A pre-vaccination immune metabolic interplay determines the protective antibody response to a dengue virus vaccine

Protective immunity to dengue virus (DENV) requires antibody response to all four serotypes. Systems vaccinology identifies a multi-OMICs pre-vaccination signature and mechanisms predictive of broad antibody responses after immunization with a tetravalent live attenuated DENV vaccine candidate (Butantan-DV/TV003). Anti-inflammatory pathways, including TGF-β signaling expressed by CD68low monocytes, and the metabolites phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) positively correlate with broadly neutralizing antibody responses against DENV. In contrast, expression of pro-inflammatory pathways and cytokines (IFN and IL-1) in CD68hi monocytes and primary and secondary bile acids negatively correlates with broad DENV-specific antibody responses. Induction of TGF-β and IFNs is done respectively by PC/PE and bile acids in CD68low and CD68hi monocytes. The inhibition of viral sensing by PC/PE-induced TGF-β is confirmed in vitro. Our studies show that the balance between metabolites and the pro- or anti-inflammatory state of innate immune cells drives broad and protective B cell response to a live attenuated dengue vaccine.

Detection of Leishmania spp. in Cats: Analysis of Nasal, Oral and Conjunctival Swabs by PCR and HRM.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Feline leishmaniasis (FeL) is caused by several species of parasites of the genus Leishmania. The disease can occur with the presence or absence of clinical signs, similar to those observed in other common infectious diseases. In endemic regions for FeL, the infection has been associated with dermatological lesions. Therefore, considering the search for less invasive and more effective diagnostic techniques, we aimed to investigate the presence of Leishmania spp. in domestic cats through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and high-resolution melting (HRM) analyses of conjunctival, oral, and nasal epithelial cells, and we detected the presence of anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies from serological techniques of the Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and ELISA. METHODS: The PCR and HRM for detection of Leishmania spp. were performed on 36 samples of epithelial cells from the conjunctiva of male and female cats, collected using sterile swabs. The serological tests IFAT and ELISA were also performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of Leishmania donovani infection was 11.1% (4/36) by PCR assay, and those results were confirmed for Leishmania species using the HRM technique. Twenty-four cats (24/36 = 66.7%) were reactive to the IFAT and twenty-two cats were reactive by the ELISA technique (22/36 = 61.1%). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The use of conjunctival swabs was shown to be a non-invasive, practical, and easy-to-perform technique, and in addition to the genetic sequencing and HRM, it was able to identify the parasitic DNA of L. donovani in cats. This technique can be used for screening diagnosis in future epidemiological surveys of FeL and can be used as a complement to clinical and/or serological tests, as well as associating the clinical history of the animal, for the diagnostic conclusion.

Ocorrência de Leishmania spp. na população canina domiciliada e humana de Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul e análise espacial / Occurrence of Leishmania spp. in canine domiciled and human population of Three Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul and spatial analysis / Presencia de Leishmania spp. em población humana y domiciliada canina de Tres Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul y análisis espacial

A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV), doença negligenciada de caráter crônico e sistêmico, causada pelo parasita Leishmania spp. representa um problema de Saúde Pública, principalmente em países com população vulnerável, como o Brasil. Devido à urbanização de grandes centros, cães infectados por este parasito representam um importante reservatório no ciclo urbano, precedem a doença humana e contribuem para a manutenção de casos de Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC). O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de Leishmania spp. na população canina domiciliada e humana de Três Lagoas ­ MS, Brasil, pelo uso das técnicas de Dual Path Platform (DPP), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e análise por georreferenciamento. Foram coletadas 566 amostras sanguíneas de cães. Além disso, informações epidemiológicas adicionais foram coletadas do sistema de saúde do município, e posteriormente, a análise espacial foi realizada. Como resultado obteve ­ se 267 amostras reagentes ao teste DPP, 267 amostras reagentes ao ELISA e 97 à RIFI, com 95% de concordância entre os métodos DPP e ELISA. Das amostras submetidas à PCR, 16 foram positivas para Leishmania spp. O uso do georreferenciamento para LVC canina em Três Lagoas forneceu subsídios para identificar áreas com prioridade de intervenção para o controle da doença. A presença de flebotomíneos, associado à localização geográfica, bem como às condições ambientais na região estudada, foram favoráveis à sua disseminação, bem como à transmissão da doença aos cães e a humanos.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected disease of chronic and systemic character, caused by the parasite Leishmania spp. represents a public health problem, especially in countries with vulnerable population, such as Brazil. Due to urbanization, dogs constitute an important reservoir in the disease's urban cycle, preceding human cases, and contributing to the maintenance of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL). However, few serological surveys added to the spatial analysis involving human and animal populations have been described in Três Lagoas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in the human and domiciled canine population of Três Lagoas-MS, Brazil, using the techniques of Dual Path Platform (DPP), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (RIFI), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and spatial analysis. For this study, 566 blood samples were collected from dogs. In addition, epidemiological information was collected from the municipal health system, and subsequently, spatial analysis was performed. As a result, 267 samples were reactive to the DPP test, 267 reactive to ELISA and 97 reactive to RIFI, with 95% of agreement between the DPP and ELISA methods. Sixteen samples submitted to PCR were positive for Leishmania spp. The use of georeferencing for canine CVL in Três Lagoas provided subsidies to identify areas that needed priority intervention for the control of Leishmaniasis. The presence of sandflies, associated with the geographic location, as well as the environmental conditions in the studied region, favored their dissemination, as well as the transmission of the disease to dogs and humans.

La leishmaniosis visceral (LV), enfermedad desatendida de carácter crónico y sistémico, causada por el parásito Leishmania spp. representa un problema de salud pública, principalmente en países con población vulnerable, como Brasil. Debido a la urbanización de los grandes centros, los caninos constituyen un importante reservorio del ciclo urbano de la enfermedad, precediendo casos humanos, además de contribuir para el mantenimiento de casos de Leishmaniosis Visceral Canina (LVC). A pesar de ello, pocos estudios epidemiológicos sumados al análisis espacial involucrando la población humana y animal fueron descritos en el municipio de Três Lagoas. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la ocurrencia de Leishmania spp. en la población canina domiciliada y la población humana de Três Lagoas ­ MS, Brasil, utilizando las técnicas de Dual Path Platform (DPP), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), la Reacción de Immunofluorescencia Indirecta (RIFI), Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y análisis de georreferenciamiento. Para eso, fueron colectadas 566 muestras sanguíneas de caninos. Además, informaciones epidemiológicas adicional es fueron colectadas del sistema de salud del municipio para la realización del análisis espacial. Como resultados se obtuvieron 267 muestras positivas para DPP, 267 muestras positivas para ELISA y 97 muestras positivas para RIFI, con 95% de concordancia entre los métodos DPP y ELISA. De las 566 muestras destinadas para PCR, 16 fueron positivas para Leishmania spp. El uso del georreferenciamiento para LVC en Três Lagoas ayudó a identificar áreas con prioridad de intervención para el control de la enfermedad. La presencia de flebotomíneos, asociada a la localización geográfica, así como las condiciones ambientales en la región estudiada, se mostraron favorables para la diseminación y para la transmisión de la enfermedad a los caninos y humanos.

TRYPANOSOMA spp. in captive primates in a brazilian zoo

Captive animals, despite the constant care provided, are susceptible to infections from different sources. We herein report the natural trypanosome infection of 11 (28.2% positive) out of 39 non-human primates from 13 different species, in a Brazilian zoological park. Immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) ruled out Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. However, sequencing performed with positive samples employing hsp70 primers revealed similarities from 86% to 88% to diverse trypanosomes, including T. cruzi, Trypanosoma grayi, Trypanosoma lewisi, Trypanosoma rangeli and Trypanosoma vivax. We believe that the low similarity values obtained by sequencing reflect the difficulties in the molecular identification of trypanosomes, which share a large portion of their genetic material; this similarity may also preclude the diagnosis of co-infection by more than one trypanosome species. Thus, our study demonstrates the presence of diverse trypanosomes in primates, which are susceptible to infection by these parasites. Mechanical devices such as windows and bed nets, etc., are required to avoid vector insects in these environments, in addition to preventive quarantining of animals recently introduced into zoos. Therefore, investigation of the parasites in both the animals already residing in the zoo and those being introduced is of paramount importance, although no easy task.

First isolation of Leishmania infantum by blood culture in bovines from endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is considered a parasitic disease that still causes serious consequences for mankind, because it presents a high mortality rate worldwide. Considered multi-hosts, the parasites of the genus Leishmania are able of infecting a wide variety of animal species. The dog was considered the main source of infection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in the urban area. However, the role of other animal species in the epidemiological cycle of the disease, such as cattle, remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in 100 bovines (Bos taurus) from an area endemic for canine VL, using blood culture and molecular analysis. By the sequencing analysis, one sample showed 100% similarity with Leishmania infantum. The results provide the first case of L. infantum isolation in one bovine from the periurban areas of Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Métodos diagnósticos para la detección de Leptospira spp. en muestras biológicas / Diagnostic methods for the detection of Leptospira spp. in biological samples / Métodos diagnósticos para a detecção de Leptospira spp. em amostras biológicas

Leptospirosis es una zoonosis bacteriana distribuida en todo el mundo. Puede afectar a cualquier especie animal, manteniendo el agente en la naturaleza a través de la infección renal crónica en los animales portadores, que excretan los microorganismos en el ambiente mediante la orina y pueden infectar a otros animales y el hombre mismo. Acerca de Leptospira spp., técnicas de diagnóstico han ayudado en la comprensión de los aspectos eco-epidemiológicas importantes como la distribución ambiental de los serotipos y nuevos huéspedes, y mejorar el diagnóstico clínico de la enfermedad. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo presentar las diferentes técnicas utilizadas en el diagnóstico de la leptospirosis en muestras biológicas, incluyendo algunos estudios sobre las aplicaciones prácticas de detección molecular de Leptospira spp., reafirmando la importancia del conocimiento y la elección de las técnicas adecuadas en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonoses distributed worldwide. It can undertake any animal species, maintaining the agent in the nature via renal chronical infection of carriers animals, which can secrete the organism through the urine into the environment, being able to infect other animals and the human. Regarding Leptospira spp., diagnostic techniques have helped understand important eco-epidemiological aspects such as environmental serovar distribution and new hosts, in addition to improve the clinical diagnosis of the disease. This review focuses on present diverse techniques used in leptospirosis diagnosis to biological samples, including some studies on practical applications for the molecular detection of Leptospira spp., reinforcing the importance of the knowledge and the choice of the correct technique in the diagnosis of the disease.

Leptospirose é uma zoonose bacteriana distribuída mundialmente. Pode acometer qualquer espécie animal, mantendo o agente na natureza via infecção crônica renal de animais carreadores, os quais excretam os organismos pela urina no meio ambiente, podendo infectar outros animais e humanos. Em relação à Leptospira spp., as técnicas diagnósticas têm auxiliado na compreensão de aspectos eco-epidemiológicos importantes tais como a distribuição ambiental dos sorovares e novos hospedeiros, além de aprimorar o diagnóstico na clínica da doença. A revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as diversas técnicas utilizadas no diagnóstico da leptospirose em amostras biológicas, incluindo alguns estudos sobre aplicações práticas da detecção molecular de Leptospira spp., reafirmando assim a importância do conhecimento e da escolha das técnicas corretas no diagnóstico da doença.

Métodos diagnósticos para la detección de Leptospira spp. en muestras biológicas / Diagnostic methods for the detection of Leptospira spp. in biological samples / Métodos diagnósticos para a detecção de Leptospira spp. em amostras biológicas

Leptospirosis es una zoonosis bacteriana distribuida en todo el mundo. Puede afectar a cualquier especie animal, manteniendo el agente en la naturaleza a través de la infección renal crónica en los animales portadores, que excretan los microorganismos en el ambiente mediante la orina y pueden infectar a otros animales y el hombre mismo. Acerca de Leptospira spp., técnicas de diagnóstico han ayudado en la comprensión de los aspectos eco-epidemiológicas importantes como la distribución ambiental de los serotipos y nuevos huéspedes, y mejorar el diagnóstico clínico de la enfermedad. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo presentar las diferentes técnicas utilizadas en el diagnóstico de la leptospirosis en muestras biológicas, incluyendo algunos estudios sobre las aplicaciones prácticas de detección molecular de Leptospira spp., reafirmando la importancia del conocimiento y la elección de las técnicas adecuadas en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad.(AU)

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonoses distributed worldwide. It can undertake any animal species, maintaining the agent in the nature via renal chronical infection of carriers animals, which can secrete the organism through the urine into the environment, being able to infect other animals and the human. Regarding Leptospira spp., diagnostic techniques have helped understand important eco-epidemiological aspects such as environmental serovar distribution and new hosts, in addition to improve the clinical diagnosis of the disease. This review focuses on present diverse techniques used in leptospirosis diagnosis to biological samples, including some studies on practical applications for the molecular detection of Leptospira spp., reinforcing the importance of the knowledge and the choice of the correct technique in the diagnosis of the disease.(AU)

Leptospirose é uma zoonose bacteriana distribuída mundialmente. Pode acometer qualquer espécie animal, mantendo o agente na natureza via infecção crônica renal de animais carreadores, os quais excretam os organismos pela urina no meio ambiente, podendo infectar outros animais e humanos. Em relação à Leptospira spp., as técnicas diagnósticas têm auxiliado na compreensão de aspectos eco-epidemiológicos importantes tais como a distribuição ambiental dos sorovares e novos hospedeiros, além de aprimorar o diagnóstico na clínica da doença. A revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as diversas técnicas utilizadas no diagnóstico da leptospirose em amostras biológicas, incluindo alguns estudos sobre aplicações práticas da detecção molecular de Leptospira spp., reafirmando assim a importância do conhecimento e da escolha das técnicas corretas no diagnóstico da doença.(AU)

Anti-leptospirosis agglutinins in Brazilian capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris).

BACKGROUND: The interest in commercial use of wild animals is increasing, especially regarding raising of capybaras. Although this wild species is potentially lucrative for the production of meat, oil and leather, it is suggested as a probable reservoir of leptospires. METHODS: Due to the economic importance of this species and the lack of studies concerning leptospirosis, the presence of anti-leptospirosis agglutinins was assayed in 55 serum samples of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from commercial and experimental breeding flocks located in São Paulo state, Paraná state, and Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Samples were obtained through cephalic or femoral venipunction (5 to 10 mL). Microscopic agglutination test was used according to the Brazilian Health Ministry considering as cut-off titer of 100. RESULTS: Out of the 55 samples analyzed, 23 (41.82 %) tested positive. The most prevalent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (56.52 %) in 13 samples, followed by Copenhageni in nine samples (39.13 %), Pomona in four samples (17.39 %), Djasiman and Castellonis in three samples each (13.04 %), Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Canicola, and Cynopteri in two samples each (8.7 %), and Andamana and Bratislava in one sample each (4.34 %). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the evidence of exposure to Leptospira spp. and the need of new studies to evaluate a higher number of capybaras from different regions to better understand the importance of leptospirosis infection in these animals and verify the zoonotic role of this species as a possible source of infection to humans and other animals.

Occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in opossums caught in urban areas of Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii em gambás capturados na área urbana de Bauru, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses worldwide. It was initially described in rodents and rabbits. There are few data on the morbidity and mortality of this disease among Brazilian marsupial fauna, such as opossums. These animals are of great importance regarding the epidemiology of this disease, given that they are prey for felids and other carnivores. With the aim of ascertaining the serological response to Toxoplasma gondii among marsupials (Didelphis spp.), 38 animals that had been caught in 14 districts of the urban area of the municipality of Bauru, state of São Paulo, were evaluated. The modified agglutination test (MAT) showed that 26.3% (10/38) of the samples analyzed were seropositive. It can be suggested that the opossums' behavior and persistent proximity to human housing results in contact with cats and T. gondii infection, based on the frequency found in this study. This was the first study on the seroprevalence of T. gondii in opossums caught in the urban area of the municipality of Bauru, SP, and it highlights the need for environmental and health authorities of the municipality to monitor this zoonosis.(AU)

A toxoplasmose é uma das zoonoses mais comuns no mundo, tendo sido descrita inicialmente em roedores e em coelhos. Todavia, poucos são os dados sobre morbidade e mortalidade da toxoplasmose nos marsupiais da fauna brasileira, como os gambás, sendo de grande importância na epidemiologia da doença, como presas para felídeos e outros carnívoros. Com o objetivo de verificar a resposta sorológica para Toxoplasma gondii em marsupiais (Didelphis spp.), foram avaliados 38 animais capturados em 14 regiões da área urbana do município de Bauru-SP. Foi encontrada uma frequência, de acordo com o teste de aglutinação modificada (MAT), de 26,3% (10/38) nas amostras analisadas. Pode-se sugerir que o comportamento dos gambás e sua permanência próxima a habitações humanas resultam em contato com gatos e infecção por T. gondii, tendo em vista a frequência encontrada neste estudo. Este é o primeiro estudo de soroprevalência de T. gondii em gambás capturados na área urbana do município de Bauru-SP, alertando-se para a necessidade do monitoramento desta zoonose pelas autoridades de vigilância ambiental e sanitária do município.(AU)

Anti-leptospirosis agglutinins in Brazilian capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

Abstract Background The interest in commercial use of wild animals is increasing, especially regarding raising of capybaras. Although this wild species is potentially lucrative for the production of meat, oil and leather, it is suggested as a probable reservoir of leptospires. Methods Due to the economic importance of this species and the lack of studies concerning leptospirosis, the presence of anti-leptospirosis agglutinins was assayed in 55 serum samples of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from commercial and experimental breeding flocks located in São Paulo state, Paraná state, and Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Samples were obtained through cephalic or femoral venipunction (5 to 10 mL). Microscopic agglutination test was used according to the Brazilian Health Ministry considering as cut-off titer of 100. Results Out of the 55 samples analyzed, 23 (41.82 %) tested positive. The most prevalent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (56.52 %) in 13 samples, followed by Copenhageni in nine samples (39.13 %), Pomona in four samples (17.39 %), Djasiman and Castellonis in three samples each (13.04 %), Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Canicola, and Cynopteri in two samples each (8.7 %), and Andamana and Bratislava in one sample each (4.34 %). Conclusions These results suggest the evidence of exposure toLeptospira spp. and the need of new studies to evaluate a higher number of capybaras from different regions to better understand the importance of leptospirosis infection in these animals and verify the zoonotic role of this species as a possible source of infection to humans and other animals.

Anti-leptospirosis agglutinins in Brazilian capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

The interest in commercial use of wild animals is increasing, especially regarding raising of capybaras. Although this wild species is potentially lucrative for the production of meat, oil and leather, it is suggested as a probable reservoir of leptospires. Methods Due to the economic importance of this species and the lack of studies concerning leptospirosis, the presence of anti-leptospirosis agglutinins was assayed in 55 serum samples of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from commercial and experimental breeding flocks located in São Paulo state, Paraná state, and Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Samples were obtained through cephalic or femoral venipunction (5 to 10 mL). Microscopic agglutination test was used according to the Brazilian Health Ministry considering as cut-off titer of 100. Results Out of the 55 samples analyzed, 23 (41.82 %) tested positive. The most prevalent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (56.52 %) in 13 samples, followed by Copenhageni in nine samples (39.13 %), Pomona in four samples (17.39 %), Djasiman and Castellonis in three samples each (13.04 %), Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Canicola, and Cynopteri in two samples each (8.7 %), and Andamana and Bratislava in one sample each (4.34 %). Conclusions These results suggest the evidence of exposure toLeptospira spp. and the need of new studies to evaluate a higher number of capybaras from different regions to better understand the importance of leptospirosis infection in these animals and verify the zoonotic role of this species as a possible source of infection to humans and other animals.

Anti-leptospirosis agglutinins in Brazilian capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

The interest in commercial use of wild animals is increasing, especially regarding raising of capybaras. Although this wild species is potentially lucrative for the production of meat, oil and leather, it is suggested as a probable reservoir of leptospires. Methods Due to the economic importance of this species and the lack of studies concerning leptospirosis, the presence of anti-leptospirosis agglutinins was assayed in 55 serum samples of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from commercial and experimental breeding flocks located in São Paulo state, Paraná state, and Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Samples were obtained through cephalic or femoral venipunction (5 to 10 mL). Microscopic agglutination test was used according to the Brazilian Health Ministry considering as cut-off titer of 100. Results Out of the 55 samples analyzed, 23 (41.82 %) tested positive. The most prevalent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (56.52 %) in 13 samples, followed by Copenhageni in nine samples (39.13 %), Pomona in four samples (17.39 %), Djasiman and Castellonis in three samples each (13.04 %), Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Canicola, and Cynopteri in two samples each (8.7 %), and Andamana and Bratislava in one sample each (4.34 %). Conclusions These results suggest the evidence of exposure toLeptospira spp. and the need of new studies to evaluate a higher number of capybaras from different regions to better understand the importance of leptospirosis infection in these animals and verify the zoonotic role of this species as a possible source of infection to humans and other animals.(AU)

Occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in opossums caught in urban areas of Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii em gambás capturados na área urbana de Bauru, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses worldwide. It was initially described in rodents and rabbits. There are few data on the morbidity and mortality of this disease among Brazilian marsupial fauna, such as opossums. These animals are of great importance regarding the epidemiology of this disease, given that they are prey for felids and other carnivores. With the aim of ascertaining the serological response to Toxoplasma gondii among marsupials (Didelphis spp.), 38 animals that had been caught in 14 districts of the urban area of the municipality of Bauru, state of São Paulo, were evaluated. The modified agglutination test (MAT) showed that 26.3% (10/38) of the samples analyzed were seropositive. It can be suggested that the opossums behavior and persistent proximity to human housing results in contact with cats and T. gondii infection, based on the frequency found in this study. This was the first study on the seroprevalence of T. gondii in opossums caught in the urban area of the municipality of Bauru, SP, and it highlights the need for environmental and health authorities of the municipality to monitor this zoonosis.(AU)

A toxoplasmose é uma das zoonoses mais comuns no mundo, tendo sido descrita inicialmente em roedores e em coelhos. Todavia, poucos são os dados sobre morbidade e mortalidade da toxoplasmose nos marsupiais da fauna brasileira, como os gambás, sendo de grande importância na epidemiologia da doença, como presas para felídeos e outros carnívoros. Com o objetivo de verificar a resposta sorológica para Toxoplasma gondii em marsupiais (Didelphis spp.), foram avaliados 38 animais capturados em 14 regiões da área urbana do município de Bauru-SP. Foi encontrada uma frequência, de acordo com o teste de aglutinação modificada (MAT), de 26,3% (10/38) nas amostras analisadas. Pode-se sugerir que o comportamento dos gambás e sua permanência próxima a habitações humanas resultam em contato com gatos e infecção por T. gondii, tendo em vista a frequência encontrada neste estudo. Este é o primeiro estudo de soroprevalência de T. gondii em gambás capturados na área urbana do município de Bauru-SP, alertando-se para a necessidade do monitoramento desta zoonose pelas autoridades de vigilância ambiental e sanitária do município.(AU)

Occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in opossums caught in urban areas of Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii em gambás capturados na área urbana de Bauru, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses worldwide. It was initially described in rodents and rabbits. There are few data on the morbidity and mortality of this disease among Brazilian marsupial fauna, such as opossums. These animals are of great importance regarding the epidemiology of this disease, given that they are prey for felids and other carnivores. With the aim of ascertaining the serological response to Toxoplasma gondii among marsupials (Didelphis spp.), 38 animals that had been caught in 14 districts of the urban area of the municipality of Bauru, state of São Paulo, were evaluated. The modified agglutination test (MAT) showed that 26.3% (10/38) of the samples analyzed were seropositive. It can be suggested that the opossums’ behavior and persistent proximity to human housing results in contact with cats and T. gondii infection, based on the frequency found in this study. This was the first study on the seroprevalence of T. gondii in opossums caught in the urban area of the municipality of Bauru, SP, and it highlights the need for environmental and health authorities of the municipality to monitor this zoonosis.

A toxoplasmose é uma das zoonoses mais comuns no mundo, tendo sido descrita inicialmente em roedores e em coelhos. Todavia, poucos são os dados sobre morbidade e mortalidade da toxoplasmose nos marsupiais da fauna brasileira, como os gambás, sendo de grande importância na epidemiologia da doença, como presas para felídeos e outros carnívoros. Com o objetivo de verificar a resposta sorológica para Toxoplasma gondii em marsupiais (Didelphis spp.), foram avaliados 38 animais capturados em 14 regiões da área urbana do município de Bauru-SP. Foi encontrada uma frequência, de acordo com o teste de aglutinação modificada (MAT), de 26,3% (10/38) nas amostras analisadas. Pode-se sugerir que o comportamento dos gambás e sua permanência próxima a habitações humanas resultam em contato com gatos e infecção por T. gondii, tendo em vista a frequência encontrada neste estudo. Este é o primeiro estudo de soroprevalência de T. gondii em gambás capturados na área urbana do município de Bauru-SP, alertando-se para a necessidade do monitoramento desta zoonose pelas autoridades de vigilância ambiental e sanitária do município.

Detección molecular de Leishmania spp. en material de hemocultivo, y diagnostico sorologico para leishmaniasis em perros del Barrio de la Conquista, São Manuel-SP, Brasil / Molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in blood culture material, and leishmaniasis serological diagnosis in dogs from Bairro da Conquista, Sao Manuel, Brazil / Detecção molecular de Leishmania spp. em material de hemocultura, e diagnóstico sorológico para leishmaniose em cães procedentes do Bairro da Conquista, São Manuel-SP, Brasil

Leishmaniasis es una enfermedad tropical desatendida causada por protozoos del género Leishmania, y transmitida a hospederos mamíferos por flebótomos infectados. Esta zoonosis incluye un amplio espectro de manifestaciones como lesiones cutáneas en el sitio de la picadura de los flebótomos hasta la leishmaniasis visceral sistémica, y pueden presentarse como leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana (LTA) y leishmaniasis visceral (LV). En las zonas urbanas, los perros (Canis familiaris) son la principal fuente de infección de LV, además son de gran importancia en la transmisión de la enfermedad, probablemente debido al mayor parasitismo cutáneo y por estar infectados en casi todos los sitios brasileños de leishmaniasis visceral humana. Fueron evaluadas 197 muestras de sangre de perros del barrio de la Conquista, en el municipio de São Manuel-SP, Brasil. Las pruebas serológicas de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y ELISA fueran realizadas, y todos los animales fueron no reactivos, así como en los exámenes parasitológicos de punción de nódulos linfáticos. En el hemocultivo, 48/197 (24,3%) de las muestras presentaron crecimiento de tripanosomas, incluso tres muestras fueron positivas en la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para Leishmania spp. Solamente un animal (0,5%) con sintomatología compatible se mostró positivo en la PCR de Leishmania spp. El estudio [...](AU)

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania genus protozoa, and transmitted to mammals by infected phlebotomines. This zoonosis determines a high spectrum of clinical manifestations, like skin lesions at the local of phlebotomines bite, or more severe signs in case of visceral systemic leishmaniasis. According to the Leishmanias specie infection, the disease can be clinically presented as American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) or Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Dog (Canis familiaris) is the main VL infection source in the urban area, and has high importance in the disease transmission, probably due to its high cutaneous parasitism, and also because dogs are frequently diagnosed infected in all Brazilian regions where human visceral leishmaniasis cases are related. 197 blood samples were collected from dogs in Bairro da Conquista, in São ManuelSP Brazil. Serum samples were evaluated by Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and ELISA for Leishmania spp. diagnosis, and all resulted negative. The cytology of dogs lymph nodes was also negative for Leishmania spp. 48/197 (24.3%) blood samples were positive to culture, with tripanosomatides visualization. Three of these positive samples (1.5%) were also positive by PCR for Leishmania spp. One blood sample collected from a VL symptomatic dog (0.5%) that was positive to culture was also positive by [...](AU)

A leishmaniose é uma doença tropical negligenciada causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, transmitidos para os hospedeiros mamíferos por flebotomíneos infectados. Esta zoonose inclui um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, desde lesões cutâneas no local da picada dos flebotomíneos até a leishmaniose visceral sistêmica, podendo se apresentar como Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) e Leishmaniose Visceral (LV). Na área urbana, o cão (Canis familiaris) é a principal fonte de infecção da LV, pois assume grande importância na transmissão da doença, provavelmente devido ao seu maior parasitismo cutâneo e por apresentar-se infectado em quase todos os focos brasileiros de calazar humano. Foram analisadas 197 amostras de sangue de cães procedentes do bairro da Conquista, no município de São ManuelSP. Exames sorológicos pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e ELISA foram realizados, sendo todos os animais não reagentes, bem como negativos ao exame parasitológico de punção de linfonodos. À hemocultura, 48/197 (24,3%) amostras apresentaram crescimento de tripanossomatídeos, sendo que, destas, três amostras (1,5%) foram positivas à técnica de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) para Leishmania spp. Apenas um animal (0,5%) com sintomatologia compatível foi positivo à PCR para Leishmania spp. O estudo ressalta a importância de esforços contínuos e [...](AU)