few national studies of good methodological quality on the subject, and there is no consensus in the literature and / or standardization of the technique. Aims: To establish recommendations based on scientific evidence on endotracheal aspiration in intubated adults. Methods: Systematic review of secondary studies: guidelines, guidelines and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, searched in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, Cochrane Review, Cochrane Library, Scielo Org, Scielo Brazil, PEDro, Clinical Evidence and Evidence Based Medicine. Results: Five articles with classification between C and D by R-Amstar were included. Conclusion: Endotracheal aspiration should be performed in adults intubated by qualified personnel, aseptically, whenever necessary. It should not exceed 15 seconds per aspiration and should not be performed routinely, but in the presence of secretions - degree of recommendation A. The aspiration probe should have a diameter of less than 50% of the endotracheal tube and hyperoxigenation with inspired fraction of oxygen at 100% in the ventilator should be used - degree of recommendation A. The suction pressure should not exceed 150 mmHg negative - degree of recommendation B. Subglottic aspiration is recommended, especially in those individuals with more than 72 hours of invasive mechanical ventilation - degree of Recommendation A. (AU)

Consumo alimentar de crianças do ensino fundamental em uma instituição pública / Consumo alimentario de niños de la educación primaria en una institución pública / Food consumption of children of fundamental education in a public institution

Objetivo verificar o consumo alimentar e a classe econômica de escolares de ensino fundamental em uma instituição pública. Método estudo transversal quantitativo e qualitativo com 43 escolares entre 6 e 11 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede municipal de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos mediante questionário semiestruturado com informações de consumo alimentar e socioeconômicas e pela observação participante. Resultados foi verificado alto consumo de produtos industrializados, fontes de proteína de origem animal, gorduras e açúcares refinados, e baixo consumo de fibras e pescados, bem como pouca aderência aos alimentos oferecidos pela escola, independente de classe econômica. Conclusão o reduzido consumo de vegetais e frutas em todas as classes socioeconômicas e o frequente consumo de biscoitos, doces e produtos de processamento industrial refletem a baixa qualidade da dieta das crianças.

Objetivo verificar el consumo alimentario y la clase económica de escolares de educación primaria en una institución pública. Método estudio transversal cuantitativo y cualitativo, con 43 escolares entre 6 y 11 años, de ambos sexos, de la red municipal de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Datos obtenidos mediante cuestionario semiestructurado con informaciones de consumo alimentario y socioeconómico y por la observación participante. Resultados se verificó alto consumo de productos industrializados, fuentes de proteína de origen animal, grasas y azúcares refinados, y bajo consumo de fibras y pescados, así como poca adherencia los alimentos ofrecidos por la escuela, independiente de clase económica. Conclusión el reducido consumo de vegetales y frutas en todas las clases socioeconómicas y el frecuente consumo de galletas, dulces y productos de procesamiento industrial reflejan la baja calidad de la dieta de los niños.

Objective To verify the food consumption and the economic class of primary and secondary schoolchildren from a public institution. Method It was a quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study conducted with 43 students aged between 6 and 11 years, of both sexes, from the municipal network of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Data collection occurred through a semi-structured questionnaire on food consumption and socioeconomic information and participant observation. Results High intake of industrialized food, sources of animal protein, fats, and refined sugars, and low intake of fiber and fish were observed, as well as low adherence to the school meals, regardless of economic class. Conclusion Reduced fruit and vegetable intake in all socioeconomic classes and the frequent consumption of cookies, sweets, and industrialized food reflect the poor quality of the children's diet.

Relation between systemic inflammatory markers, peripheral muscle mass, and strength in limb muscles in stable COPD patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between systemic inflammatory mediators and peripheral muscle mass and strength in COPD patients. Fifty-five patients (69% male; age: 64±9 years) with mild/very severe COPD (defined as forced expiratory volume in the first second [FEV1] =54%±23%) were evaluated. We evaluated serum concentrations of IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. Peripheral muscle mass was evaluated by computerized tomography (CT); midthigh cross-sectional muscle area (MTCSA) and midarm cross-sectional muscle area (MACSA) were obtained. Quadriceps, triceps, and biceps strength were assessed through the determination of the one-repetition maximum. The multiple regression results, adjusted for age, sex, and FEV1%, showed positive significant association between MTCSA and leg extension (0.35 [0.16, 0.55]; P=0.001), between MACSA and triceps pulley (0.45 [0.31, 0.58]; P=0.001), and between MACSA and biceps curl (0.34 [0.22, 0.47]; P=0.001). Plasma TNF-α was negatively associated with leg extension (-3.09 [-5.99, -0.18]; P=0.04) and triceps pulley (-1.31 [-2.35, -0.28]; P=0.01), while plasma CRP presented negative association with biceps curl (-0.06 [-0.11, -0.01]; P=0.02). Our results showed negative association between peripheral muscle mass (evaluated by CT) and muscle strength and that systemic inflammation has a negative influence in the strength of specific groups of muscles in individuals with stable COPD. This is the first study showing association between systemic inflammatory markers and strength in upper limb muscles.

BODE index and GOLD staging as predictors of 1-year exacerbation risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: The body mass index/airflow obstruction/dyspnea/exercise capacity (BODE) index and global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) staging system are validated measures to define disease severity and to predict survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to investigate the influence of BODE classes (score: 0-2, 3-4, 5-7, and 7-10) and GOLD stages (I, II, III, and IV) on the moderate/severe exacerbation occurrence risk in a cohort of 120 mild/very severe stable patients with COPD. METHODS: Demographics, clinical evaluation, spirometry, peripheral oxygen saturation, body composition, 6-minute walking distance, dyspnea, and quality of life measurements were obtained at baseline. Patients were followed up for 1 year or until death, and information on exacerbation was collected. RESULTS: The median annual exacerbation rate was 0.8. Logistic regression showed that the relationship between the risk for moderate/severe exacerbations during a 1-year follow-up for the GOLD stage was odds ratio: 2.01; 95% confidence interval: 1.39-2.98 and for the BODE index was odds ratio: 2.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.27-3.61. The area under the receiver-operator curve to predict exacerbation during the 1-year follow-up was 0.69 for the GOLD stage and 0.62 for the BODE index. Adjusted multiple logistic regression selected only older age and lower peripheral oxygen saturation as risk factors for COPD exacerbation in the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our study shows that unidimensional GOLD classification and multidimensional BODE index staging systems seem to have similar clinical utility in predicting exacerbation in ambulatory COPD patients with COPD. However, variables not included in both systems seem to be the main predictors of the exacerbation risk.

Influence of lean body mass on cardiopulmonary repercussions during the six-minute walk test in patients with COPD.

OBJECTIVE: Although lean body mass (LBM) has been associated with mortality in patients with COPD, its influence on functional limitation is not clear. The objective of this study was to analyze the cardiopulmonary variables in COPD patients with or without LBM depletion, prior to and after the six-minute walk test (6MWT). METHODS: We evaluated COPD patients, 32 with LBM depletion and 36 without. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, spirometry, evaluation of body mass composition and 6MWT, as well as completing questionnaires related to quality of life and perception of dyspnea. RESULTS: No significant differences in the severity of airway obstruction, perception of dyspnea and quality of life scores were found between the groups. The distance covered on the 6MWT was similar in COPD patients with and without LBM depletion (470.3 +/- 68.5 m vs. 448.2 +/- 89.2 m). However, patients with LBM depletion presented significantly greater differences between baseline and final values in terms of heart rate and Borg scale index for lower limb fatigue. There was a significant positive correlation between distance covered on the 6MWT and FEV1 (r = 0.381, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In the patients studied, functional exercise tolerance and quality of life were unaffected by LBM depletion. However, the patients with LBM depletion presented more pronounced lower limb fatigue during the 6MWT, which underscores the importance of the evaluation and treatment of systemic manifestations in COPD patients.

Influência da massa magra corporal nas repercussões cardiopulmonares durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos em pacientes com DPOC / Influence of lean body mass on cardiopulmonary repercussions during the six-minute walk test in patients with COPD

OBJETIVO: A massa magra corporal (MMC) tem sido associada à mortalidade em pacientes com DPOC, mas seu impacto na limitação funcional é pouco conhecido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as variáveis cardiopulmonares em pacientes com DPOC, com ou sem depleção da MMC, antes e após a realização do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados pacientes com DPOC, 36 sem depleção de MMC e 32 com depleção de MMC. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, espirometria, avaliação da composição da massa corpórea e TC6 e responderam a questionários de qualidade de vida e de percepção de dispnéia. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na gravidade de obstrução das vias aéreas, na percepção da dispnéia e na qualidade de vida entre os grupos. A distância percorrida no TC6 foi similar nos pacientes com DPOC com e sem depleção de MMC (470,3 ± 68,5 m vs. 448,2 ± 89,2 m). Entretanto, durante a realização do teste, os pacientes com depleção de MMC apresentaram aumento significativamente maior na diferença entre os valores final e basal da frequência cardíaca e do índice da escala de Borg para cansaço dos membros inferiores. A distância percorrida no TC6 apresentou correlação significativa positiva com o VEF1 (r = 0,381; p = 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Não houve influência da depleção da MMC na capacidade funcional de exercício e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes estudados. Entretanto, os pacientes com depleção de MMC apresentam sintomas de fadiga dos membros inferiores mais acentuados durante o TC6, o que reforça a importância da avaliação e tratamento das manifestações sistêmicas da DPOC.

OBJECTIVE: Although lean body mass (LBM) has been associated with mortality in patients with COPD, its influence on functional limitation is not clear. The objective of this study was to analyze the cardiopulmonary variables in COPD patients with or without LBM depletion, prior to and after the six-minute walk test (6MWT). METHODS: We evaluated COPD patients, 32 with LBM depletion and 36 without. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, spirometry, evaluation of body mass composition and 6MWT, as well as completing questionnaires related to quality of life and perception of dyspnea. RESULTS: No significant differences in the severity of airway obstruction, perception of dyspnea and quality of life scores were found between the groups. The distance covered on the 6MWT was similar in COPD patients with and without LBM depletion (470.3 ± 68.5 m vs. 448.2 ± 89.2 m). However, patients with LBM depletion presented significantly greater differences between baseline and final values in terms of heart rate and Borg scale index for lower limb fatigue. There was a significant positive correlation between distance covered on the 6MWT and FEV1 (r = 0.381, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In the patients studied, functional exercise tolerance and quality of life were unaffected by LBM depletion. However, the patients with LBM depletion presented more pronounced lower limb fatigue during the 6MWT, which underscores the importance of the evaluation and treatment of systemic manifestations in COPD patients.

Rust urine after intense hand drumming is caused by extracorpuscular hemolysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: During Carnival, groups of > or =60 drummers go drumming with their hands and marching for periods of 2 to 4 h. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and type of urinary abnormalities after candombe drumming and to evaluate possible pathogenic mechanisms. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: For analysis of pathogenic mechanisms, a group of individuals were prospectively evaluated before and after candombe drumming. METHODS: Candombe drummers were recruited in January 2006, 1 wk before prolonged drumming. After clinical evaluation, urine and blood samples were obtained before and immediately after drumming. RESULTS: Forty-five healthy individuals (four women and 41 men), median age 31 yr (14 to 56), were evaluated. Predrumming urine and plasma samples were obtained for 30 individuals. Nineteen (42%) of 45 had a previous history of rust urine emission temporally related with candombe drumming. After drumming, 18 of 26 showed urine abnormalities; six of 26 showed rust urine, eight of 26 had microhematuria, and seven of 26 had proteinuria >1 g/L. The candombe drummers who showed rust urine after heavy drumming presented significantly higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin when compared with those without urine abnormalities. Haptoglobin was significantly lower in the rust urine group. Fragmented red cells were observed in the blood smear of individuals with rust urine. Rust urine after drumming was associated with previous episodes of rust urine and glucosuria. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data confirm that rust urine is caused by extracorpuscular hemolysis.

Relação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade da asma em adultos / Relationship between body mass index and asthma severity in adults

OBJETIVO: O aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC) tem sido associado a uma maior prevalência da asma em adultos. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre a prevalência da obesidade e a gravidade da asma. MÉTODOS: Prontuários de duzentos asmáticos acima dos 20 anos de idade foram avaliados retrospectivamente. A asma foi classificada quanto à gravidade através da história clínica e do diagnóstico registrados, dos resultados da espirometria e da medicação prescrita. O IMC foi calculado e foram considerados obesos os pacientes com IMC > 30 kg/m². RESULTADOS: 23 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam asma intermitente, 25,5 por cento, asma persistente leve, 24 por cento, asma persistente moderada e 27,5 por cento, asma persistente grave. O IMC < 29,9 kg/m² foi observado em 68 por cento dos pacientes e em 32 por cento o IMC foi > 30 kg/m². O odds ratio da relação entre a obesidade e a gravidade da asma foi de 1,17 (CI95 por cento: 0,90-1,53; p > 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Na amostra estudada não foi encontrada correlação entre a obesidade e a gravidade da asma nem no sexo masculino, nem no feminino.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated values of body mass index (BMI) have been associated with higher prevalence of asthma in adults. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the association between obesity and asthma severity. METHODS: Medical records of two hundred patients older than 20 years of age were evaluated retrospectively. Asthma severity was established after the evaluation of the medical history and diagnosis recorded, spirometry results and the medicines prescribed. BMI was calculated and patients were classified as obese when the BMI was > 30 kg/m². RESULTS: 23 percent of the patients presented intermittent asthma, 25.5 percent presented mild persistent asthma, 24 percent presented moderate persistent asthma, and 27.5 percent presented severe persistent asthma. Values of BMI < 29.9 kg/m² were observed in 68 percent of the patients and in 32 percent the BMI was > 30 kg/m². The odds ratio of the correlation between obesity and asthma severity was 1.17 (95 percent CI: 0.90-1.53; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the sample evaluated in this study no correlation between obesity and asthma severity was found for either gender.

[Relationship between body mass index and asthma severity in adults]. / Relação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade da asma em adultos.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated values of body mass index (BMI) have been associated with higher prevalence of asthma in adults. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the association between obesity and asthma severity. METHODS: Medical records of two hundred patients older than 20 years of age were evaluated retrospectively. Asthma severity was established after the evaluation of the medical history and diagnosis recorded, spirometry results and the medicines prescribed. BMI was calculated and patients were classified as obese when the BMI was > 30 kg/m(2). RESULTS: 23% of the patients presented intermittent asthma, 25.5% presented mild persistent asthma, 24% presented moderate persistent asthma, and 27.5% presented severe persistent asthma. Values of BMI < or = 29.9 kg/m(2) were observed in 68% of the patients and in 32% the BMI was > or = 30 kg/m(2). The odds ratio of the correlation between obesity and asthma severity was 1.17 (95% CI: 0.90-1.53; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the sample evaluated in this study no correlation between obesity and asthma severity was found for either gender.

Função e massa muscular em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Function and muscle mass in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) apresenta manifestações sistêmicas e, dentre entre elas, as alterações nutricionais são bastante evidentes. A perda de peso e o índice de massa do corpo (IMC) foram os primeiros indicadores do estado nutricional relacionados ao prognóstico em pacientes com DPOC. Entretanto, estudos recentes ressaltam a maior prevalência da depleção da massa magra do corpo (MMC) nestes pacientes. Embora algumas repercussões da depleção da MMC em pacientes com DPOC sejam conhecidas, as informações sobre a distribuição, mecanismos e características das alterações parecem contraditórios. Alguns estudos sustentam a idéia de que a fraqueza muscular é proporcional à perda de massa muscular. Por outro lado, os resultados de estudos recentes sugerem que as alterações qualitativas ou funcionais são mecanismos, adicionais à atrofia, envolvidos na disfunção muscular de pacientes com DPOC. Outro aspecto contraditório é o envolvimento de diferentes grupos musculares; alguns estudos mostram que a função dos músculos dos membros superiores (MMSS) encontra-se relativamente preservada enquanto outros sugerem a existência de fraqueza muscular generalizada. O impacto da disfunção muscular na endurance e na tolerância ao exercício também é controverso. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a prevalência e as repercussões da depleção da massa muscular sistêmica e localizada em pacientes com DPOC. Foram avaliados sessenta e dois pacientes com DPOC atendidos no Ambulatório de Pneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP; vinte e seis pacientes (VEF1: 49,0 mais ou menos 18,0%) com depleção de MMC e trinta e seis pacientes (VEF1: 59,8 mais ou menos 24,4%) sem depleção de MMC. A depleção foi caracterizada pela presença de índice de MMC (IMMC) menor que 15 kg/m2, para mulheres, e menor que 16 kg/m2, para homens.