Closed- and open-vocabulary approaches to text analysis: A review, quantitative comparison, and recommendations.

Technology now makes it possible to understand efficiently and at large scale how people use language to reveal their everyday thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Written text has been analyzed through both theory-based, closed-vocabulary methods from the social sciences as well as data-driven, open-vocabulary methods from computer science, but these approaches have not been comprehensively compared. To provide guidance on best practices for automatically analyzing written text, this narrative review and quantitative synthesis compares five predominant closed- and open-vocabulary methods: Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), the General Inquirer, DICTION, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and Differential Language Analysis. We compare the linguistic features associated with gender, age, and personality across the five methods using an existing dataset of Facebook status updates and self-reported survey data from 65,896 users. Results are fairly consistent across methods. The closed-vocabulary approaches efficiently summarize concepts and are helpful for understanding how people think, with LIWC2015 yielding the strongest, most parsimonious results. Open-vocabulary approaches reveal more specific and concrete patterns across a broad range of content domains, better address ambiguous word senses, and are less prone to misinterpretation, suggesting that they are well-suited for capturing the nuances of everyday psychological processes. We detail several errors that can occur in closed-vocabulary analyses, the impact of sample size, number of words per user and number of topics included in open-vocabulary analyses, and implications of different analytical decisions. We conclude with recommendations for researchers, advocating for a complementary approach that combines closed- and open-vocabulary methods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Smart nanoporous metal-organic frameworks by embedding photochromic molecules - state of the art and future perspectives.

Smart, molecularly structured materials with remote-controllable properties and functionalities attract particular attention and may enable advanced applications. In this respect, the embedment of stimuli-responsive molecules, such as azobenzenes, spiropyrans or diarylethenes, in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a very fascinating approach, resulting in easily accessible photoswitchable, nanoporous hybrid materials. It is an attractive alternative to the incorporation of the smart moieties in the MOF scaffold, which usually demands complex synthetic efforts. Here, the opportunities, properties and perspectives of the embedment of photochromic molecules in MOF pores are reviewed. In addition to presenting a straightforward route to prepare smart materials with, e.g., photoswitchable adsorption properties that can be used for remote-controllable membrane separation, the photoswitch@MOF compounds also represent unique model systems to investigate the dye as well as the MOF properties and their interactions with each other. For instance, the MOF pores possess a polarity similar to a solvent, so that the optical properties of the resulting materials may be influenced by a careful choice of the respective host material.

Patient allegations of sexual abuse--surviving a lawsuit.

In this article, the author examines patient allegations of sexual abuse by physicians, focusing on the legal theories for such suits and possible defenses, together with the complications of professional liability insurance coverage. In addition, practical suggestions for physicians charged with sexual misconduct are offered.

Sequence analysis of derivatized peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

N-Acetyl-N,O,S-permethylated derivatives of oligopeptides were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) using a moving belt interface. A heated-gas nebulizer was employed for sample deposition, thus permitting the effective use of a water-methanol gradient covering the range from 5% to 95% water at mobile phase flow-rates of 0.5 ml/min. We demonstrate in this paper that it is possible to sequence the octapeptide derived from the C-chain of glucagon by HPLC-MS analysis of a permethylated enzymatic hydrolysate of this peptide using overlap information from the mass spectral patterns. Moreover, it is shown that peptides not readily amenable to analysis by gas chromatography-MS can be analyzed using this approach. Preliminary results suggest that N-acetyl-methyl ester derivatives of oligopeptides may in specific cases also be a useful alternative for HPLC-MS analysis of complex oligopeptide mixtures.

Lower gastrointestinal side effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

It has been well accepted that the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) can cause upper gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss and reactivation of peptic ulcer disease. This report describes 3 patients in whom the ingestion of a NSAID was temporally associated with serious lower GI disease, including bleeding in 2 patients. These cases suggest an association between NSAID and activation of serious lower GI disease.

Long-term study of oral contraception with norethindrone 2 mg. and mestranol 0.1 mg.

PIP: 618 women used Ortho-Novum 2mg (2 mg norethindrone and .1mg mestranol) for 5330 cycles of treatment. There were no pregnancies. 34.8% of the patients experienced some diminution of menstrual flow volume and 20.6% experienced bleeding episodes, most commonly during the first few cycles. There was no weight change in 20%, 46.5% noted a gain of 5 to 10 pounds, weight loss occurred in 24.4%. The most common side effects were nausea (2.9%), mastalgia (1.6%), nervousness (1.3%), fatigue (1.1%), and headaches (1.1%). 10.3% of the clinic patients and 14.7% of the private patients complained of side effects. The dropout rate was 5.5%.^ieng