RESUMEN
Degenerative alterations of the spine are among the most common causes of complaints of the musculoskeletal system. Imaging procedures are an established component of diagnostics and differential diagnoses. A reduction in height of the intervertebral space and sclerotization of the basal and covering plates are part of the first radiological alterations and in the further course can be accompanied by formation of spondylophytes, arthrosis of the intervertebral joints and degenerative vertebral surface gliding. However, early changes of the mobile segments can often not be visualized in x-ray images. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) substantially improve the diagnostic options. Using MRI the spinal column and the surrounding soft tissues can be visualized in 3-D and a differential diagnostic differentiation between inflammatory, traumatized or neoplastic processes is possible. A lack of correlation between the imaging findings and clinical symptoms remains problematic. A meaningful interpretation of x-ray images and MRI can only be made with the appropriate knowledge of the symptoms and possible diseases.
Asunto(s)
Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Espondilosis/diagnóstico , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Ligamentos Longitudinales/patología , Osificación del Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/clasificación , Osificación del Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/diagnóstico , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Osteocondrosis de la Columna Vertebral/clasificación , Osteocondrosis de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Columna Vertebral/patología , Espondiloartropatías/clasificación , Espondiloartropatías/diagnóstico , Espondilosis/clasificación , Quiste Sinovial/clasificación , Quiste Sinovial/diagnósticoRESUMEN
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) is primarily made by clinical symptoms, but might still remain challenging even for experienced neurologists. Neuroradiologic imaging may be a useful tool in the diagnostic work-up, particularly for excluding other diseases, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, multi-infarct dementia and cerebellar lesions. Nuclear medicine methods can additionally support the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PD and MSA.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patología , Diagnóstico por Imagen/métodos , Atrofia de Múltiples Sistemas/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Atrofia de Múltiples Sistemas/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Parkinson/complicaciones , CintigrafíaRESUMEN
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive method for measuring cerebral metabolite concentrations in various pathologic conditions. This review discusses the MRS findings in the most common infectious and inflammatory brain diseases.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Aspártico/análisis , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Creatinina/análisis , Encefalitis/diagnóstico , Encefalitis/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Fosforilcolina/análisis , Biomarcadores/análisis , Humanos , OligopéptidosRESUMEN
Ipsilateral occlusive or embolizing carotid artery stenoses are found in 20-30% of all cases of ischemic stroke. Several randomized studies revealed endarterectomy to be the gold standard in the therapy of severe symptomatic (NASCET, ESCT) and to some extent of asymptomatic carotid stenoses (ACAS, ACST). Stent angioplasty has been established as an alternative therapeutic option although non-inferiority of this procedure has not yet been proven. We provide an overview of both procedures as well of the state of current trials.