Sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth: evidence based on disorders of sex development.

BACKGROUND: Males have higher weight and length at birth than females. AIM: To verify the influence of the Y chromosome and the action of intrauterine androgens on weight and length at birth of children with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional and retrospective study. Patients with Turner syndrome (TS), complete (XX and XY), mixed (45,X/46,XY) and partial (XY) gonadal dysgenesis (GD), complete (CAIS) and partial (PAIS) androgen insensitivity syndromes and XX and XY congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were included. Weight and length at birth were evaluated. RESULTS: Weight and length at birth were lower in TS and mixed GD when compared to XY and XX DSD cases. In turn, patients with increased androgen action (117 cases) had higher weight and length at birth when compared to those with absent (108 cases) and decreased (68 cases) production/action. In birthweight, there was a negative influence of the 45,X/46,XY karyotype and a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age. In birth length, there was a negative influence of the 45,X and 45,X/46,XY karyotypes and also a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: The sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth could possibly be influenced by intrauterine androgenic action.

Correlation analysis using teaching and learning analytics.

Data analytics techniques have been gaining more space in the scientific environment with applications in various areas of knowledge, including education. This paper aims to analyse data taken from a questionnaire of the Organization for Economic Development Cooperation (OECD) given to teachers and school managers. In this questionnaire, school environment issues are assessed, specifically: school environment, professional development, school leadership, and efficient management. As a methodology, Teaching and Learning Analytics (TLA) was used, particularly correlation analysis, which enables the extraction of useful information from raw data, relating issues that interfere with the teaching and learning relationship, besides specific analysis of student learning. The results obtained about the school environment are not linear. They do not present moderate or a solid linear correlation, making it impossible to validate and integrate answers related to the statements of the themes and sub-themes chosen for this analysis. In this sense, the research found dichotomous observations that mirrored many controversies and insecurities, enabling considerations about possible school scenarios and their effective practices.

In vitro exposure of sheep ovarian tissue to the xenoestrogens zearalenone and enterolactone: Effects on preantral follicles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1 µmol/L zearalenone (ZEN) and 1 µmol/L enterolactone (ENL), alone or in combination, on the survival and morphology of in vitro cultured ovarian preantral follicles. Ovaries from 10 sheep were collected at a local abattoir and fragmented, and the ovarian pieces were submitted to in vitro culture for 3 days in the presence or absence of the test compounds. The morphology of primordial and primary follicles was impaired by ZEN, whereas that of cultured secondary follicles was improved by ENL. However, the combination of ENL with ZEN impaired the quality of primary and secondary follicles. Both ZEN and ENL induced apoptosis, but only ZEN was responsible for oocyte autophagy. None of these xenoestrogens affected endoplasmic reticulum stress as observed by the unaltered expression of ERP29. Differently from ZEN, ENL increased the expression of the efflux transporter ABCG2. In conclusion, although ENL can counteract the negative effects of ZEN on primordial and primary follicles, this positive effect is not similar to that observed in ovarian tissue cultures in the presence of ENL alone.

Concentrações de hidróxido de sódio nas soluções de destilação do método de Kjeldahl sobre a quantificação do nitrogênio total / Sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation solution of the Kjeldahl method on the quantification of total nitrogen

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação sobre os teores de nitrogênio (N) total obtidos pelo método de Kjeldahl em diferentes materiais. Foram utilizadas oito amostras de diferentes materiais, sendo quatro amostras com baixo teor de N (cana-de-açúcar in natura, fezes bovinas, milho grão e silagem de milho) e quatro amostras com alto teor de N (carcaça ovina, caseína, farelo de girassol e farelo de soja). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas dois padrões com conteúdo conhecido de N (HCl-Lisina e sulfato de amônio). O período experimental foi de nove dias, em que cada grupo de amostras (padrões e amostras de baixo e alto teor de N) foi analisado durante três dias consecutivos (baterias de análise). Avaliaram-se quatro concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação: 300, 400, 500 e 600 g/L. Os padrões foram avaliados separadamente em termos de recuperação de N em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e o efeito aleatório de bateria de análise. As amostras de alto e baixo teor de N foram avaliadas separadamente em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e os efeitos aleatórios de bateria de análise, amostras e interação amostra × concentração de hidróxido de sódio. Verificou-se recuperação completa de N para os padrões (P>0,01). Não houve efeito de amostra, bem como interação amostra e concentração de hidróxido de sódio sobre a concentração de N nos diferentes materiais (P>0,01). Não foram verificados efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio sobre os teores de N dos materiais de alto e baixo nitrogênio (P>0,01). A variação na concentração de hidróxido de sódio não afetou a repetibilidade dos resultados. Conclui-se que concentrações de hidróxido de sódio de 300 a 600 g/L na solução empregada na etapa de destilação do método de Kjeldahl propiciam recuperação completa do N com padrão de precisão similar.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation stage on the total nitrogen (N) contents of the Kjeldahl method in different materials. Eight samples of different materials were used: four samples with low-N content (sugar cane in natura, cattle feces, corn grain, and corn silage) and four samples with high-N content (sheep carcass, casein, sunflower meal, and soybean meal). Moreover, analytical two standard samples with known N content (HCl-Lysine and ammonium sulfate) were evaluated. The experimental period lasted nine days, where each group of samples (standards, high and low-N content samples) were analyzed for three consecutive days (round of analysis). Four concentrations of sodium hydroxide were used in the distillation step: 300, 400, 500, and 600 g/L. The analytical standards were evaluated separately according to recovery of N by using a model including the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effect of round of analysis. The low- and high-N samples were also evaluated separately using a model that included the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effects of round of analysis, samples and sodium hydroxide × samples interaction. A complete recovery of N from standards was observed (P>0.01). There was no effect of samples as well as interaction between sodium hydroxide concentrations and samples on the N contents in the different materials (P>0.01). No effects of the concentrations of sodium hydroxide were observed on the N contents (P>0.01). The variation in sodium hydroxide concentrations did not affect the repeatability of the results. It is concluded that sodium hydroxide concentrations from 300 to 600 g/L in the solution used in the distillation step of the Kjeldahl method provide complete recovery of N with a similar pattern of precision.(AU)

Concentrações de hidróxido de sódio nas soluções de destilação do método de Kjeldahl sobre a quantificação do nitrogênio total / Sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation solution of the Kjeldahl method on the quantification of total nitrogen

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação sobre os teores de nitrogênio (N) total obtidos pelo método de Kjeldahl em diferentes materiais. Foram utilizadas oito amostras de diferentes materiais, sendo quatro amostras com baixo teor de N (cana-de-açúcar in natura, fezes bovinas, milho grão e silagem de milho) e quatro amostras com alto teor de N (carcaça ovina, caseína, farelo de girassol e farelo de soja). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas dois padrões com conteúdo conhecido de N (HCl-Lisina e sulfato de amônio). O período experimental foi de nove dias, em que cada grupo de amostras (padrões e amostras de baixo e alto teor de N) foi analisado durante três dias consecutivos (baterias de análise). Avaliaram-se quatro concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação: 300, 400, 500 e 600 g/L. Os padrões foram avaliados separadamente em termos de recuperação de N em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e o efeito aleatório de bateria de análise. As amostras de alto e baixo teor de N foram avaliadas separadamente em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e os efeitos aleatórios de bateria de análise, amostras e interação amostra × concentração de hidróxido de sódio. Verificou-se recuperação completa de N para os padrões (P>0,01). Não houve efeito de amostra, bem como interação amostra e concentração de hidróxido de sódio sobre a concentração de N nos diferentes materiais (P>0,01). Não foram verificados efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio sobre os teores de N dos materiais de alto e baixo nitrogênio (P>0,01). A variação na concentração de hidróxido de sódio não afetou a repetibilidade dos resultados. Conclui-se que concentrações de hidróxido de sódio de 300 a 600 g/L na solução empregada na etapa de destilação do método de Kjeldahl propiciam recuperação completa do N com padrão de precisão similar.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation stage on the total nitrogen (N) contents of the Kjeldahl method in different materials. Eight samples of different materials were used: four samples with low-N content (sugar cane in natura, cattle feces, corn grain, and corn silage) and four samples with high-N content (sheep carcass, casein, sunflower meal, and soybean meal). Moreover, analytical two standard samples with known N content (HCl-Lysine and ammonium sulfate) were evaluated. The experimental period lasted nine days, where each group of samples (standards, high and low-N content samples) were analyzed for three consecutive days (round of analysis). Four concentrations of sodium hydroxide were used in the distillation step: 300, 400, 500, and 600 g/L. The analytical standards were evaluated separately according to recovery of N by using a model including the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effect of round of analysis. The low- and high-N samples were also evaluated separately using a model that included the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effects of round of analysis, samples and sodium hydroxide × samples interaction. A complete recovery of N from standards was observed (P>0.01). There was no effect of samples as well as interaction between sodium hydroxide concentrations and samples on the N contents in the different materials (P>0.01). No effects of the concentrations of sodium hydroxide were observed on the N contents (P>0.01). The variation in sodium hydroxide concentrations did not affect the repeatability of the results. It is concluded that sodium hydroxide concentrations from 300 to 600 g/L in the solution used in the distillation step of the Kjeldahl method provide complete recovery of N with a similar pattern of precision.

Comparação de métodos in vitro para a quantificação da digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro de forragens e concentrados / Comparison of in vitro methods to quantify the dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility of forages and concentrates

Objetivou-se comparar a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) de forragens e concentrados obtidos por intermédio das incubadoras DaisyII e TE-150, combinadas com filter bags tipo F57 (Ankon®) ou tecido não-tecido (TNT, 100g/m²), em relação aos valores obtidos utilizando-se o método de Tilley e Terry (1963). Foram utilizadas 25 amostras de alimentos concentrados e 25 de forragens. Não houve diferenças entre filter bags (P>0,39) para a DIVMS de forragens. Maiores valores de DIVMS (P<0,01) foram verificados para a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. As estimativas de DIVMS obtidas com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P<0,01) àquelas obtidas com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Observaram-se maiores valores de DIVFDN de forragens (P<0,01) com filter bags F57 em relação ao TNT e com a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. Todos os valores de DIVFDN obtidos com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P<0,01) aos obtidos com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Todos os métodos apresentaram-se positiva e fortemente correlacionados (P<0,01), tanto para DIVMS como para DIVFDN. As repetibilidades e variâncias entre amostras para DIVMS e DIVFDN foram similares entre os métodos. Portanto, conclui-se que, em se tratando de avaliações comparativas entre alimentos, todos os métodos avaliados possuem capacidade similar de discriminação.(AU)

The objective was to compare in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) of forages and concentrates obtained using the incubators DaisyII and TE-150, and filter bags F57 (Ankon®) or non-woven textile (NWT - 100g/m²) in comparison with the values obtained using the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Twenty-five samples of concentrates and 25 samples of forages were used. There were no differences between filter bags (P>0.39) for IVDMD of forages. Higher IVDMD (P<0.01) were observed for TE-150 compared to DaisyII. Estimates of IVDMD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Higher IVNDFD (P<0.01) were obtained with filter bags F57 regarding to NWT and TE-150 when compared to DaisyII. All values of the IVNDFD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Both IVDMD and IVNDFD variables were greater using TE-150 incubator than using DaisyII (P<0.04). Estimates obtained using NWT filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than F57 filter bags. All methods were positively and strongly correlated (P<0.01) to each other for IVDMD and IVNDFD. The repeatability and variances among samples for IVDMD and IVNDFD were similar among methods. In conclusion, all methods were similarly able to discriminate samples.(AU)

Comparação de métodos in vitro para a quantificação da digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro de forragens e concentrados / Comparison of in vitro methods to quantify the dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility of forages and concentrates

Objetivou-se comparar a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) de forragens e concentrados obtidos por intermédio das incubadoras DaisyII e TE-150, combinadas com filter bags tipo F57 (Ankon®) ou tecido não-tecido (TNT, 100g/m²), em relação aos valores obtidos utilizando-se o método de Tilley e Terry (1963). Foram utilizadas 25 amostras de alimentos concentrados e 25 de forragens. Não houve diferenças entre filter bags (P>0,39) para a DIVMS de forragens. Maiores valores de DIVMS (P<0,01) foram verificados para a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. As estimativas de DIVMS obtidas com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P<0,01) àquelas obtidas com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Observaram-se maiores valores de DIVFDN de forragens (P<0,01) com filter bags F57 em relação ao TNT e com a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. Todos os valores de DIVFDN obtidos com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P<0,01) aos obtidos com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Todos os métodos apresentaram-se positiva e fortemente correlacionados (P<0,01), tanto para DIVMS como para DIVFDN. As repetibilidades e variâncias entre amostras para DIVMS e DIVFDN foram similares entre os métodos. Portanto, conclui-se que, em se tratando de avaliações comparativas entre alimentos, todos os métodos avaliados possuem capacidade similar de discriminação.(AU)

The objective was to compare in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) of forages and concentrates obtained using the incubators DaisyII and TE-150, and filter bags F57 (Ankon®) or non-woven textile (NWT - 100g/m²) in comparison with the values obtained using the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Twenty-five samples of concentrates and 25 samples of forages were used. There were no differences between filter bags (P>0.39) for IVDMD of forages. Higher IVDMD (P<0.01) were observed for TE-150 compared to DaisyII. Estimates of IVDMD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Higher IVNDFD (P<0.01) were obtained with filter bags F57 regarding to NWT and TE-150 when compared to DaisyII. All values of the IVNDFD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Both IVDMD and IVNDFD variables were greater using TE-150 incubator than using DaisyII (P<0.04). Estimates obtained using NWT filter bags were higher (P<0.01) than F57 filter bags. All methods were positively and strongly correlated (P<0.01) to each other for IVDMD and IVNDFD. The repeatability and variances among samples for IVDMD and IVNDFD were similar among methods. In conclusion, all methods were similarly able to discriminate samples.(AU)

Comparação de métodos in vitro para a quantificação da digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro de forragens e concentrados

ABSTRACT The objective was to compare in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) of forages and concentrates obtained using the incubators DaisyII and TE-150, and filter bags F57 (Ankon®) or non-woven textile (NWT - 100g/m²) in comparison with the values obtained using the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Twenty-five samples of concentrates and 25 samples of forages were used. There were no differences between filter bags (P>0.39) for IVDMD of forages. Higher IVDMD (P 0.01) were observed for TE-150 compared to DaisyII. Estimates of IVDMD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P 0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Higher IVNDFD (P 0.01) were obtained with filter bags F57 regarding to NWT and TE-150 when compared to DaisyII. All values of the IVNDFD obtained with incubators and filter bags were higher (P 0.01) than those obtained with the Tilley and Terry (1963) method. Both IVDMD and IVNDFD variables were greater using TE-150 incubator than using DaisyII (P 0.04). Estimates obtained using NWT filter bags were higher (P 0.01) than F57 filter bags. All methods were positively and strongly correlated (P 0.01) to each other for IVDMD and IVNDFD. The repeatability and variances among samples for IVDMD and IVNDFD were similar among methods. In conclusion, all methods were similarly able to discriminate samples.

RESUMO Objetivou-se comparar a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) de forragens e concentrados obtidos por intermédio das incubadoras DaisyII e TE-150, combinadas com filter bags tipo F57 (Ankon®) ou tecido não-tecido (TNT, 100g/m²), em relação aos valores obtidos utilizando-se o método de Tilley e Terry (1963). Foram utilizadas 25 amostras de alimentos concentrados e 25 de forragens. Não houve diferenças entre filter bags (P>0,39) para a DIVMS de forragens. Maiores valores de DIVMS (P 0,01) foram verificados para a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. As estimativas de DIVMS obtidas com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P 0,01) àquelas obtidas com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Observaram-se maiores valores de DIVFDN de forragens (P 0,01) com filter bags F57 em relação ao TNT e com a incubadora TE-150 em relação à DaisyII. Todos os valores de DIVFDN obtidos com incubadoras e filter bags foram superiores (P 0,01) aos obtidos com o método Tilley e Terry (1963). Todos os métodos apresentaram-se positiva e fortemente correlacionados (P 0,01), tanto para DIVMS como para DIVFDN. As repetibilidades e variâncias entre amostras para DIVMS e DIVFDN foram similares entre os métodos. Portanto, conclui-se que, em se tratando de avaliações comparativas entre alimentos, todos os métodos avaliados possuem capacidade similar de discriminação.