The impact of sanctuary visits on children's knowledge and attitudes toward primate welfare and conservation.

Primate sanctuaries provide a solution for the increasing number of primates being taken from their home countries to support the demands of the illegal pet trade. To help end the primate trade and raise awareness about the risks this trade poses to delicate ecosystems, sanctuaries are increasingly developing conservation education programs. Education and raising awareness must be one of the primary roles of primate sanctuaries. However, there are few evaluations of the impacts of conservation education programs for school children published in scientific literature. To address this gap, we conducted an evaluation of educator-led visits of school children at Fundació Mona, a primate sanctuary located in Catalunya, Spain. Questionnaires for an experimental and control group were conducted with 3,205 school children, ages 8 to 18 from 83 different schools, to evaluate changes in their attitudes and knowledge of primate welfare and conservation. We found that Fundació Mona's program of environmental activities had a positive impact on children, both female and male students, in terms of attitudes and knowledge of primate welfare and conservation. Although female students gave better responses regarding welfare and conservation, all children showed gains in pro-conservation responses. This study demonstrates that environmental education activities focused on children can help shape a change in knowledge and attitudes toward primate welfare and conservation. Educator-led visits of school children to primate sanctuaries such as Fundació Mona can also serve to amplify biodiversity conservation messages among children and their families. We encourage primate sanctuaries to promote empirical studies of attitudes and knowledge of primate welfare and conservation and to conduct systematical evaluations to strengthen their educational activities.

Behavioural Development of Three Former Pet Chimpanzees a Decade after Arrival at the MONA Sanctuary.

Chimpanzees used as pets and in the entertainment industry endure detrimental living conditions from early infancy onwards. The preferred option for ending their existence as pet or circus chimpanzees is their rescue and transfer to a primate sanctuary that will provide them with optimal living and social conditions, so that they can thrive. In this case study, we had the rare opportunity to compare the activity budgets of three chimpanzees from their time as pets in 2004 to their time living at the MONA sanctuary in 2020, after almost a decade in the centre. We found their behaviour patterns changed in accordance with the sanctuaries' rehabilitation objectives. Resting periods increased considerably while vigilance simultaneously declined sharply. Moreover, the chimpanzees' social competence increased as allogrooming became the predominant social behaviour, and agonistic interactions diminished even though they were living within a larger social group at the sanctuary. All three chimpanzees expanded their allogrooming and proximity networks at the sanctuary, which included new group members, but they maintained the closest relationships to those conspecifics who they were rescued with. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the sanctuary environment and social group setting made it possible for these three chimpanzees to improve their social competence and increase their well-being over time.

Influence of climatic variables, forest type, and condition on activity patterns of Geoffroyi's spider monkeys throughout Mesoamerica.

Understanding how species cope with variations in climatic conditions, forest types and habitat amount is a fundamental challenge for ecologists and conservation biologists. We used data from 18 communities of Mesoamerican spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) throughout their range to determine whether their activity patterns are affected by climatic variables (temperature and rainfall), forest types (seasonal and nonseasonal forests), and forest condition (continuous and fragmented). Data were derived from 15 published and unpublished studies carried out in four countries (Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama), cumulatively representing more than 18 years (221 months, >3,645 hr) of behavioral observations. Overall, A. geoffroyi spent most of their time feeding (38.4 ± 14.0%, mean ± SD) and resting (36.6 ± 12.8%) and less time traveling (19.8 ± 11.3%). Resting and feeding were mainly affected by rainfall: resting time increased with decreasing rainfall, whereas feeding time increased with rainfall. Traveling time was negatively related to both rainfall and maximum temperature. In addition, both resting and traveling time were higher in seasonal forests (tropical dry forest and tropical moist forest) than in nonseasonal forests (tropical wet forest), but feeding time followed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, spider monkeys spent more time feeding and less time resting (i.e., higher feeding effort) in forest fragments than in continuous forest. These findings suggest that global climate changes and habitat deforestation and fragmentation in Mesoamerica will threaten the survival of spider monkeys and reduce the distributional range of the species in the coming decades.

Diet of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in Mesoamerica: current knowledge and future directions.

Here we review all published articles and book chapters, as well as unpublished theses and data of Ateles geoffroyi diet to (1) summarize the literature; (2) synthesize general feeding patterns; (3) document plant taxonomic similarity in diet across study sites; and (4) suggest directions for future research and conservation priorities. We found 22 samples from five countries: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama. Tropical wet forest is the most studied habitat (N=13 samples), followed by tropical dry forest (6) and tropical moist forest (3). Most samples have been carried out in large protected forests. In spite of showing an overall high dietetic diversity (364 species, 76 families), A. geoffroyi concentrated the majority of feeding time on a few species in the families Moraceae and Fabaceae. At all study sites fruits were the most common food item in the diet followed by leaves. Furthermore, a greater variety of food items and less fruit were consumed in forest fragments. These findings suggest that fruit shortage in fragments results in primates using foods of presumably lower energetic content such as leaves. Similarity in diet was higher among groups geographically closer to each other than among distant groups, showing that the floristic and phenological characteristics of the forest can influence diet composition. We conclude that several years of data are required to fully describe the dietary list of A. geoffroyi at any one site, as studies of the same group over different years shared as little as 56% of species. As most populations of A. geoffroyi live in highly fragmented landscapes, it is crucial to carry out studies in these areas to evaluate (1) changes in diet and activity patterns that may negatively affect survival; and (2) habitat attributes that may favor their persistence in altered landscapes.

Citodiagnóstico de moco fecal en la EDA 1994-95 / Citodiagnosis by feese mucous examination in acute diarrheas

El presente trabajo, es un estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo, cuyo objetivo es demostrar ala importancia y sensibilidad del examen de CITODIAGNOSTICO FECAL en el diagnóstico de la E.D.A. Se realizo en el Hospital Materno Infantil Germán Urquidi Departamento de Pediatría, laboratorio de Microbiología, durante el periódo comprendido entre Noviembre de 1994 y Enero 1995. Se tomaron 42 muestras de heces fecales en los niños menores de 5 años con enfermedad de diarreica, pero que no recibieron antibióticos antes de las 48 hrs, en la obtención de la muestra. En el total de las muestras, vale decir todo el universo de estudio que fueron 42, se realizo extendido de moco fecal, estudio parasitológico, y cultivo, siendo procesadas todas ellas por técnicas y procedimientos adecuados y específicos, También se consideraron en el estudio otras variabales como ser: la edad, sexo, estado nutriciaonal y los signos clínicos mas frecuentes. Los resultados observados fueron los siguientes: muestras con moco fecal positivos en 23 pacientes, con Coprocultivo positivos en 16 pacientes, siendo el gérmen aislado con mayor frecuencia fue la Shigella, constituyéndose en la primera causa de diarrea de orígen bacteriano, en este estudio, seguida por la Echerichia Coli Enteropatógena. Tambien se observo la resistencia importante de la Shigella a la ampicilina y su sensibilidad a la Gentamicina. Referente a las variables epidemiológicas tomadas en cuenta: existe un predominio de esta patología en el área urbana, lo cual atribuimos al hecho de ser el Hospital Germán Urquidi un centro de referencia. No existio diferencia significativa en cuanto a sexo, pero de acuerdo al grupo etáreo, predominaron los pacientes que corresponden a los lactantes mayores. Por todo lo mencionado concluimos, que el Citodiagnóstico Fecal nos proporciona una sospecha etiológica, cuya confirmación se puede realizar mediante el Coprocultivo.

Sensibilidad antimicrobiana CPAP 1987-1991 / Antimicrobe sensitivity at the Children's Hospital Albina Patiño

Es un trabajo que se realiza para poder determinar la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los diferentes gérmenes aislados en los cultivos realizados durante el período comprendido entre Enero 1987 a Diciembre 1991. Siendo en total 2.839, de los cuales fueron positivos 783 que corresponden al 27,5. Se tomarón las siguientes muestras para nuestro estudio, tomando en cuenta a los positivos; Hemocultivos positivos (100) siendo el gérmen aislado con mayor número de cultivos el Estafilococo aureus(25) siguiendo en frecuencia la Salmonella Paratiphy B (17). LR líquido cefalorráquideo se obtuvieron (79) positivos de los cuales corresponden a Haemophilus Influenzaé o Neumococo. Coprocultivos positivos fueron (115) correspondiendo a Shiguella (36). Dentro los urocultivos fueron positivos 185 siendo el gérmen mas frecuente la Echerichia Coli (159). Se obtuvieron otros cultivos de líquido pleural, oido, ojo, piel y secreciones vaginales un total de (477) positivos siendo el gérmen mas frecuente la Echerichia Coli (169). este estudio fue realizado con el fin de poder analizar y valorar la respuesta de los diferentes gérmenes aislados en los cultivos, mediante el Antibiograma; para así poder contar con datos globales, mediante análisis de los resultados obtenidos, del grado de sensibilidad a los antibióticos. Ademas realizado en nuestro medio y con nuestra población ya que se dispone de pocos estudios estadísticos.

Sensibilidad antimicrobiana C.P.A.P. 1987-1991 / sss

Es un trabajo que se realiza para poder determinar la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los diferentes gérmenes aislados en los cultivos realizados durante el período comprendido entre Enero 1987 a Diciembre 1991. Siendo en total 2.839, de los cuales fueron positivos 783 que corresponden al 27,5

. Se tomarón las siguientes muestras para nuestro estudio, tomando en cuenta a los positivos; Hemocultivos positivos (100) siendo el gérmen aislado con mayor némero de cultivos el Estafilococo aureus(25) siguiendo en frecuencia la Salmonella Paratiphy B (17). LR líquido cefalorráquideo se obtuvieron (79) positivos de los cuales corresponden a Haemophilus Influenzaé o Neumococo. Coprocultivos positivos fueron (115) correspondiendo a Shiguella (36). Dentro los urocultivos fueron positivos 185 siendo el gérmen mas frecuente la Echerichia Coli (159). Se obtuvieron otros cultivos de líquido pleural, oido, ojo, piel y secreciones vaginales un total de (477) positivos siendo el gérmen mas frecuente la Echerichia Coli (169). este estudio fue realizado con el fin de poder analizar y valorar la respuesta de los diferentes gérmenes aislados en los cultivos, mediante el Antibiograma; para así poder contar con datos globales, mediante análisis de los resultados obtenidos, del grado de sensibilidad a los antibióticos. Ademas realizado en nuestro medio y con nuestra población ya que se dispone de pocos estudios estadísticos