Cross-amplification and characterization of microsatellite loci in Acropora austera from the south-western Indian Ocean.

Here, we report the successful cross-species amplification of previously published acroporid microsatellite markers in the coral Acropora austera from the south-western Indian Ocean. This fast-growing species is a major reef-building coral on South African reefs; however, it is the most damaged coral by scuba diving activity, and is known to be very susceptible to coral bleaching. Neither genetic information nor symbiont-free host tissue was available to develop novel microsatellite markers for this species. Cross-species amplification of previously published microsatellite markers was considered as an alternative to overcome these problems. Of the 21 microsatellite markers tested, 6 were reliably amplified, scored, and found to contain polymorphic loci (3-15 alleles). Although microsatellite sequences are believed to be scarce in the Acropora genome because of its small size, the results of this study and previous research indicate that the microsatellite sequences are well conserved across Acropora species. A detailed screening process identified and quantified the sources of error and bias in the application of these markers (e.g., allele scoring error, failure rates, frequency of null alleles), and may be accounted for in the study of the contemporary gene flow of A. austera in the south-western Indian Ocean.

Cembrane diterpenes from the southern African soft coral Cladiella kashmani.

Two known cembrane diterpenes, flaccidoxide (1) and (1Z,3E,7E,11S, 12S,14S)-11,12-epoxy cembra-1,3,7-trien-14-ol (2), and the new cembrane diterpene flaccidoxide-13-acetate (3) were isolated from specimens of Cladiella kashmani collected off Ponto do Oura, Mozambique. The modified Mosher's method established the previously unassigned absolute configuration of 1 as (1Z,3E,7E,11S,12S,13S, 14R)-14-acetoxy-11,12-epoxy cembra-1,3,7-trien-13-ol. Acetylation of 1 yielded 3 and thus confirmed the structure of 3 as (1Z,3E,7E,11S, 12R,13S,14R)-13,14-diacetoxy-11,12-epoxy cembra-1,3,7-triene. All three diterpenes were toxic to the brine shrimp Artemia salina.