RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Inactivity is a common daytime behavior expressed by wild cats in zoos. It is not clear whether this inactivity is due to the constraints of the captive environment or is a result of a more natural behavior by these animals. Therefore, this work evaluated the behavior of two Panthera onca captive specimens, including their inactivity, during the evening/night period. The jaguars were filmed individually in different days, starting at 5:30 pm and finishing between 7:00 pm and 1:30 am, including non-feeding and feeding days. Regardless of whether they were fed or not, both jaguars expressed a significant rate of inactivity. In addition, when fed, one of the jaguars increased its movements and active behaviors, although its inactivity remained high, while the other jaguar further reduced the expression of such behaviors. Therefore, this work concludes that these jaguars were just as inactive during the evening/night period as they were during daytime. Excessive inactivity might be regarded as a negative behavior; with its highest expression being an effect of the captive environment, which might compromise the welfare of the assessed jaguars and possibly of other wild cats. In addition, since the behavioral expression varied between the studied jaguars, depending on the feeding or non-feeding status, we recommend that futures studies should taking into account the individual variations, especially when there are differences in age, health, and management conditions between the specimens.
RESUMEN La inactividad es un comportamiento común expresado por gatos salvajes en los zoológicos durante el día. No está claro si esta inactividad es un efecto de las restricciones del ambiente de cautiverio o si puede representar un comportamiento más natural en estos animales. Por lo tanto, el comportamiento de dos Panthera onca cautivos, incluida la inactividad, se evaluó durante los períodos de tarde / noche. Los jaguares fueron filmados individualmente en diferentes días a partir de las 5:30 pm y terminando entre las 7:00 pm y la 1:30 am, incluidos los días en que fueron alimentados y los días en que no lo fueron. Independientemente de que se alimentaran o no, ambos jaguares expresaron una frecuencia significativa de inactividad. Además, cuando se alimentó, uno de los jaguares incrementó el movimiento y las conductas activas de pie, aunque su inactividad siguió siendo alta, mientras que el otro redujo aún más la expresión de tales conductas. Se concluye que estos jaguares son tan inactivos durante los períodos de tarde / noche, como lo son durante el día. La excesiva inactividad puede considerarse un comportamiento negativo y su alta expresión parece ser un efecto de las condiciones de cautiverio, las cuales podrían perjudicar el estado de bienestar de los jaguares evaluados y posiblemente de otros gatos salvajes. Además, como las expresiones de comportamiento variaron entre los jaguares, dependiendo de la alimentación o no, se recomienda que se considere la variabilidad individual de la respuesta en estudios futuros, especialmente cuando existen diferencias de edad, salud y condiciones de manejo.
RESUMEN
Leucism is a genetic disorder, which causes partial depigmentation on individuals. In mammals, leucism is characterized by individuals with partial or total discolored skin and fur. However, eyes and claws have normal pigmentation. The leucism in Neotropical bats has been reported in four families, also including four species of the genus Artibeus. The present work reports and provides characterization of the first record of leucism in Artibeus lituratus in Brazil. Between 2010 and 2012 we captured three specimens of A. lituratus with leucism in two different areas of Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The specimens exhibited partial bleaching of the pelage and patagia, and eyes and claws presented normal color, which confirm the diagnosis of leucism in the three cases presented here.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Quirópteros/anomalías , Piebaldismo/genética , Piebaldismo/veterinaria , Pigmentación/genética , Color del Ojo/genética , Fenómenos Genéticos/genéticaRESUMEN
Leucism is a genetic disorder, which causes partial depigmentation on individuals. In mammals, leucism is characterized by individuals with partial or total discolored skin and fur. However, eyes and claws have normal pigmentation. The leucism in Neotropical bats has been reported in four families, also including four species of the genus Artibeus. The present work reports and provides characterization of the first record of leucism in Artibeus lituratus in Brazil. Between 2010 and 2012 we captured three specimens of A. lituratus with leucism in two different areas of Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The specimens exhibited partial bleaching of the pelage and patagia, and eyes and claws presented normal color, which confirm the diagnosis of leucism in the three cases presented here.