Accuracy of MRI technique in measuring tendon cross-sectional area.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has commonly been applied to determine tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and length either to measure structural changes or to normalize mechanical measurements to stress and strain. The ability to reproduce CSA measurements on MRI images has been reported, but the accuracy in relation to actual tendon dimensions has never been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare tendon CSA measured by MRI with that measured in vitro with the mould casting technique. The knee of a horse was MRI-scanned with 1.5 and 3 tesla, and two examiners measured the patellar tendon CSA. Thereafter, the patellar tendon of the horse was completely dissected and embedded in an alginate cast. The CSA of the embedded tendon was measured directly by optical imaging of the cast impression. 1.5 tesla grey tendon CSA and 3 tesla grey tendon CSA were 16.5% and 13.2% lower than the mould tendon CSA, respectively. Also, 3 tesla tendon CSA, based on the red-green border on the National Institute of Health (NIH) colour scale, was lower than the mould tendon CSA by 2.8%. The typical error between examiners was below 2% for all the measured CSA. The typical error between examiners was below 2% for all the measured CSA. These data show that measuring tendon CSA on the grey-scale MRI images is associated with an underestimation, but by optimizing the measurement using a 3 tesla MRI and the appropriate NIH colour scale, this underestimation could be reduced to 2.8% compared with the direct measurements on the mould.

Avian lower intestine adapts to dietary salt (NaCl) depletion by increasing transepithelial sodium transport and microvillous membrane surface area.

A tissue sampling scheme for tandem assessments of whole-organ physiology and ultrastructure was applied to the lower intestine (coprodaeum) of White Plymouth Rock hens on low- and high-NaCl diets. The objective was to correlate net amiloride-sensitive Na transport determined using the Ussing chamber with the plasma membrane surface areas due to microvilli at the epithelial cell apex. Hens kept on the low-NaCl diet for 3-4 weeks displayed a substantial increase in short-circuit current and in total microvillous membrane surface area. The latter rose from a group mean +/- S.E.M. of about 90 +/- 9.7 cm2 to one of 200 +/- 38 cm2 per organ. An increase in epithelial cell membrane contributed to, but did not fully explain, the increase in microvillous area. No differences in mean cell height or mean cell volume were found but the average cell in the low-NaCl birds was better developed in possessing a greater surface area of microvilli. On the high-NaCl diet, the epithelium was 33 +/- 2.7 microns tall and contained about 270 +/- 15 million cells. Each cell had a volume, on average, of 540 +/- 59 microns 3 and a microvillous surface of 32 +/- 2.6 microns 2. After NaCl depletion, there were 420 +/- 75 million cells and the average microvillous surface was 49 +/- 5.3 microns 2 per cell. The morphological adaptations alone do not explain the increased net Na transport found on the low-NaCl diet. Of cardinal importance is greater density of open Na channels in apical cell membranes.