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Wind energy plays an important role in the sustainable energy transition towards a low-carbon society. Proper assessment of wind energy resources and accurate wind energy prediction are essential prerequisites for balancing electricity supply and demand. However, these remain challenging, especially for onshore wind farms over complex terrains, owing to the interplay between surface heterogeneities and intermittent turbulent flows in the planetary boundary layer. This study aimed to improve wind characteristic assessment and medium-term wind power forecasts over complex hilly terrain using a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. The NWP model reproduced the wind speed distribution, duration, and spatio-temporal variabilities of the observed hub-height wind speed at 24 wind turbines in onshore wind farms when incorporating more realistic surface roughness effects, such as the subgrid-scale topography, roughness sublayer, and canopy height. This study also emphasizes the good features for machine learning that represent heterogeneities in the surface roughness elements in the atmospheric model. We showed that medium-term forecasting using the NWP model output and a simple artificial neural network (ANN) improved day-ahead wind power forecasts by 14% in terms of annual normalized mean absolute error. Our results suggest that better parameterizations of surface friction in atmospheric models are important for wind power forecasting and resource assessment using NWP models, especially when combined with machine learning techniques, and shed light on onshore wind power forecasting and wind energy assessment in mountainous regions.
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Predicción , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Viento , Modelos Teóricos , Tiempo (Meteorología)RESUMEN
Precipitation plays a crucial role in the global energy and water cycle and has important implications for food, water, and energy security. To enhance our understanding of the water cycle, it is invaluable to have a comprehensive historical record of precipitation. However, obtaining such records, especially for the period before the Industrial Revolution, can be challenging. During the Joseon Dynasty, Korea established a network for measuring rainfall and recorded this information in historical documents known as Seungjeongwon Ilgi and Ilseongnok. Recently, these documents have been digitized, providing us with daily precipitation data for Seoul spanning 130 years, from 1778 to 1907. By combining and analyzing these two documents, we were able to address inconsistencies found in previous studies and improve the quality of the data. Notably, this dataset is free of any missing values, making it the longest daily precipitation record in the world before the Industrial Revolution. Its availability to the public holds great potential for climate research in East Asia during the late Little Ice Age.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diaphragmatic breathing training with visual biofeedback on respiratory function in patients with multiple rib fractures. Patients and methods: Between June 2021 and October 2021, a total of 16 patients (15 males, 1 female; mean age: 49.50±11.85 years; range, 25 to 66 years) who were diagnosed with multiple rib fractures were randomly assigned into two groups as the control group (CG, n=8) and the visual biofeedback group (VBG, n=8). The effect of each diaphragmatic breathing training on respiratory function was evaluated before and after eight interventions. For respiratory function, pulmonary function test was used to measure pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength, and the Pain, Inspiratory capacity, Cough (PIC) score was used to evaluated pain, inspiratory capacity, and cough ability. Results: In both groups, the pulmonary function representing the ratio of measurements to predicted values of both forced vital capacity (CG mean difference=25.37±4.58, p=0.002, VBG mean difference=24.25±3.96, p=0.007) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (CG mean difference=32.38±5.7, p=0.002, VBG mean difference=26.15±5.73, p <0.001) increased significantly. The maximal inspiratory (CG mean difference=14.00±0.35, p=0.002, VBG mean difference=20.5±6.26, p=0.009) and expiratory pressure (CG mean difference=43.72±29.44, p=0.034, VBG mean difference=25.76±6.78, p=0.015), the indicators of respiratory muscle strength, increased significantly in both groups. The PIC score, which evaluated pain, inspiratory capacity, and cough ability, also increased significantly in both groups (CG mean difference=1.63±0.26, p≤0.001, VBG mean difference=3.13±0.19, p <0.001). The change of PIC score after intervention did not significantly differ between the groups (F=1.439, p=0.250); however, there was a significant difference over time (F=38.476, p <0.001). The change of PIC scores differed over time between the groups (F=2.806 p=0.011). Conclusion: Diaphragmatic breathing training and diaphragmatic breathing training with visual biofeedback can improve pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, pain, inspiratory capacity, and cough ability in patients with multiple rib fractures.
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Diaphragmatic injury (DI) following blunt trauma can cause pulmonary complications and increased duration of ventilator-dependent intensive care unit stay. Herein, we present a 62-year-old female patient with severe trauma who was diagnosed with liver laceration and multiple rib fractures and underwent emergency laparotomy. Extubation was attempted; however, the patient had to be reintubated due to dyspnea. After reintubation, decreased right diaphragmatic excursion was confirmed by ultrasonography and the patient was diagnosed with DI. Surface electromyographic biofeedback was performed during diaphragmatic breathing training to increase the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation. Early diagnosis of DI may be possible using ultrasonography, and the use of surface electromyographic biofeedback is suggested for pulmonary rehabilitation in critically ill trauma patients.
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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) occurs secondary to patients treated for life-threatening conditions in the ICU being diagnosed based on the Medical Research Council sum score (MRC-SS). However, patients often complain of fatigability and poor endurance, which are not evaluated by muscle strength. In this study, we explored the feasibility of assessing muscle quality and endurance in trauma ICU patients. The modified Functional Index-2 (FI2) testing was applied to evaluate muscle endurance. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured when evaluating the MRC-SS using surface electromyography (sEMG), and the fatigue index (FI) was also recorded at the time of endurance testing. The ultrasonic muscle echogenicity by gray-scale analysis of rectus femoris (RF) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles was evaluated at the initial (<72 h) and end of ICU care. A total of 14 patients were enrolled in this study. Fatigue was induced in eight patients (fatigue group), and six (non-fatigue group) completed endurance testing. All patients except one had an MRC-SS exceeding 48 points. There was no difference in US echogenicity, MRC-SS, and FI between groups. In sEMG, the root mean square (RMS) values of MVC in RF and TA muscles showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). To evaluate and predict the functional activity of ICU patients, measuring muscle strength alone is insufficient, and it is necessary to evaluate muscle endurance. In this respect, the modified FI2 test and sEMG monitoring are considered to be promising procedures for evaluating the muscle condition of critically ill patients even in complex situations in the ICU.
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Linfocitos B/patología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/complicaciones , Trasplante de Hígado/efectos adversos , Trastornos Linfoproliferativos/etiología , Enfermedades de la Piel/patología , Linfocitos T/patología , Niño , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Terapia de Inmunosupresión/efectos adversos , Trastornos Linfoproliferativos/patología , Enfermedades de la Piel/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of CD30 expression in cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma is controversial. METHODS: Clinicopathological features, survival outcomes, and prognostic implications of CD30 were retrospectively analyzed in 55 patients with cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. We classified patients into (i) primary cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and (ii) cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma secondary to nasal disease depending on the primary tumor site. RESULTS: CD30+ cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma was more common in patients with cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma secondary to nasal disease than in those with primary cutaneous disease. CD30+ cases were more likely to present nodular lesions or cellulitis-like swelling than CD30- cases. Histologically, CD30+ cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma predominantly comprised large tumor cells compared with CD30- cases. However, the clinical morphology and tumor cell size were not associated with survival outcomes. CD30 expression was associated with better survival outcomes in patients with cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma secondary to nasal disease. CONCLUSION: CD30+ cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma presented peculiar clinicopathological features and had more favorable disease course in patients with cutaneous dissemination from nasal disease.
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Antígeno Ki-1/metabolismo , Linfoma Extranodal de Células NK-T/mortalidad , Neoplasias Nasales/mortalidad , Neoplasias Cutáneas/mortalidad , Piel/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Linfoma Extranodal de Células NK-T/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Células T Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Nariz , Neoplasias Nasales/patología , Pronóstico , Supervivencia sin Progresión , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Implantes de Mama/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Mama/radioterapia , Reacción a Cuerpo Extraño/etiología , Radiodermatitis/etiología , Adulto , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Mastectomía Subcutánea , Neoplasias Cutáneas/secundarioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is the most common other primary cancer in patients with lymphoma. However, an intriguing association between cutaneous lymphoma and other primary cancers has been suggested in a few studies. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated other primary cancers in patients with cutaneous lymphoma to evaluate the risk for occurrence of each type of cancer. METHODS: We screened for other primary cancers in 428 patients with cutaneous lymphoma. Clinical features were analyzed according to the lineage and origin of the lymphomas. We calculated the standardized incidence ratio with statistical analysis for each group according to age. RESULTS: Among 330 patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma and 98 with cutaneous B cell lymphoma, a total of 43 cancers in 38 patients were finally included. Other primary cancers were prevalent in patients with cutaneous B cell lymphoma and patients with secondary cutaneous lymphoma. However, those differences were not significant when the age was calibrated by multiple logistic regression. Metachronously higher standardized incidence ratios were observed for primary lung (standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 14.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.05~39.54), skin (SIR, 68.05; 95% CI, 14.03~181.62), and breast (SIR, 12.91; 95% CI, 1.56~41.41) cancers with statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Other primary cancers more preferentially occurred in patients with cutaneous lymphoma. Clinicians should carefully examine patients with cutaneous lymphoma for other cancers, especially lung, skin, and breast cancers.
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Malacoplasia/patología , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/patología , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/patología , Enfermedades de la Piel/patología , Biopsia con Aguja , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirugía , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , Trasplante de Hígado/métodos , Malacoplasia/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/diagnóstico por imagen , Persona de Mediana Edad , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Enfermedades Raras , Enfermedades de la Piel/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
The picosecond lasers have shown to effectively treat tattoo pigments that are intractable to previous multiple Q-switched (QS) laser treatments. Therefore we hypothesized that a picosecond laser would show better efficacy with minimal adverse events in the treatment of melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) that are difficult to treat with conventional QS lasers. Two patients with melasma and one patient with PIH were treated with a Picosecond 755-nm Alexandrite Laser (Cyanosure, USA). All patients were Korean with skin type IV and no longer responding to QS laser treatments. Laser treatment was well tolerated in all the patients. Adverse events such as PIH were not reported during 8 weeks of follow up period. After the multiple treatment sessions, one patient reported fair improvement and two patients reported good improvement. Consistent with the clinical results, ex vivo skin model irradiated with a Picosecond 755-nm Alexandrite Laser also showed decreased epidermal keratinocyte necrosis compared with the 532-nm QS Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Laser (Lutronic, Korea) yet decreased melanin content. In conclusion, the Picosecond 755-nm Alexandrite Laser may be useful for effective treatment of intractable melasma and PIH with fewer adverse events in dark Asian skin.
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BACKGROUND: Nefopam has shown an analgesic effect on acute pain including postoperative pain. The reuptake of monoamines including serotonin and noradrenaline has been proposed as the mechanism of the analgesic action of nefopam, but it remains unclear. Although alpha-adrenergic agents are being widely used in the perioperative period, the role of noradrenergic modulation in the analgesic effect of nefopam has not been fully addressed. METHODS: Changes in the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal (i.t.) nefopam against formalin-elicited flinching responses were explored in Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with i.t. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which depletes spinal noradrenaline. In addition, antagonism to the effect of nefopam by prazosin and yohimbine was evaluated to further elucidate the antinociceptive mechanism of i.t. nefopam. RESULTS: Pretreatment with i.t. 6-OHDA alone did not alter the flinching responses in either phase of the formalin test, while it attenuated the antinociceptive effect of i.t. nefopam significantly during phase 1, but not phase 2. The antagonist of the alpha-2 receptor, but not the alpha-1 receptor, reduced partially, but significantly, the antinociceptive effect of i.t. nefopam during phase 1, but not during phase 2. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that spinal noradrenergic modulation plays an important role in the antinociceptive effect of i.t. nefopam against formalin-elicited acute initial pain, but not facilitated pain, and this action involves the spinal alpha-2 but not the alpha-1 receptor.