[PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE ECOLOGY OF THE BRAIN].

On the base of the consideration and analysis of the performed for nearly half a century, numerous multifaceted experimental and field studies of biological action of an array of physical environmental factors and determination of their ecological and hygienic values there are presented are some thoughts on the theoretical understanding of possible mechanisms of the emergence of corresponding biological effects of such exposure. There are proposed methodological approaches to scientific substantiation for rules, regulations for the severity of physical factors in the environment, and there are presented examples of their legislative establishment and official use.

[CREATION OF THE UNIFIED SYSTEM OF ANTI-MICROBIAL AND MICROBIAL PROTECTION AS ACTUAL HYGIENIC PROBLEM].

In the article there are substantiated the main directions of hygienic measures for the anti-epidemic protection of people. There are considered theoretical, methodological, material and organizational aspects of the development of a unified system of anti-microbial and microbial protection. The scientific basis for its effectiveness is shown to be a transcription of peculiarities of the susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents for different types of micropathogens in comparison with saprophytic and beneficial microflora. There is proposed to use in disinfectology a certain analog of the "chemotherapeutic index"--a relative index of the efficacy and safety of the introduction of the appropriate disinfectant into the environment.

[HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF POLYGUANIDINES AS ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLACTIC MEANS OF THE INNOVATIVE CLASS].

In the article there are presented data of the system analysis of hygienic properties of polyguanidines (PAG) as an innovative class of domestic microbicidal chemical long-acting compounds synthesized in the domestic scientific institution--Institute ofenvironmental and technological problems, and also delivered on their base new disinfectants. Submitted proceedings of microbiological studies indicate to the antimicrobial action of PA G against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, dermatophytes, yeasts, fungi, including pathogens, as well infectious agent of swine and legionellosis. The data of toxicological studies of PAG and a number of derivative disinfectants justify their hygienic safety in dependence on the chemical nature of the used anion (A), the composition and structure of the polymer chain and also the content of residual monomers. All this characterizes PAG as a very promising group of compounds for the use in the form of independent disinfectants and as antimicrobial additives and auxiliaries in such means for different purposes.

[Disinfectology as molecular-epidemiologic direction of infection control].

Specific aims of environment biologic pathogen control by applying special disinfectologic means and technologies are formulated. The main components of disinfectologic process are examined: molecular-biologic properties of targets--their sensitivity (resistance) to biocidal agents; biocidal molecular-chemical properties of disinfection means; toxicological properties of the latter by their effect on human organism as the object of epidemiologic protection. Perspectives of improvement of disinfectologic technologies by using composition potential of different actively operating molecular substances are discussed.

[Chemical safety as a problem of epidemiology of non-infectious diseases].

Based on the analysis of adopted in sanitary science methodology for the study and evaluation of the biological action and hygienic significance of environmental factors there was shown the need for the use of laws and methodology of classical epidemiology to ensure the chemical safety in the recognition and elimination of the group of diseases of chemical etiology, outbreaks of similar non infectious diseases. It is stated that individually small "non-toxic" doses of chemicals, but "loading" a large population and forming a large collective dose apparently can be implemented in a stochastic population health damage, detectable only on the basis of large-scale epidemiological studies to assess the risk. These approaches are presented to be especially important for agents in the environment, optimal for which is not absence, but the presence for provision of necessary target effect (pesticides, disinfectants and other household products, etc.). The main task of the epidemiological analysis of local toxic "bursts" and large-scale "epidemics" of this kind is an optimization of the complex of measures implemented by an adequate assessment of their medical, social and economic performance.

[Disinfection problems in food hygiene].

Based on the main tasks of hygienic support of balanced diet of the population, we consider different issues of disinfection contribution in:food safety, prevention of the emergence and dissemination of relevant infectious and noninfectious diseases, quality disruption of foodstuffs under various biological pathogens (bacteria, protozoa, helminthes, arthropods, rodents), which are the causative agents of human disease vectors or natural reservoirs of pathogens. The need to involve the disinfection competence in ensuring the safety and security of canned food, as well as the products long-term storage is stressed. Paper deals with factors, key for effectiveness of disinfection and, therefore, epidemiological and hygienic safety of the equipment and facilities, food industries and food service. We consider the need to take into account advantageous properties and shortcomings of some groups of disinfectants in terms both of microbicidal effectiveness and of their toxic safety, compatibility with the materials of processed objects, ease of use, etc. The focus is made on the need to select some disinfection technology in terms of the primary objective and current conditions taking the type and attributes of the relevant biological pathogens into account.

[Current problems of combined use of vaccination and non-immunological methods for infection control].

Based on data analysis on the morbidity rates and dynamics of the vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in Russia in comparison with those, immune-prophylaxis methods of which have not been developed yet, the need is shown to intensify efforts on generation and application disinfectological technologies and non-specific prophylactic means in addition to the missing vaccinological ones. First of all, this is necessary to control salmonella infections, different hemorrhagic fevers, sexually transmitted diseases, lice and, especially, mass acute respiratory diseases, upper respiratory infections, multiple unrecorded localization and etiology, annual contribution of which to total infection morbidity is 86-93%. Studies and development of this area of prevention and control of "uncontrolled" infections requires efforts both of disinfectologists and professionals in hygiene, epidemiology, microbiology, chemistry, bio-technology, entomology etc. Under these conditions, all infections can and shall become "controlled" through combined application of immunological and non-immunological methods and means generated and assessed on the basis of principles of the evidence-based medicine.

[Disinfectology as a subject of differentiation in hygiene science].

The paper provides a rationale for the need for developing the decontamination - actively health-promoting area of hygiene science and practice to neutralize (decontaminate) different pathogens just in the environment where they enter during its inadequate, ineffective, or quite impossible protection from contamination. As of now, there are no physical decontamination technologies or ineffective attempts to make harmless chemical pathogens in the environment; at the same time it is stated that there are scientifically grounded biological decontamination and disinfectology technologies to neutralize biological pathogens just in the environment and on its different objects. To solve these problems requires hygienic competence, particularly the substantiation of hygienic standards for disinfectants in the environment and the elaboration of hygienically safe regimens of their application. In this connection, disinfectology is the most hygienic branch of all antiepidemic ones of preventive medicine. The development of disinfectology as a fruitful alliance of hygiene and epidemiology allowed a system of governmental management and control of unspecific prophylaxis to be developed and introduced in Russia, which contributes to a reduction in or at least stabilization of the incidence of infectious diseases in the country.

[Hygienic assessment of larvicides against mosquitoes, the carriers of transmissible infections].

To substantiate safety requirements in the use of effective larvicidal rotation schemes, the authors have attempted to make an environmental-and-hygienic assessment of the active ingredients of a number of larvicides. A comparative procedure is proposed for the hygienic assessment of risky/safe use of larvicides, which is based on the calculations of respective hygienic parameters for reservoir water and soil and on those of ecological parameters in combating insects that are carriers of transmissible infections.

[Assessment of bactericidal activity of disinfectants against Legionella on the biofilm model].

Comparative assessment of bactericidal activity of different disinfectants against Legionella biofilms was conducted. Monospecies biofilms of 3 strains of Legionella pneumophila obtained on plastic plates in stable conditions were used as models. It has been shown that for degradation of biofilms as well as for prophylactic action of disinfectants in preventing formation of biofilms on plastic surfaces, higher concentrations of preparations were needed as compared to their bactericidal concentrations for culture of Legionella determined by method of serial dilutions.

[Disinfectology as a forerunner of future denoxology].

Under available pollution of the environment particularly with persistent physical, chemical, and biological pathogens, it is insufficient not only to protect it, but it is necessary to implement measures for their active decontamination (denoxation) just in the environment. Environmental decontamination of biological (infective) pathogens has been both methodologically and technologically developed to the present day. The theoretical and methodical bases of disinfectology as a functioning section of a non-existing (up to now?), but necessary area of hygienic science--denoxology.

[Prospects and problems of current disinfectology]. / Perspektivy i problemy sovremennoi dezinfektologii.

Topical problems of modern disinfectology are formulated in connection with differences in the resistance of different microbial groups, species, strains to disinfectants, as well as with the "critical ability" of instruments and, accordingly, with different requirements to the necessary levels of decontamination. Factors determining the effectivity of disinfection are described. Requirements to "ideal" disinfectants and disinfectological technologies are considered. The problems of harmonization of approaches to the evaluation of Russian and foreign disinfectological methods and bringing them closer together are discussed.