Yield and Technological Quality of Pirarucu Trimming Surimi According to the Number of Washing Cycles, Rice Flour Content, and Cooking Temperature.

This research aimed to optimize surimi production with innovative raw materials called pirarucu trimmings and broken rice grains, which are by-products from food industries. The effects of three independent variables (number of washing cycles, content, and cooking temperature of rice flour-RF) on surimi's physical, chemical, and technological qualities were investigated through a Box-Behnken design. The number of washing cycles affected yield (77-93%), moisture (55-67%), lipids (18-35%), protein (7.15-11.88%), whiteness (46.73-64.45), chroma (8.86-13.18), hue angle (80.79-93.12°), cohesiveness (0.40-0.61), springiness (0.51-0.99), and freeze stability after 4 weeks (85.16-96.53%). RF concentration affected moisture, lipids, cohesiveness, springiness, and freeze-thaw stability after 4 weeks. RF cooking temperature affected moisture, chroma, cohesiveness, and springiness. The optimal conditions for surimi production with high yield and overall quality were three washing cycles, 6% of RF, and RF cooking temperature at 85 °C. It reveals the promising potential of both by-products to be used as an ingredient in restructured products and contribute to improving agri-industry sustainability.

High fiber content snack bars made with maize biomass flour, rice flakes and oat flakes: Physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance.

The aim of this study was to assess physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of snack bars (SBs) made with different levels of maize biomass flour (MBF), rice flakes (RF) and oat flakes (OF). A simplex design was used, with 6 mixtures and 2 repetitions. The different levels of MBF, RF and OF used in the SBs influenced all physicochemical properties evaluated (moisture, water activity, specific volume, hardness and instrumental color). SB4 (containing 14.85:5:10.85% of MBF:RF:OF, respectively) and SB6 (containing 14:8:8% of MBF:RF:OF, respectively) were the closest to the desirable formulation according to the desirability diagram for the physicochemical properties of the SBs. SB1 (containing 20:5:5% of MBF:RF:OF, respectively) was also selected for sensory analysis as it showed the highest MBF content among all formulations. None SBs presented a microbiological risk. The SB6 presented the highest sensory acceptance and purchase intent, highlighting its rich content of dietary fiber (16.45 ± 0.1 g/100 g) and protein (7.04 ± 0.02 g/100 g) besides its low-calorie characteristic (1421.22 kJ/100 g/339.68 kcal/100 g). The development of SBs using MBF is feasible in relation to their physicochemical and sensory properties, which can stimulate the sustainable production of new goods from this by-product.

Physicochemical, structural, and thermal properties of "batata-de-teiú" starch.

Jatropha elliptica (Pohl) Muell Arg is a sub-shrub herbaceous plant native to the Brazilian Cerrado, and popularly known as "batata-de-teiú". There is lack of scientific knowledge about the structural characterization, physicochemical and technological aspects of the carbohydrate content present in Jatropha elliptica roots. Thus, this work aim contributes with new data about the evaluation of chemical-structural, thermal and technological properties of starch extracted from "batata-de-teiú". The starch presented low levels of ash, protein and total fiber and amylose content of 32.82%. The initial gelatinization temperature of "batata-de-teiú" starch was 70.1 °C, peak temperature was 73.84 °C and final 85.52 °C, and starch had low trend to retrogradation. The results of x-ray and 13C cpmass show a A-type structure with high crystallinity degree. Finally, this results suggested that the "batata-de-teiú" starch is a macromolecular structure with high branching degree, favoring intermolecular Coulomb, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions, which directly corroborated with the low solubility observed (maximum of 6.44 g·100 g-1 at 80 °C). The extraction of "batata-de-teiú" starch can be viable, and it has technological characteristics suitable for use in the food industry or pharmaceuticals, since "batata-de-teiú" starch has good thermal stability and low trend to retrogradation.

Quantitative Cellular Evaluation and Anatomical Organization of the External Region of Different Genetic Materials and Maturation Stages of Tomato Processing

Abstract The effect of the anatomical structure of tomato skin may be significant for quality determination at the harvest point, but the definitions of cells that constitute the skin of fleshy fruits, such as tomato, are still unclear, providing contradictory descriptions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidermal tissue of different genetic materials of tomato processing (IT761, U2006, TC2736, CVR2909 and F3060) and maturation stage, in order to compare and choose genetic materials with morphological characteristics of the epidermis region more appropriate for the bulk transport. Micrographs were used for cell measurements using the Image J software. Cuticle undergoes thickening during fruit growth, and reduction in full maturation. Genetic materials presenting fruits with thicker cuticle at the harvest stage (CVR2909, F3060 and IT761) were more advantageous due to their mechanical resistance. Cuticle deposition ends before full fruit maturation, resulting in a decrease in the amount of cutin per surface unit, consequently decreasing cuticle thickness in the ripe fruit. The characteristics observed in the tomato fruit mesocarp clearly showed the disruption of the cell wall during the fourth maturation stage related to loss of fruit firmness. Among the new genetic materials, F3060 has a greater potential to become cultivated for industrialization due to its morphological characteristics, such as elevated cuticle thickness and high values for width, height, perimeter and area of epidermal cells in full maturation stage, which make it suitable for bulk transport.

Waxy maize starch modified by sun-drying after spontaneous or backslopping fermentation.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of sun-drying after spontaneous or back-slopping fermentation on waxy maize starch (WMS) properties by thermal and pasting properties, water activity and chemical composition, swelling power and solubility, and morphological characteristics. The microbial metabolism affected chemical composition, as back-slopping fermentation reduced the time for achieving 4% of total acidity from 27 to 7 days. WMS was susceptible to surface degradation by the fermentation process. The kind of fermentation did not change the gelatinization parameters, viscosity breakdown and oil solubility. FS decreased peak viscosity, final viscosity and setback values, while increasing peak time and paste temperature values, showed more statistical differences with respect to WMS than BSF. Back-slopping fermentation can speed up the process of the modification of waxy maize starch, and change its functional properties, which can extend the WMS industrial applications.

Roasting soybeans in a microwave for manufacturing chocolate dragées / Torração de soja em micro-ondas para desenvolvimento de drágeas de chocolate

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different microwave-roasting timeson different sizes of soybean grains with black tegument to achieve the best crunchiness, flavor, and hardness. Black soybean dragées- containing a soybean core coated with layers of chocolate (dragée) - were manufactured, and their nutritional value, microbiological risk, acceptability, and consumer-purchase intentions were verified. Flavor and crunchiness of the roasted black soybeans wereonly affected by the roasting time in the microwave, whereas the hardness was only affected by grain size. The best core of the dragéewas obtainedusing grains ofsieve size 15 (large grains) roastedin the microwave for 11 min; this core presented higher frequencies for extremely crunchy notes (56%), toasted flavor (61%), and an instrumental hardness close to that of the existing commercial product (33.17 N). The manufactured dragées did not present resistant starch, anthocyanins, and microbiological risk, and they were sensorially accepted by the tasters (mean scores of 7.77 for texture and 8.36 for appearance on a scale of 1 to 9). Thus, roasted black soybean dragéeshave a high marketing potential from technological, nutritional, and sensorial points of view.

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do tempo de torra no micro-ondas para diferentes tamanhos de grãos de soja tipo alimento de tegumento preto, de forma a atingir a melhor crocância, sabor e dureza, e em seguida caracterizar o seu confeito, estruturado na forma de núcleo e camadas de cobertura de chocolate (drageados), em relação ao valor nutricional, risco microbiológico, aceitabilidade e intenção de compra pelos consumidores. O sabor e a crocância da soja preta torrada foram afetados somente pelo tempo de torra em micro-ondas, enquanto a dureza somente foi afetada pela dimensão dos grãos. O melhor núcleo (selecionado) foi obtido com os grãos de peneira 15 (grãos grandes), no tempo de 11 min de torra em micro-ondas, pois apresentou maior frequência para as notas de extremamente crocante (56%), sabor de torrado (61%), e uma dureza instrumental próxima ao produto comercial (33,17 N). As drágeas não apresentaram amido resistente, antocianinas e risco microbiológico, e foram sensorialmente aceitas pelos provadores (scores médios de 7,77 para textura e 8,36 para aparência, em uma escala de 1 a 9). Portanto, o drageado de soja preta torrada com chocolate é viável do ponto de vista tecnológico, nutricional e sensorial, com alto potencial de comercialização.

Physicochemical and technological characteristics of arrowroot flour modified by ultrasound and low-temperature heat treatment / Características físico-químicas e tecnológicas da farinha de araruta modificada por ultrassom e por tratamento térmico de baixa umidade

ABSTRACT: Arrowroot is a plant abundant in starch content, and because it does not possess gluten proteins in its composition, its utilization is of great interest in the production of food for people who are intolerant to these proteins. The substitution of gluten involves the use of thickening agents, such as pre-gelatinized starches or flours, which can be obtained by physical processes. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and technological characteristics of arrowroot flour (AFU) modified by ultrasound, in the functioning of intensity and time, and modified by low humidity heat treatment (LHHT) as a function of temperature and time. Besides characterizing AFU and AFLHHT, we aimed their future application in products without gluten. All independent variables affected (P<0.05) water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) at 28 °C; WSI was at 80 °C, peak viscosity, final viscosity, setback and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH). The selected AFU was processed in 15 min at an ultrasound intensity of 43.5%, while AFLHHT was at 105 °C for 15 min. Neither of them presented significant differences in relation to their proximal composition. It is concluded that the modification of AF by both methods is feasible, and it is possible to predict its use in the formulation of foods without gluten, due to their physicochemical and technological characteristics which are more appropriate than those of AF.

RESUMO: A araruta é uma planta que apresenta conteúdo abundante de amido, e por não apresentar as proteínas do glúten em sua composição desperta o interesse da sua utilização na produção de alimentos para pessoas intolerantes a essas proteínas. A substituição do glúten envolve a utilização de agentes espessantes, como amidos ou farinhas pré-gelatinizados, que podem ser obtidos por meio de processos físicos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físico-químicas e tecnológicas da farinha de araruta (FA), FA modificada por ultrassom (FAU) em função da intensidade e tempo, e FA modificada por tratamento térmico de baixa umidade (FATTBU) em função da temperatura e tempo, além de caracterizar FAU e FATTBU selecionadas, visando sua futura aplicação em produtos sem glúten. Todas as variáveis independentes afetaram (P<0.05): índice de absorção de água (IAA) e o índice de solubilidade em água (ISA) a 28 °C, ISA a 80 °C, viscosidade de pico, viscosidade final, tendência a retrogradação e entalpia de gelatinização (ΔH). A FAU selecionada foi processada em 15 min em intensidade do ultrassom de 43,5%, enquanto FATTBU a 105 ºC por 15 min. Ambas não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à composição proximal. A modificação da FA tanto por ultrassom como por tratamento térmico com baixa umidade é viável, e é possível prever a sua utilização na formulação de alimentos sem glúten, devido as suas características físico-químicas serem mais apropriadas que a da FA.

Evaluation of the technological quality of snacks extruded from broken grains of rice and mechanically separated tilapia meat flour / Avaliação da qualidade tecnológica de snacks extrusados de grãos quebrados de arroz e farinha de carne de tilápia mecanicamente separada

The objective of this study was to evaluate the technological vulnerability of snacks extruded from broken rice grains (BRG) and mechanically separated tilapia meat flour (MSMF) and to characterize the best formulation from a technological point of view. Five snack formulations were elaborated with different levels of MSMF (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) replacing the BRG. The snacks were evaluated in relation to expansion index, specific volume, hardness, instrumental color parameters, water activity (Aw) and scanning electron microscopy to identify the maximum substitution level of BRG by MSMF that did not compromise the technological quality of the product. Aw was similar (p>0.05) in all formulations. Replacement of MSMF by BRG influenced (p<0.05) expansion index, specific volume, hardness, and L*, a* and b* values. However, the replacement of 30% of BRG by MSMF did not compromise the technological quality of the extruded snacks. In addition, this formulation presented high nutritional value, acceptance and purchase intention and could therefore be used as an industrial strategy to meet current consumer demand for nutritious foods and stimulate fish consumption.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade tecnológica de snacks extrusados, produzidos a partir da substituição do grão quebrado de arroz (GQA) pela farinha de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de tilápia (FCMS) e caracterizar quimicamente e sensorialmente a melhor formulação sob o ponto de vista tecnológico. Cinco formulações de snacks foram elaboradas com diferentes níveis de FCMS (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% e 40%) em substituição ao GQA. Os snacks foram avaliados em relação ao índice de expansão, volume específico, dureza, parâmetros instrumentais de cor, atividade de água (Aa), e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura para identificação do nível de substituição máximo de GQA por FCMS que não comprometesse a qualidade tecnológica do produto. A Aa foi similar (P > 0,05) em todas as formulações. A substituição de FCMS por GQA influenciou (P < 0,05) o índice de expansão, volume específico, dureza, e os valores de L*, a* e b*. No entanto, a substituição de 30% de GQA por FCMS não comprometeu a qualidade tecnológica dos snacks extrusados. Além disso, esta formulação apresentou elevado valor nutritivo, aceitação e intenção de compra podendo, portanto, ser utilizada como uma estratégia industrial para atender a demanda dos consumidores atuais por alimentos nutritivos e estimular o consumo de pescado.(AU)

Physicochemical and technological characteristics of arrowroot flour modified by ultrasound and low-temperature heat treatment / Características físico-químicas e tecnológicas da farinha de araruta modificada por ultrassom e por tratamento térmico de baixa umidade

Arrowroot is a plant abundant in starch content, and because it does not possess gluten proteins in its composition, its utilization is of great interest in the production of food for people who are intolerant to these proteins. The substitution of gluten involves the use of thickening agents, such as pre-gelatinized starches or flours, which can be obtained by physical processes. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and technological characteristics of arrowroot flour (AFU) modified by ultrasound, in the functioning of intensity and time, and modified by low humidity heat treatment (LHHT) as a function of temperature and time. Besides characterizing AFU and AFLHHT, we aimed their future application in products without gluten. All independent variables affected (P<0.05) water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) at 28 °C; WSI was at 80 °C, peak viscosity, final viscosity, setback and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH). The selected AFU was processed in 15 min at an ultrasound intensity of 43.5%, while AFLHHT was at 105 °C for 15 min. Neither of them presented significant differences in relation to their proximal composition. It is concluded that the modification of AF by both methods is feasible, and it is possible to predict its use in the formulation of foods without gluten, due to their physicochemical and technological characteristics which are more appropriate than those of AF.(AU)

A araruta é uma planta que apresenta conteúdo abundante de amido, e por não apresentar as proteínas do glúten em sua composição desperta o interesse da sua utilização na produção de alimentos para pessoas intolerantes a essas proteínas. A substituição do glúten envolve a utilização de agentes espessantes, como amidos ou farinhas pré-gelatinizados, que podem ser obtidos por meio de processos físicos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físico-químicas e tecnológicas da farinha de araruta (FA), FA modificada por ultrassom (FAU) em função da intensidade e tempo, e FA modificada por tratamento térmico de baixa umidade (FATTBU) em função da temperatura e tempo, além de caracterizar FAU e FATTBU selecionadas, visando sua futura aplicação em produtos sem glúten. Todas as variáveis independentes afetaram (P<0.05): índice de absorção de água (IAA) e o índice de solubilidade em água (ISA) a 28 °C, ISA a 80 °C, viscosidade de pico, viscosidade final, tendência a retrogradação e entalpia de gelatinização (ΔH). A FAU selecionada foi processada em 15 min em intensidade do ultrassom de 43,5%, enquanto FATTBU a 105 ºC por 15 min. Ambas não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à composição proximal. A modificação da FA tanto por ultrassom como por tratamento térmico com baixa umidade é viável, e é possível prever a sua utilização na formulação de alimentos sem glúten, devido as suas características físico-químicas serem mais apropriadas que a da FA.(AU)

Roasting soybeans in a microwave for manufacturing chocolate dragées / Torração de soja em micro-ondas para desenvolvimento de drágeas de chocolate

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different microwave-roasting timeson different sizes of soybean grains with black tegument to achieve the best crunchiness, flavor, and hardness. Black soybean dragées- containing a soybean core coated with layers of chocolate (dragée) - were manufactured, and their nutritional value, microbiological risk, acceptability, and consumer-purchase intentions were verified. Flavor and crunchiness of the roasted black soybeans wereonly affected by the roasting time in the microwave, whereas the hardness was only affected by grain size. The best core of the dragéewas obtainedusing grains ofsieve size 15 (large grains) roastedin the microwave for 11 min; this core presented higher frequencies for extremely crunchy notes (56%), toasted flavor (61%), and an instrumental hardness close to that of the existing commercial product (33.17 N). The manufactured dragées did not present resistant starch, anthocyanins, and microbiological risk, and they were sensorially accepted by the tasters (mean scores of 7.77 for texture and 8.36 for appearance on a scale of 1 to 9). Thus, roasted black soybean dragéeshave a high marketing potential from technological, nutritional, and sensorial points of view.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do tempo de torra no micro-ondas para diferentes tamanhos de grãos de soja tipo alimento de tegumento preto, de forma a atingir a melhor crocância, sabor e dureza, e em seguida caracterizar o seu confeito, estruturado na forma de núcleo e camadas de cobertura de chocolate (drageados), em relação ao valor nutricional, risco microbiológico, aceitabilidade e intenção de compra pelos consumidores. O sabor e a crocância da soja preta torrada foram afetados somente pelo tempo de torra em micro-ondas, enquanto a dureza somente foi afetada pela dimensão dos grãos. O melhor núcleo (selecionado) foi obtido com os grãos de peneira 15 (grãos grandes), no tempo de 11 min de torra em micro-ondas, pois apresentou maior frequência para as notas de extremamente crocante (56%), sabor de torrado (61%), e uma dureza instrumental próxima ao produto comercial (33,17 N). As drágeas não apresentaram amido resistente, antocianinas e risco microbiológico, e foram sensorialmente aceitas pelos provadores (scores médios de 7,77 para textura e 8,36 para aparência, em uma escala de 1 a 9). Portanto, o drageado de soja preta torrada com chocolate é viável do ponto de vista tecnológico, nutricional e sensorial, com alto potencial de comercialização.(AU)

Evaluation of the technological quality of snacks extruded from broken grains of rice and mechanically separated tilapia meat flour / Avaliação da qualidade tecnológica de snacks extrusados de grãos quebrados de arroz e farinha de carne de tilápia mecanicamente separada

The objective of this study was to evaluate the technological vulnerability of snacks extruded from broken rice grains (BRG) and mechanically separated tilapia meat flour (MSMF) and to characterize the best formulation from a technological point of view. Five snack formulations were elaborated with different levels of MSMF (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) replacing the BRG. The snacks were evaluated in relation to expansion index, specific volume, hardness, instrumental color parameters, water activity (Aw) and scanning electron microscopy to identify the maximum substitution level of BRG by MSMF that did not compromise the technological quality of the product. Aw was similar (p>0.05) in all formulations. Replacement of MSMF by BRG influenced (p<0.05) expansion index, specific volume, hardness, and L*, a* and b* values. However, the replacement of 30% of BRG by MSMF did not compromise the technological quality of the extruded snacks. In addition, this formulation presented high nutritional value, acceptance and purchase intention and could therefore be used as an industrial strategy to meet current consumer demand for nutritious foods and stimulate fish consumption.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade tecnológica de snacks extrusados, produzidos a partir da substituição do grão quebrado de arroz (GQA) pela farinha de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de tilápia (FCMS) e caracterizar quimicamente e sensorialmente a melhor formulação sob o ponto de vista tecnológico. Cinco formulações de snacks foram elaboradas com diferentes níveis de FCMS (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% e 40%) em substituição ao GQA. Os snacks foram avaliados em relação ao índice de expansão, volume específico, dureza, parâmetros instrumentais de cor, atividade de água (Aa), e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura para identificação do nível de substituição máximo de GQA por FCMS que não comprometesse a qualidade tecnológica do produto. A Aa foi similar (P > 0,05) em todas as formulações. A substituição de FCMS por GQA influenciou (P < 0,05) o índice de expansão, volume específico, dureza, e os valores de L*, a* e b*. No entanto, a substituição de 30% de GQA por FCMS não comprometeu a qualidade tecnológica dos snacks extrusados. Além disso, esta formulação apresentou elevado valor nutritivo, aceitação e intenção de compra podendo, portanto, ser utilizada como uma estratégia industrial para atender a demanda dos consumidores atuais por alimentos nutritivos e estimular o consumo de pescado.

Syneresis and chemical characteristics of fermented rice extract with probiotic bacteria and waxy maize starch

Abstract The objective of this work was to elaborate fermented extracts using rice bran and broken rice grains (proportion 8:92) with probiotic bacteria and different concentrations of waxy maize starch (WMS) in order to obtain products with low level of syneresis and desirable physical-chemical characteristics, and to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and chemical composition of the extract selected and flavored with strawberry aroma and strawberry syrup. A randomized design was used with five treatments (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 g 100 g-1 of WMS) and four replications. The fermented rice extract had increased soluble solids (from 12.97 to 14.23 °Brix) and total acidity (from 0.29 to 0.30 g 100 g-1), whereas total soluble sugars (from 9.24 to 8.73 g 100 g-1) and syneresis (from 10.16 to 0.99 g 100 g-1) decreased with gradual increments of waxy maize starch. The fermented rice extract containing 12 g 100 g-1 WMS reduced the syneresis by 89% compared to the control without waxy maize starch. The fermented rice extract with 12 g 100 g-1 of waxy maize starch flavored with strawberry aroma and strawberry syrup shows high nutritional value, antioxidant capacity, content of total phenolic compounds, and marketing potential, particularly for consumers with special needs, such as those allergic to lactose or soybean proteins, as an alternative food ready for consumption.

Utilization of residue from cassava starch processing for production of fermentable sugar by enzymatic hydrolysis

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize and perform enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava peeling residue (peel and inner peel), mainly composed of peels and small pieces. Residue was sanitized, dried at 55 °C for 24 hours and ground. The obtained flour showed pH of 4.85; 72.53 g 100 g-1 moisture; 5.18 mL 1M NaOH 100 g-1 acidity; 60.68 g 100 g-1 starch; 1.08 g 100 g-1 reducing sugar; 1.63 g 100g-1 ash; 0.86 g 100 g-1 lipid and 3.97 g 100 g-1 protein. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out by means of rotational central composite design, analyzing the effects of concentrations of α-amylase enzyme (10 to 50 U g starch-1), and the amyloglucosidase enzyme (80 to 400 U g starch-1) on variable responses: percent conversion of starch into reducing sugars (RSC) and soluble solid content (SS). Highest values of RSC (110%) and SS (12 °Brix) were observed when using the maximum concentration of amyloglucosidase and throughout the concentration range of α-amylase. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava peel is feasible and allows the use of hydrolysate in fermentation processes for the production of various products, such as alcoholic drinks, vinegar, among others.

Application of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia in the degradation of agro-industrial effluent.

This study aimed to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of Amano PS commercial lipase - Burkholderia cepacia and lipase produced by Burkholderia cepacia strain ATCC 25416, in addition to studying the hydrolysis of agro-industrial effluent collected in a fried potato industry. The optimum temperature for increasing lipase activity was 37 °C. The temperature increase caused a decrease in thermostability of lipase, and the commercial lipase was less stable, with values of 10.5, 4.6 and 4.9%, respectively, lower than those obtained by lipase from strain ATCC 25416, at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 °C. The enzymatic activity was higher in alkaline conditions, achieving better results at pH 8.0. The pH was the variable that most influenced the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides of the agro-industrial effluent, followed by enzyme concentration, and volume of gum arabic used in the reaction medium. Thus, it can be observed that the enzymatic hydrolytic process of the studied effluent presents a premising contribution to reduction of environmental impacts of potato chip processing industries.

Mixed drinks prepared with extracts of rice with passion fruit and papaya / Bebidas mistas de extratos de arroz com maracujá e mamão

This study aimed at developing drinks prepared with extracts of rice, sugar and flavored with papaya and passion fruit pulp, and to evaluate the physical-chemical, chemical, sensory and microbiological characteristics. Cost of formulations, acceptability, yeast and mold counts and coliforms counting at 35 °C and 45 °C and Salmonella sp detection were investigated, and the additional features as chemical composition, sugars, dietary fiber, total titratable acidity, soluble solids and antioxidant potential. All of the drinks may be considered as functional foods owing to their total dietary fiber contents. However, the extract prepared with parboiled brown rice showed the highest contents of total dietary fiber (2.37g.100 g-1) and of soluble one (1.20 g.100 g-1). The passion fruit and papaya pulps drink turned out to be nutritionally richer in proteins and lipids, by adding the brown rice and brown parboiled rice. All of the drinks were accepted by the interviewed persons, being the purchase intention > 90 %, and their microbiological standards were in compliance with the Brazilian legislation. Broken rice, brown rice and brown parboiled rice may be used as ingredients in the papaya and passion fruit pulps-based beverages formulations(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver bebidas elaboradas com extratos de arroz (quirera, integral parboilizado e integral) com sabores de mamão e maracujá, e estudar as características físico-químicas, sensoriais e microbiológicas. Foram avaliados custo das formulações, aceitabilidade, contagem de bolores e leveduras, contagem de coliformes a 35 °C e a 45 °C, a presença de Salmonella sp e as demais características: composição centesimal, açúcares redutores, fibra alimentar, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis e potencial antioxidante. Todas as bebidas podem ser consideradas alimentos funcionais, em função de seus teores de fibra alimentar total. No entanto, na bebida elaborada com o extrato de arroz integral parboilizado foram detectados os maiores teores de fibra alimentar total (2,37 g.100 g-1) e solúvel (1,20 g.100 g-1). A adição de extratos de arroz integral e integral parboilizado tornou a bebida de maracujá e mamão nutricionalmente mais rico em proteínas e lipídios. Todas as bebidas foram aceitas pela população entrevistada com atributo intenção de compra de acima de 90 %, e apresentaram conformidade nos padrões microbiológicos exigidos pela legislação brasileira. A quirera, o arroz integral e o integral parboilizado podem ser utilizados como ingredientes na formulação de bebidas à base de polpa de mamão e maracujá(AU)

Bebidas mistas de extratos de arroz com maracujá e mamão / Mixed drinks prepared with extracts of rice with passion fruit and papaya

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver bebidas elaboradas com extratos de arroz (quirera, integral parboilizado e integral) com sabores de mamão e maracujá, e estudar as características físico-químicas, sensoriais e microbiológicas. Foram avaliados custo das formulações, aceitabilidade, contagem de bolores e leveduras, contagem de coliformes a 35 °C e a 45 °C, a presença de Salmonella sp e as demais características: composição centesimal, açúcares redutores, fibra alimentar, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis e potencial antioxidante. Todas as bebidas podem ser consideradas alimentos funcionais, em função de seus teores de fibra alimentar total. No entanto, na bebida elaborada com o extrato de arroz integral parboilizado foram detectados os maiores teores de fibra alimentar total (2,37 g.100 g-1) e solúvel (1,20 g.100 g-1). A adição de extratos de arroz integral e integral parboilizado tornou a bebida de maracujá e mamão nutricionalmente mais rico em proteínas e lipídios. Todas as bebidas foram aceitas pela população entrevistada com atributo intenção de compra de acima de 90 %, e apresentaram conformidade nos padrões microbiológicos exigidos pela legislação brasileira. A quirera, o arroz integral e o integral parboilizado podem ser utilizados como ingredientes na formulação de bebidas à base de polpa de mamão e maracujá...

Efeito da inclusão de soja integral em rações extrusadas no desempenho de juvenis de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L. ) / Effect of soybean inclusion in extruded rations on performance of juvenile piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L. )

Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de soja integral em rações extrusadas com diferentes níveis de energia digestível na dieta de juvenis de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L.). Foram distribuídos 100 peixes com peso inicial de 5,06 ± 0,41 g, em 20 aquários (80 L), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0; 20,0; 35,0; 50,0 e 67,5% de soja integral nas dietas) e quatro repetições. Dietas isoprotéicas, isocálcicas, isofosfóricas, isoaminoácidicas para metionina e com diferentes valores de energia digestível (3.193; 3.326; 3.413; 3.510 e 3.621 kcal/kg) foram fornecidas aos peixes durante setenta dias. Os seguintes critérios foram avaliados: peso final, ganho de peso, incremento em comprimento, consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar, taxa de eficiência proteica e taxa de sobrevivência. Os tratamentos não diferiram (P>0,05) entre si em relação aos critérios avaliados. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de soja integral nas rações para juvenis de piavuçu é viável, podendo substituir parcial ou totalmente o farelo de soja, sem prejuízo de desempenho, embora proporcione maior deposição de gordura na carcaça.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of extruded soybean in diets for piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L.) juveniles with different levels of digestible energy. A hundred fish with initial weight of 5.06 ± 0.61 g were distributed into 20 aquarium (80 L), in a entirely randomized design with five treatments (0.00, 20.00, 35.00, 50.00 and 67.5% full fat soybean in the diets) and four replications. Isonitrogenous, isocalcium, isophosphorus, isoaminoacids for methionine diets with different digestible energy values (3,193; 3,326; 3,413; 3,510 and 3,621 kcal/kg) were given to fish for seventy days. The criteria evaluated were weight gain, length increment, daily feed intake, feed gain, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate. No differences (P>0.05) were observed among treatments regarding the performance criteria. We concluded that the inclusion of full fat soybean in piavuçu juveniles diet is a viable option, and it may partially or totally replace soybean meal, without decreasing performance, while providing greater deposition of fat in the carcass.(AU)

Efeito da inclusão de soja integral em rações extrusadas no desempenho de juvenis de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L. ) / Effect of soybean inclusion in extruded rations on performance of juvenile piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L. )

Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de soja integral em rações extrusadas com diferentes níveis de energia digestível na dieta de juvenis de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L.). Foram distribuídos 100 peixes com peso inicial de 5,06 ± 0,41 g, em 20 aquários (80 L), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0; 20,0; 35,0; 50,0 e 67,5% de soja integral nas dietas) e quatro repetições. Dietas isoprotéicas, isocálcicas, isofosfóricas, isoaminoácidicas para metionina e com diferentes valores de energia digestível (3.193; 3.326; 3.413; 3.510 e 3.621 kcal/kg) foram fornecidas aos peixes durante setenta dias. Os seguintes critérios foram avaliados: peso final, ganho de peso, incremento em comprimento, consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar, taxa de eficiência proteica e taxa de sobrevivência. Os tratamentos não diferiram (P>0,05) entre si em relação aos critérios avaliados. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de soja integral nas rações para juvenis de piavuçu é viável, podendo substituir parcial ou totalmente o farelo de soja, sem prejuízo de desempenho, embora proporcione maior deposição de gordura na carcaça.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of extruded soybean in diets for piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus L.) juveniles with different levels of digestible energy. A hundred fish with initial weight of 5.06 ± 0.61 g were distributed into 20 aquarium (80 L), in a entirely randomized design with five treatments (0.00, 20.00, 35.00, 50.00 and 67.5% full fat soybean in the diets) and four replications. Isonitrogenous, isocalcium, isophosphorus, isoaminoacids for methionine diets with different digestible energy values (3,193; 3,326; 3,413; 3,510 and 3,621 kcal/kg) were given to fish for seventy days. The criteria evaluated were weight gain, length increment, daily feed intake, feed gain, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate. No differences (P>0.05) were observed among treatments regarding the performance criteria. We concluded that the inclusion of full fat soybean in piavuçu juveniles diet is a viable option, and it may partially or totally replace soybean meal, without decreasing performance, while providing greater deposition of fat in the carcass.

Mudanças químicas e viscoamilográficas em farinhas de diferentes genótipos de arroz submetidas à extrusão / Changes in chemical and viscoamylographic in flour from different rice genotypes subjected to extrusion

A grande quantidade de grãos quebrados resultante do beneficiamento do arroz e seu baixo valor comercial tem levado as indústrias a buscarem alternativas para agregar valor a esse subproduto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as mudanças químicas e as propriedades viscoamilográficas em farinhas de arroz, obtidas a partir de grãos quebrados dos genótipos Irga 417, BRS Primavera e CNA 8502, submetidas ao processo de extrusão. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, tipo fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições originais e análise de variância para avaliar os dados obtidos. As farinhas dos diferentes materiais genéticos diferiram quanto ao valor nutricional e tecnológico. A farinha nativa da linhagem CNA 8502 apresentou maior teor de lipídios (0,45g 100g-1) e proteínas (10,23g 100g-1). De forma geral, as farinhas da Irga 417 apresentaram maiores teores de cinzas (0,39g 100g-1) e amilose (26,44g 100g-1). A extrusão diminuiu os teores de umidade e lipídios, elevou o teor de amilose, não afetou os teores de cinzas e proteínas e reduziu os valores de pico de viscosidade, viscosidade final, quebra de viscosidade e tendência à retrogradação, porém a magnitude da resposta dependeu das características inerentes a cada genótipo. As farinhas extrusadas apresentam potencial para aplicação em produtos instantâneos ou como ingrediente para produtos alimentícios nos quais são exigidas menores viscosidades, quando servidos a quente ou a frio, que suportem a agitação e retrogradem menos quando sejam resfriados.

The large amount of broken grains resulted from rice processing and its low commercial value have led industries to find alternatives to add value to this by product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and viscolamylographic properties changes in rice flour made from broken grains of genotypes IRGA 417, BRS Primavera and CNA 8502, subject to the extrusion process. It was used a randomized experimental design, type 3x2 factorial with four replications, and variance analysis to evaluate the data obtained for this. The flours of different genotypes differed on the nutritional value and technology. Native flour of CNA 8502 had a higher lipid content (0.45g 100g-1) and protein (10.23g 100g-1). In a general way, the flour of Irga 417 showed higher levels of ash (0.39g 100g-1) and amylose (26.44g 100g-1). Extrusion decreased the levels of moisture and lipids, increased the amylose content, didn't affect the ash and protein contents and reduced the viscosity peak, final viscosity, breakdown viscosity and retrogradation tendency, but the magnitude of the response depended of the defining features inherent genotypes. The extruded flours have potential for use in instant products or as an ingredient for food products in which lower viscosities are required when served hot or cold, supporting the agitation and retrograde least when they are cooled.

Bolos sem glúten a base de arroz quebrado e casca de mandioca / Gluten free cakes made with broken rice and cassava peel

As agroindústrias de arroz e de mandioca geram significativos volumes de grãos quebrados (subprodutos) e cascas (resíduos). O descarte indevido dos resíduos constitui desperdício de matéria-prima, que poderia ser aproveitada melhor, em função do grande montante produzido e de seu valor nutricional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade da aplicação de casca de mandioca desidratada na formulação de misturas de bolos sem glúten em substituição a farinha de arroz. Os bolos foram formulados com diferentes níveis de substituição da farinha de arroz (FA) pela farinha da casca de mandioca (FCM) (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%), com base em volume. Para obtenção da farinha, a casca de mandioca foi desidratada e moída. As amostras de farinhas e bolos foram submetidas a análises físicas, de composição centesimal, e microbiológicas (Bacilus cereus, coliformes totais e a 45 °C, Salmonella sp, bolores e leveduras e clostrídios sulfitos redutores) e aceitação sensorial. Os bolos diferiram (p≤0,05) no teor de umidade (29,6 a 41,8 g.100g-1), que foi maior com o aumento da proporção da FCM. A mesma tendência foi observada no coeficiente de índice de rendimento (0,72 a 0,84), e nos teores de cinzas (3,1 a 4,8 g.100g-1), lipídeos (8,6-16,7 g.100g-1) e fibra alimentar total (4,1 a 19,3 g.100g-1) e insolúvel (3,5 a 17,3 g.100g-1). Os bolos não apresentaram contaminação microbiológica. Em relação aos atributos sensoriais, os bolos tiveram a mesma aceitação (em torno de 6,8), e a maior intenção de compra (40%) foi obtida pela amostra com 100% de substituição de FA por FCM. Os resultados permitem inferir que existe possibilidade da utilização da farinha de casca de mandioca como substituinte da farinha de arroz em formulações de bolos sem glúten em até 100% de substituição, uma vez que, as características nutricionais, microbiológicas e a aceitação sensorial foram satisfatórias.(AU)

The agribusiness rice and cassava generate significant volumes of broken grains (byproducts) and bark (waste). The improper disposal of waste is waste of cassava feedstock, which could be better utilized, due to the large amount produced and its nutritional value. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of applying dried cassava peel in the formulation of mixtures of gluten free cakes instead of rice flour. The cakes were formulated with different substitution levels of rice flour (RF) by peeling cassava flour (PCF) (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), based on volume. To obtain the flour, cassava hull was dehydrated and milled. Samples of flour and cakes were submitted to physical, proximate composition, and microbiological analysis (Bacillus cereus, total coliforms at 45 °C, Salmonella, mold and yeast and sulfites reducing clostridia) and sensory acceptance. The cakes differ (p ≤ 0.05) in moisture content (29,6 to 41,8 g.100g-1), with a tendency to increase with the level of substitution of rice flour by flour cassava peel , the same trend was observed in the coefficient of performance index (0,72 to 0,84) and the contents of ash (3,1 to 4,8 g.100g-1), lipids (8,6 to 16,7 g.100g-1) and total (4,1 to 19,3 g.100g-1) and insoluble dietary fibers (3,5 to 17,3 g.100g-1). No contamination by microorganisms was observed. Regarding sensory attributes, all samples were accepted (around 6,8), and the higher purchase intent (40%) was obtained for the sample with 100% replacement of RF by PCF. The results allow to point that there is possibility of using cassava peel meal substituted rice flour for gluten-free cakes formulations up to 100% of substitution, since the nutritional, microbiological properties and sensory acceptance were satisfactory.(AU)