A glimpse at ethology in latin america

The state of the art of Ethology in five Latin America countries is briefly presented here. The overall outlook regarding research laboratories and themes is promising: the community is numerous, active and there are topics addressing all aspects of animal behavior, especially in large countries like Brazil and Argentina. Ethology as an undergraduate discipline is generally a sub-category of Biology, being taught mainly at Zoology/ Psychology/ Ecology/ Agriculture Courses and at Medical Veterinary Schools, often as an eligible discipline. Ethology as a formal major Graduate Program is rare and mainly restricted to Brazil. Regular Ethology meetings are held in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. In Chile and Venezuela there is a small but very active community. Studies of animal behavior are often carried out in other areas than Biology, and there is a clear overlap of interest regarding the major topics of Ethology. Behavioral ecology, conservation, management and animal welfare are a priority in most countries, probably reflecting a general concern regarding endangered species and habitats of the continent. Here we present information aiming to create a network that will increase collaborations among researchers working within the ethological framework in Latin America. The IV Simpósio de Etologia na América Latina, entitled "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿ hacia un futuro regional ?" was held in November, 2013, as part of the XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The state of art of Animal Behavior in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela were presented there and a set of six questions guided the presentations: 1).

Presentamos brevemente el estado de la Etología en cinco países de América Latina. En general, con respecto a la investigación en laboratorios y temas de estudio la situación es prometedora: la comunidad es numerosa, activa, y los temas abarcan todos los aspectos del comportamiento animal, especialmente en países grandes como Brasil y Argentina. La Etología como disciplina de grado, por lo general es una subcategoría de la Biología, siendo impartida principalmente en cursos de Zoología /Psicología/ Ecología/Agricultura, y en las facultades de Medicina Veterinaria frecuentemente como disciplina opcional. No es frecuente que la Etología sea un programa formal de Posgrado, lo cual está principalmente restringido a Brasil. Se realizan encuentros regulares de Etología en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay. En Chile y Venezuela se encuentran comunidades pequeñas pero muy activas, ligadas a la Etología. Los estudios de comportamiento animal se realizan frecuentemente en áreas distintas de la Biología, y hay una clara superposición de intereses respecto a los principales tópicos de la Etología. La ecología comportamental, la conservación, el manejo y el bienestar animal son prioridades en muchos países, lo que probablemente refleja una preocupación general respecto a las especies y hábitats amenazados en el continente. Aquí presentamos un informe preliminar orientado a crear una red que aumente la colaboración entre los investigadores que trabajan en el marco de la Etología en América Latina. El IV Simposio de Etología de América Latina, titulado "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿hacia un futuro regional?" se realizó en Noviembre de 2013, como parte del XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), en São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Invitados de cinco países -Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Uruguay y Venezuela- presentaron información sobre el estado del arte del comportamiento animal en sus naciones y las presentaciones fueron guiadas por un cuestionario de seis preguntas: 1) .

A glimpse at Ethology in Latin America

The state of the art of Ethology in five Latin America countries is briefly presented here. The overall outlook regarding research laboratories and themes is promising: the community is numerous, active and there are topics addressing all aspects of animal behavior, especially in large countries like Brazil and Argentina. Ethology as an undergraduate discipline is generally a sub-category of Biology, being taught mainly at Zoology/ Psychology/ Ecology/ Agriculture Courses and at Medical Veterinary Schools, often as an eligible discipline. Ethology as a formal major Graduate Program is rare and mainly restricted to Brazil. Regular Ethology meetings are held in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. In Chile and Venezuela there is a small but very active community. Studies of animal behavior are often carried out in other areas than Biology, and there is a clear overlap of interest regarding the major topics of Ethology. Behavioral ecology, conservation, management and animal welfare are a priority in most countries, probably reflecting a general concern regarding endangered species and habitats of the continent. Here we present information aiming to create a network that will increase collaborations among researchers working within the ethological framework in Latin America. The IV Simpósio de Etologia na América Latina, entitled "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿ hacia un futuro regional ?" was held in November, 2013, as part of the XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The state of art of Animal Behavior in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela were presented there and a set of six questions guided the presentations: 1) What are the main Ethology topics being studied in laboratories in your country? - 2) Are there undergraduate or graduate programs in the main universities? - 3) Is there an Animal Behavior Society? How interested is the community in establishing close ties among institutes or laboratories elsewhere in Latin America? - 4) Is there a site, a journal, a page on a social networking site for contact, communication and divulgation of original data? - 5) How active is the community regarding the wiliness to organize congresses, symposia, meetings, workshops, on-line courses regarding Ethology? - 6) Are there funding agencies to support exchange programs and research in Ethology? Additional data were collected from the last two EAE regarding researchers from Latin America that attended EAE meetings and a list of names and laboratories was compiled (see appendix). It should be emphasized that the compilation of information presented here is far from complete. It represents a brief overview of the current status of Ethology in only five Latin American countries, and therefore it should be updated continuously with new data from the countries treated here as well as supplemented with data from other countries. Such a constantly updated list would facilitate the creation of networks that should increase collaborations among researchers working within the ethological framework in Latin America.(AU)

Presentamos brevemente el estado de la Etología en cinco países de América Latina. En general, con respecto a la investigación en laboratorios y temas de estudio la situación es prometedora: la comunidad es numerosa, activa, y los temas abarcan todos los aspectos del comportamiento animal, especialmente en países grandes como Brasil y Argentina. La Etología como disciplina de grado, por lo general es una subcategoría de la Biología, siendo impartida principalmente en cursos de Zoología /Psicología/ Ecología/Agricultura, y en las facultades de Medicina Veterinaria frecuentemente como disciplina opcional. No es frecuente que la Etología sea un programa formal de Posgrado, lo cual está principalmente restringido a Brasil. Se realizan encuentros regulares de Etología en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay. En Chile y Venezuela se encuentran comunidades pequeñas pero muy activas, ligadas a la Etología. Los estudios de comportamiento animal se realizan frecuentemente en áreas distintas de la Biología, y hay una clara superposición de intereses respecto a los principales tópicos de la Etología. La ecología comportamental, la conservación, el manejo y el bienestar animal son prioridades en muchos países, lo que probablemente refleja una preocupación general respecto a las especies y hábitats amenazados en el continente. Aquí presentamos un informe preliminar orientado a crear una red que aumente la colaboración entre los investigadores que trabajan en el marco de la Etología en América Latina. El IV Simposio de Etología de América Latina, titulado "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿hacia un futuro regional?" se realizó en Noviembre de 2013, como parte del XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), en São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Invitados de cinco países -Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Uruguay y Venezuela- presentaron información sobre el estado del arte del comportamiento animal en sus naciones y las presentaciones fueron guiadas por un cuestionario de seis preguntas: 1) ¿Cuáles son los principales temas de estudio y laboratorios de Etología en su país? - 2) ¿Hay programas de grado o posgrado en las principales universidades? - 3) ¿Hay una sociedad de Comportamiento Animal? ¿Qué tan interesada está la comunidad en establecer vínculos estrechos entre institutos o laboratorios en otros lugares de América Latina? - 4) ¿Hay un sitio de internet, una revista o un en una red social para contacto, comunicación y divulgación de datos originales? - 5) ¿Qué tan activa es la comunidad respecto a la organización de congresos, simposios, encuentros, talleres y cursos on-line referidos a Etología? - 6) ¿Hay agencias de financiamiento para sostener programas de intercambio e investigación en Etología? Adicionalmente se recolectaron datos de los últimos dos EAE concerniente a los investigadores en América Latina que asistieron a los mismos y se compiló una lista de nombres y laboratorios.(AU)

DNA extraction from hair shafts of wild Brazilian felids and canids.

Wild felids and canids are usually the main predators in the food chains where they dwell and are almost invisible to behavior and ecology researchers. Due to their grooming behavior, they tend to swallow shed hair, which shows up in the feces. DNA found in hair shafts can be used in molecular studies that can unravel, for instance, genetic variability, reproductive mode and family structure, and in some species, it is even possible to estimate migration and dispersion rates in given populations. First, however, DNA must be extracted from hair. We extracted successfully and dependably hair shaft DNA from eight wild Brazilian felids, ocelot, margay, oncilla, Geoffroy's cat, pampas cat, jaguarundi, puma, and jaguar, as well as the domestic cat and from three wild Brazilian canids, maned wolf, crab-eating fox, and hoary fox, as well as the domestic dog. Hair samples came mostly from feces collected at the São Paulo Zoo and were also gathered from non-sedated pet or from recently dead wild animals and were also collected from museum specimens. Fractions of hair samples were stained before DNA extraction, while most samples were not. Our extraction protocol is based on a feather DNA extraction technique, based in the phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol general method, with proteinase K as digestive enzyme.

Inhibition of acute nociceptive responses in rats after i.c.v. injection of Thr6-bradykinin, isolated from the venom of the social wasp, Polybia occidentalis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In this work, a neuroactive peptide from the venom of the neotropical wasp Polybia occidentalis was isolated and its anti-nociceptive effects were characterized in well-established pain induction models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Wasp venom was analysed by reverse-phase HPLC and fractions screened for anti-nociceptive activity. The structure of the most active fraction was identified by electron-spray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and it was further assessed in two tests of anti-nociceptive activity in rats: the hot plate and tail flick tests. KEY RESULTS: The most active fraction contained a peptide whose structure was Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Thr-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH, which corresponds to that of Thr(6)-BK, a bradykinin analogue. This peptide was given by i.c.v. injection to rats. In the tail flick test, Thr(6)-BK induced anti-nociceptive effects, approximately twice as potent as either morphine or bradykinin also given i.c.v. The anti-nociceptive activity of Thr(6)-BK peaked at 30 min after injection and persisted for 2 h, longer than bradykinin. The primary mode of action of Thr(6)-BK involved the activation of B(2) bradykinin receptors, as anti-nociceptive effects of Thr(6)-BK were antagonized by a selective B(2) receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our data indicate that Thr(6)-BK acts through B(2) bradykinin receptors in the mammalian CNS, evoking antinociceptive behaviour. This activity is remarkably different from that of bradykinin, despite the structural similarities between both peptides. In addition, due to the increased metabolic stability of Thr(6)-BK, relative to that of bradykinin, this peptide could provide a novel tool in the investigation of kinin pathways involved with pain.

A comparative neuroethological study of limbic seizures induced by Parawixia bistriata venom and kainic acid injections in rats.

A number of neurotoxins derived from arthropod venoms are known to show highly selective effects on nervous tissue. These neurotoxins have been proved to be extremely useful tools to investigate either convulsive or anticonvulsive mechanisms in the nervous system. In the present work, intracerebroventricular injection of the crude venom from the spider Parawixia bistriata (Araneae, Araneidae) in rats induced convulsive limbic seizures (head and forelimb myoclonus, as well as rearing and falling). Neuroethological analysis showed that the limbic seizures induced by the venom were different from those induced by kainic acid. Intravenous injection of the same venom did not induce seizures, but the neuroethological analysis showed an intensification of grooming behavior similar to a displaced activity. In conclusion, our experiments point that crude venom of P. bistriata may contain convulsant neurotoxins probably acting in limbic system structures. The mechanism of action of these neurotoxins may be different from simple activation of glutamatergic kainate receptors, as evidenced by a comparative neuroethological analysis of seizures induced by either venom or kainic acid.

Neuroethological analysis of the effects of spider venom from Scaptocosa raptoria (Lycosidae: Araneae) microinjected in the lateral ventricle of Wistar rats.

The inhibition of excitatory mechanisms by components of low molecular weight, isolated from spiders and solitary wasps, such as, the acyl-polyamines, has demonstrated, on the one hand, neuroprotection potential, and on the other hand, it is well known that some arthropod venom components have convulsant activity. While many sophisticated experiments are conducted to determine the mechanisms and effects of arthropod venoms, relatively little attention has been paid to the behavioral changes that occur in mammals after being administered given doses of them. The precise detection of these behavioral changes can be used as a sensitive indicator of central nervous system dysfunction. This study investigated the behavioral effects of crude venom from the spider Scaptocosa raptoria after intracerebroventricular injection in male Wistar rats. The venom induced behavioral changes quantified using a neuroethological method, which allows the evaluation of the following parameters: frequency, duration, and strength of statistical association (chi-square) between pairs of behaviors. The rats exhibited a period of freezing, which was always followed by procursive-type seizures (running, gyrating, atonic falling, and jumping).

Paralizing activity of the Parawixia bistriata crude venom in termites: a new bioassay.

Spider venoms have high specificity to neuronal elements. Therefore, the use of venom has been important in the characterisation of mammal and insect nervous systems. The evaluation of insect paralysis has been an important tool for distinguishing the biological effects of venom. In this study we describe the paralysing effect of a spider crude venom (Parawixia bistriata) in termites, utilising a new bioassay. The crude venom of P. bistriata caused an irreversible and dose-dependent paralysis in the animals in the following doses: 2.10(-5) U; 2.10(-4) U; 2.10(-3) U; 2.10(-2) U and 0.12 U (1 U = 1 gland). This bioassay will allow for easy and direct evaluation of biological effects from different venoms and purified fractions.

Effects of the crude venom of the social wasp Agelaia vicina on gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate uptake in synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex.

Glutamate (L-glu) is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Its action is terminated by transporters located in the plasma membrane of neurons and glial cells, which have a critical role in preventing glutamate excitotoxicity under normal conditions. The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Venoms of solitary wasps and orb-spiders are composed of large proteins, medium-size peptides, polyamine amides (PAs), and other neuroactive components that are highly selective to nervous tissues. The abnormal operation of uptake systems is involved in several failures. Several studies indicate alterations in extracellular GABA and glutamate concentrations in epilepsy conditions that may relate to transporter functions. The effects of the crude and boiled venom of the social wasp Agelaia vicina, "cassununga," on GABA and L-glu uptake in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes are related. The venom uncompetitively inhibited high- and low-affinity GABA uptake by 91.2% and by 76%, respectively. This kind of inhibition was also found to affect high- (99.6%) and low-affinity (90%) uptake of L-glu. These results suggest that the effects observed in these experiments indicate the venom of A. vicina to be a useful tool to further characterize GABA- and L-glu-uptake systems.

[Visceral larva migrans: a mixed form of presentation in an adult. The clinical and laboratory aspects]. / Larva migrans visceral: forma mista de apresentação em adulto. Aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais.

We relate a case of an 18-year-old man, resident of Xapuri (state of Acre, Brazil), with a history of repeated episodes of meningoencephalitis (three in one year), each one was examined by a local doctor. In our service (Emílio Ribas Institute of Infectology) we observed a patient with polyjoint aches, radiological and bronchoscopic pulmonary alterations (without clinical features), meningeal and brain stem manifestations--with normal brain computed tomography and cerebrospinal fluid. Blood eosinophils and serological Toxocara canis test (ELISA) were greatly increased. With the hypothesis of Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) we administered thiabendazole that brought complete clinical and laboratory remission. Inspite of a new episode of headache with meningeal manifestation approximately one month later (treated with dexamethasone resulting in a full remission after three days) we have not found other manifestations in approximately three and a half years of ambulatory care.

Glutamate release in experimental ischaemia of the retina: an approach using microdialysis.

A rabbit eye model of neural ischaemia is described that uses an increased pressure in the anterior eye chamber to block the capillary supply to the retina. A microdialysis probe placed very close to the retinal surface was used to monitor release of amino acids during ischaemia. A large (two- to threefold) increase in the release of glutamate and O-phosphoserine (twofold), but not of six other amino acids monitored, occurred during initial ischaemia. During reperfusion after release of intraocular pressure, much larger (five- to 10-fold) increases in the release of these amino acids were observed. Parallel ischaemic retinal tissue damage was observed. This damage was prevented by ketamine applied locally via a superfusion needle, suggesting that glutamate released during ischaemia, and particularly during reperfusion, was responsible for cell death.