Rheumatoid arthritis: new monoclonal antibodies.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated condition which primarily affects the joints, but with critical extra-articular manifestations, including a significantly increased cardiovascular risk. Patients suffering from RA can develop deforming and disabling alterations of the affected joints. Their quality of life can be substantially affected, and their life expectancy is shorter compared to that of healthy subjects. Fortunately, several pathogenic mechanisms characterizing RA have been identified, leading to the development of targeted drugs. Inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were the first developed among biological medications and they dramatically changed the therapeutic perspectives of RA patients. Now, 20 years after the licensing of etanercept (the first anti-TNF drug), more than 10 different biological agents have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Additionally, more and more drugs are under investigation in clinical trials. This review will focus on the more recently approved monoclonal antibodies and the more promising antibodies under investigation.

Safety and efficacy of direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in a real-world population aged 65 years and older.

The availability of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) regimens has expanded the pool of patients eligible for treatment. However, data on the virologic response and tolerability of DAAs in elderly patients are lacking. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of DAAs in patients with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis in real-life practice with the focus on those aged ≥65 years. Between January and December 2015, all consecutive patients with HCV-related advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis treated with DAA at eleven tertiary referral centres in Emilia Romagna (Italy) were enrolled. Regimen choice was based on viral genotype and stage of disease, according to guidelines. The primary end point was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). Overall, 282 of 556 (50.7%) patients evaluated were elderly, most of them with cirrhosis. Antiviral therapy was stopped prematurely in four (1.4%) patients. Two patients, both with cirrhosis, died during treatment due to worsening of liver/renal function. SVR12 was achieved by 94.7% and was comparable to that obtained in patients aged <65 (P=.074). Similar data were also reported in subgroup of patients aged ≥75 years. All patients with advanced fibrosis achieved virologic response. SVR12 was 80.8% in Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CTP)-B cirrhosis and 95.4% in CTP-A (P=.013). According to genotype, the SVR12 was achieved in 172 of 181 (95%) with genotype 1b cirrhosis and in 44 of 48 (91.7%) with genotype 2 cirrhosis. In conclusions, in a real-world setting, DAAs are safe and effective in elderly patients with HCV-related advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, but SVR12 is lower with worsening CTP class.