Growth, survival, and myogenic gene expression in the post-larvae of Colossoma macropomum provisioned with Artemia nauplii.

Artemia nauplii are widely used as fish larvae feed due to its beneficial nutritional characteristics for larval development; however, efficient feeding strategies are needed to balance its high costs. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of different densities of Artemia nauplii (100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 nauplii/post-larvae) on the growth, survival, water quality, and myogenic gene expression of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) post-larvae cultivated in a recirculating aquaculture system. After 2 weeks of trial, there was a significant decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration with the increase in nauplii density, but it did not interfere with larval performance and survival. In the first week, larvae fed with fewer than 500 nauplii/post-larvae presented slower growth, while in the second week, larvae fed with 1000 nauplii/post-larvae had the highest final weight and length. Regression analysis suggests that the optimum feeding density of Artemia nauplii during the first week is 411 nauplii/post-larvae, while for the second week, the growth increased proportionally to the feeding densities. The relative expression of the myod, myog, and mstn genes was higher in larvae fed with fewer than 500 nauplii/post-larvae. Although low-growing larvae showed increased expression of myod and myog genes, responsible for muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy, respectively, mstn expression may have played a significant inhibitory role in larval development. Further research is needed to better determine the effects of the live food on the zootechnical performance and the expression of the myogenic genes in the initial phase of the life cycle of the tambaqui post-larvae.

Evaluation of phosphorus levels in bones and serum of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) before and after supplementation with a selective mineral mixture / Avaliação dos níveis de fósforo sérico e ósseo em búfalas (Bubalus bubalis) antes e após suplementação com mistura mineral seletiva

This study aimed to evaluate phosphorus (P) concentration in serum and bone, the percentage of ash and the specific bone density of buffaloes on Ilha de Marajó before and after mineral supplementation. For this study, 14 crossbred buffaloes of Murrah and Mediterranean descent aged between 18 and 36 months were used. The average values of P before supplementation in serum and bone, the percentage of bone ash and the specific bone density were 5.68mg/dL±1.18, 16.53%±0.53, 59.95%±1.96 and 1.52g/cm3±0.32, respectively, which demonstrated P deficiency in animals raised on Ilha de Marajó. After supplementation with P for a period of seven months, the values were 6.61mg/dL±0.87, 16.90%±0.56 and 60.30%±0.95 and 1.71g/cm3±0.21, respectively. These results showed a significant increase in P concentration in blood serum, specific bone density and percentage of P in ash (P<0.05), but there was no significant increase in the percentage of ash. The average increase in P in the serum and ash did not reach normal levels in all animals; however, 28.6% of the animals had normal values of P in serum and 50% in the ash, and 64.3% had normal specific bone density values. The nonre-establishment, in some of the animals, of the variables of P serum and bone after supplementation for seven months may have occurred as a result of the low intake of the mineral mixture and by the low concentration of P in the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu used for feeding animals during the experiment.

Objetivou-se avaliar as concentrações de fósforo (P) no soro e no osso, o percentual de cinzas e a densidade óssea específica em búfalas da Ilha de Marajó antes e após suplementação mineral seletiva. Foram utilizadas 14 búfalas mestiças de Murrah com Mediterrânea, com idades entre 18 e 36 meses. Os valores médios de P, antes da suplementação, no soro, no osso, o percentual de cinzas e a densidade óssea específica foram de 5,68mg/dL±1,18, 16,53%±0,53, 59,95%±1,96 e 1,52g/cm3±0,32, respectivamente, o que demonstra deficiência de P nos animais criados na Ilha de Marajó. Após a suplementação com P por um período de sete meses os valores foram 6,61mg/dl±0,87, 16,90%±0,56 e 60,30%±0,95 e 1,71g/cm3±0,21 respectivamente. Esses resultados caracterizam um aumento significativo nas concentrações de P no soro sanguíneo, na densidade óssea específica e no percentual de P nas cinzas (P<0,05), porém não houve um aumento significativo no percentual de cinzas. O aumento médio nos valores de P no soro e nas cinzas não alcançou patamares de normalidade em todas as búfalas, entretanto 28,6% delas tinham valores normais de P no soro e 50% nas cinzas, 64,3% tinham valores normais da densidade óssea específica. O não restabelecimento, em parte dos animais, das variáveis ósseas e sanguíneas após suplementação com P durante sete meses pode ter ocorrido em virtude da baixa ingestão da mistura mineral e da baixa concentração de P em Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu utilizada para alimentação dos animais durante o experimento.

The addition of different oils in the diet regulates the expression of adipocytokine signaling genes in sheep longissimus dorsi muscle.

Nutrition is an important factor that regulates the expression of several genes. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of diets containing additions of different oils on the regulation of the adipocytokine signaling gene expressions in sheep longissimus dorsi muscle. Forty males and non-neutered sheep were kept in individual cages and fed under four different treatments: control treatment (concentrate and forage) and the other three treatments containing the concentrate and forage plus 4% oil (yellow grease, soybean and palm oils). After slaughter, samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle were collected. RNA extraction followed by Real Time PCR for five adipocytokine signaling genes. ANOVA was performed followed by the Dunnett's test (0.01). The normalized expressions of the ACLY gene were not significant between treatments to control, but for the ALDOC gene, all oil-supplemented treatments were significantly downregulated relative to the control treatment. The DUSP gene was not significantly expressed between the oil-supplemented treatments to control treatment. The ENPP1 gene was significantly upregulated with the addition of palm oil and yellow grease and the FASN gene was only significantly expressed in soybean oil-supplemented treatment to control treatment. It was concluded that the addition of different oils in the sheep diet regulated the expression of most genes for up or down, which can influence the metabolic pathways responsible for the fatty acid biosynthesis in the sheep longissimus dorsi muscle.

Innate immunity gene expression profiles in conjunctival membrane biopsies from Amazonian buffalo / Perfis de expressão de genes da imunidade inata em biopsias de membrana conjuntival de búfalos da Amazônia

Domestic buffalo production plays an economically important role in the Brazilian Amazon, but they are susceptible to many diseases favored by the tropical climate and annually flooded habitats, including ocular diseases. In this context, it is important to select genotypes that maximize innate ocular immunity in Amazonian herds. We aimed to characterise, for the first time, gene expression profiles of the innate immune system in the conjunctival membrane of buffalo. Ocular conjunctival tissue samples were collected from 60 clinically healthy slaughtered animals in the northern Brazilian state of Amapá. The samples were histologically processed for classification into three groups according to the quantitative degree of lymphoid tissue associated with the conjunctiva (discrete, G1; slight, G2; and moderate, G3 presence of lymphoid tissue). RT-PCR was used to quantify gene expression of inflammatory cytokine (IL6, IL10, TNFA, IFNG), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and Defensin beta 110 (DEFB110), relative to the endogenous GAPDH gene. G1 animals presented low expression for IL6, IL10, TNFA, and DEFB110, while G2 exhibited high expression for IL6, IL10, IFNG, and TLR4. All G3 animals showed high expression for all tested genes. These results suggest a greater resistance to pathogenic microorganisms of buffalos in the G3 group, and the proportion of lymphoid tissue associated with the conjunctiva may be related to the immune resistance of individuals.(AU)

A produção de búfalos domésticos desempenha um papel economicamente importante na Amazônia brasileira, mas eles são suscetíveis a muitas doenças favorecidas pelo clima tropical e habitats inundados anualmente, incluindo doenças oculares. Nesse contexto, é importante selecionar genótipos que maximizem a imunidade ocular inata em rebanhos amazônicos. Objetivamos caracterizar, pela primeira vez, perfis de expressão gênica do sistema imune inato na membrana conjuntival de búfalos. Amostras de tecido conjuntival ocular foram coletadas de 60 animais clinicamente saudáveis abatidos no estado do Amapá, norte do Brasil. As amostras foram processadas histologicamente para classificação em três grupos de acordo com o grau quantitativo de tecido linfoide associado à conjuntiva (discreta, G1; leve, G2; e moderada, G3 presença de tecido linfoide). RT-PCR foi utilizado para quantificar a expressão gênica de citocinas inflamatórias (IL6, IL10, TNFA, IFNG), receptor Toll-like 4 (TLR4) e Defensina beta 110 (DEFB110), em relação ao gene GAPDH endógeno. Os animais do G1 apresentaram baixa expressão para IL6, IL10, TNFA e DEFB110, enquanto G2 exibiu alta expressão para IL6, IL10, IFNG e TLR4. Todos os animais do G3 apresentaram alta expressão para todos os genes testados. Esses resultados sugerem maior resistência aos microrganismos patogênicos dos búfalos do grupo G3, e a proporção de tecido linfoide associado à conjuntiva pode estar relacionada à resistência imunológica dos indivíduos.(AU)

Validação dos intervalos de referência hematológicos e bioquímicos estabelecidos para cães domiciliados na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil / Validation of hematological and biochemical reference intervals established for dogs housed in the Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil

O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar intervalos de referências (IRs) para hematologia e bioquímica sanguínea de cães domiciliados da Amazônia Oriental e estabelecer novos IRs para os parâmetros não validados. Foram utilizadas amostras de 44 cães adultos clinicamente saudáveis de diferentes raças e sexos. Na validação, foi utilizada a metodologia proposta pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) e na determinação dos IRs dos parâmetros não validados foi utilizada a metodologia estatística proposta pela American Society for Clinical Veterinary Pathology (ASCPV). Os IRs foram determinados por meio do programa Excel com o suplemento Reference Value Advisor (versão 2.1). O software realiza os cálculos de acordo com as recomendações CLSI, conforme sugerido pelas diretrizes da ASCVP. Um total de 25 parâmetros (13 hematológicos e 12 bioquímicos) foram submetidos ao processo de validação. Desse total, seis (24%) parâmetros não foram validados (Hemoglobina, CHGM, eosinófilos, linfócitos, albumina e GGT) e para estes foram estabelecidos novos intervalos. Para a maioria dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos (76%), os IRs estabelecidos previamente na literatura ainda são válidos para utilização em cães criados na Amazônia Oriental. Para os parâmetros não validados, apenas para eosinófilos e linfócitos recomendamos que outros trabalhos, com um número maior de animais, sejam realizados para confirmar os nossos resultados ou estabelecer novos IRs. Os IRs estabelecidos para hemoglobina, CHGM, albumina e GGT podem ser utilizados em substituição aos intervalos antigos.

The aim of the present study was to validate reference intervals (RIs) for hematology and blood biochemistry of dogs domiciled in the Eastern Amazon and to establish new RIs for parameters not yet validated. Samples from 44 clinically healthy adult dogs of different breeds and sexes were used. The methodology proposed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was used for validation, and the statistical methodology proposed by the American Society for Clinical Veterinary Pathology (ASCPV) was used to determine the RIs of the non-validated parameters. The IRs were determined using the Excel program with the Reference Value Advisor add-in (version 2.1). The software performs calculations according to CLSI recommendations as suggested by the ASCVP guidelines. A total of 25 parameters (13 hematological and 12 biochemical) were submitted to the validation process. Of this total, six (24%) parameters were not validated (Hemoglobin, CHGM, eosinophils, lymphocytes, albumin and GGT) and new intervals were established for these. For most hematological and biochemical parameters (76%), the RIs previously established in the literature are still valid for use in dogs raised in the Eastern Amazon. For non-validated parameters, just for eosinophils and lymphocytes, we recommend that other studies, with a larger number of animals, be carried out to confirm our results or establish new IRs. The established IRs for hemoglobin, CHGM, albumin and GGT can be used in place of the old ranges.

Hematology and biochemistry of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): influence of sex and age on reference values.

This research aimed to obtain a hematological and biochemical profile of buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) bred in a region of the Brazilian Legal Amazon. A total of 73 animals of mixed races, divided into three groups, were studied: group 1 (G1) comprised animals up to 11 months old; in group 2 (G2), subjects were 12 to 23 months old; and, in group 3 (G3), they were 24 months old and older. We performed the hematological analysis manually, and, for the biochemistry, we used biochemical analyzers. Age of the animals has influenced the monocyte count. The counting of these cells was higher (p > 0.05) in younger animals (G1). There was no difference (p > 0.05) in hematological parameters concerning sex. In regard to biochemistry, we found that age influenced results for albumin and urea. Animals from G1 had higher albumin values when compared to G2 and G3. Serum urea values were higher in animals from G3. Regarding the serum mineral parameters, there were no significant results when the different age groups and both sexes were compared. Thus, the hematological and biochemical values obtained can work as a reference for the bubaline species of animals bred in the studied region, under the same management and breeding conditions. Sex and age of the animals are necessary for the interpretation of the tests.

Hematological and biochemical parameters of Spix's Saddleback Tamarin (Leontocebus fuscicollis) raised in captivity.

The Spix's Saddleback Tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis is widely distributed across the Amazon region, but is endangered. This species is serving an important role in biomedical research in captivity. However, reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters are required for the proper characterization of the species. It was therefore the objective of our research to establish these parameters taking into consideration sex and body mass differences in healthy adult Spix's saddleback tamarins. Collecting 2 mL of blood from each individual, 20 animals were examined (7 males, 13 females), and hematological and biochemical parameters were determined using commercial kits. Of the sixteen variables measured, only red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) values were significantly higher in males (7.12 ± 0.98 106/mm, 14.98 ± 1.25 g/dL and 48.71 ± 4.91%, respectively), while red cell distribution width (RDW) was higher in females (14.58 ± 1.89%). Of the biochemical parameters measured, only gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme showed higher activity in females (8.08 ± 4.87 U/L), and a high glucose concentration range was observed (102.0 to 521.0 mg/dL) for both sexes. These parameters established with reference ranges for healthy adults provide a reliable reference source for the interpretation of laboratory housed saddleback tamarin.

Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Chlamydophila in captive parrots in Pará state, Brazil / Estudo clínico e diagnóstico molecular de Chlamydophila sp. em psitaciformes mantidos em cativeiro no estado do Pará, Brasil

Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are globally distributed birds that, together with members of the Columbiformes, represent the most susceptible animals, in regards to infection by Chlamydophila psittaci, which is an obligate, zoonotic, intracellular bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in domestic and wild birds and psittacosis in humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of C. psittaci in Brazilian psittacids kept in conservation breeding sites in Pará State, Brazil. Cloacal and oropharynx swab samples were collected from 201 psittacids that were distributed among four breeding sites: Metropolitan Area of Belém (C1 and C2), Northeastern Pará (C3), and Low Amazon (C4). The samples were screened for C. psittaci using semi-nested PCR, and the resulting incidence data were analyzed using proportion and chi-square tests. Chlamydophila infection was confirmed for all the breeding sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.84%, and no species-specific predisposition was observed. Furthermore, 13.93% of the sampled birds eliminated the infectious agent by the cloaca, whereas 11.44% eliminated the agent by the oropharynx, and 6.47% eliminated the agent by both routes. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the incidence of Chlamydophila infection of breeding sites C2 and C3 (p=0.029), which yielded the smallest and largest number of diagnosed cases, respectively. In the present study, most of the birds (27.86%) were considered unapparent carriers of Chlamydophila infection, and only 3.98% of the birds yielded both a positive diagnosis and clinical signs of chlamydiosis.(AU)

Psitacídeos são aves distribuídas em todo o mundo e, juntamente com Columbiformes, representam os animais mais suscetíveis a uma infecção causada por Chlamydophila psittaci, uma bactéria intracelular, obrigatória, zoonótica que causa clamídia em aves domésticas e selvagens e psitacose em humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de C. psittaci em diferentes espécies de psitacídeos da fauna brasileira mantidos em criadouros conservacionistas no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Amostras de swabs de cloaca e orofaringe de 201 psitacídeos distribuídos em quatro criadouros nas mesorregiões Metropolitana de Belém (C1 e C2), Nordeste do Pará (C3) e Baixo Amazonas (C4) foram utilizados. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste molecular de semi-nested PCR. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas de acordo com o teste de proposição por R e teste do qui-quadrado (p 0,05). A presença de Chlamydophila sp. foi confirmada em todos os criadouros, com uma prevalência de 31,84% de aves infectadas, com predisposição não específica da espécie encontrada para a infecção entre as aves amostradas. Os resultados da semi-nested PCR mostraram que 13,93% das aves eliminaram o agente infeccioso pela cloaca, 11,44% pela orofaringe e 6,47% por ambas. Além disso, quando aplicado em cada local, este teste mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os criadouros C2 e C3 (p = 0,029), que apresentou o menor e maior número de casos diagnosticados, respectivamente. A maioria dos animais, ou 27,86%, foi considerada como portadora inaparente da infecção e apenas 3,98% das aves com diagnóstico positivo apresentaram algum sinal clínico sugestivo da doença.(AU)

Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Chlamydophila in captive parrots in Pará state, Brazil / Estudo clínico e diagnóstico molecular de Chlamydophila sp. em psitaciformes mantidos em cativeiro no estado do Pará, Brasil

Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are globally distributed birds that, together with members of the Columbiformes, represent the most susceptible animals, in regards to infection by Chlamydophila psittaci, which is an obligate, zoonotic, intracellular bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in domestic and wild birds and psittacosis in humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of C. psittaci in Brazilian psittacids kept in conservation breeding sites in Pará State, Brazil. Cloacal and oropharynx swab samples were collected from 201 psittacids that were distributed among four breeding sites: Metropolitan Area of Belém (C1 and C2), Northeastern Pará (C3), and Low Amazon (C4). The samples were screened for C. psittaci using semi-nested PCR, and the resulting incidence data were analyzed using proportion and chi-square tests. Chlamydophila infection was confirmed for all the breeding sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.84%, and no species-specific predisposition was observed. Furthermore, 13.93% of the sampled birds eliminated the infectious agent by the cloaca, whereas 11.44% eliminated the agent by the oropharynx, and 6.47% eliminated the agent by both routes. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the incidence of Chlamydophila infection of breeding sites C2 and C3 (p=0.029), which yielded the smallest and largest number of diagnosed cases, respectively. In the present study, most of the birds (27.86%) were considered unapparent carriers of Chlamydophila infection, and only 3.98% of the birds yielded both a positive diagnosis and clinical signs of chlamydiosis.

Psitacídeos são aves distribuídas em todo o mundo e, juntamente com Columbiformes, representam os animais mais suscetíveis a uma infecção causada por Chlamydophila psittaci, uma bactéria intracelular, obrigatória, zoonótica que causa clamídia em aves domésticas e selvagens e psitacose em humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de C. psittaci em diferentes espécies de psitacídeos da fauna brasileira mantidos em criadouros conservacionistas no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Amostras de swabs de cloaca e orofaringe de 201 psitacídeos distribuídos em quatro criadouros nas mesorregiões Metropolitana de Belém (C1 e C2), Nordeste do Pará (C3) e Baixo Amazonas (C4) foram utilizados. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste molecular de semi-nested PCR. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas de acordo com o teste de proposição por R e teste do qui-quadrado (p 0,05). A presença de Chlamydophila sp. foi confirmada em todos os criadouros, com uma prevalência de 31,84% de aves infectadas, com predisposição não específica da espécie encontrada para a infecção entre as aves amostradas. Os resultados da semi-nested PCR mostraram que 13,93% das aves eliminaram o agente infeccioso pela cloaca, 11,44% pela orofaringe e 6,47% por ambas. Além disso, quando aplicado em cada local, este teste mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os criadouros C2 e C3 (p = 0,029), que apresentou o menor e maior número de casos diagnosticados, respectivamente. A maioria dos animais, ou 27,86%, foi considerada como portadora inaparente da infecção e apenas 3,98% das aves com diagnóstico positivo apresentaram algum sinal clínico sugestivo da doença.

Perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos por componentes da microbiota bacteriana oral e retal de primatas não humanos / Antimicrobial sensitivity profile by components of bacterial oral and retal microbiota of non-human primates

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar bactérias isoladas da cavidade oral e da ampola retal de Saimiri collinsi e Callithrix jacchus e determinar a sensibilidade a 16 antimicrobianos. Trinta indivíduos de cada espécie foram analisados e foram isoladas 136 bactérias em C. jacchus e 84 em S. collinsi. As bactérias isoladas em maior número em S. collinsi foram Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Raoutella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus xylosus e Proteus mirabilis. As bactérias isoladas em C. jacchus foram K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. coli, Serratia marcescens e S. xylosus na cavidade oral e ampola retal. O teste de sensibilidade mostrou que, dentre as cepas isoladas, os maiores percentuais de resistência foram observados para ampicilina, amoxicilina, cefalotina e nitrofurantoína. Na cavidade oral de ambas as espécies as cepas foram sensíveis à ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, meropenem, amicacina, levofloxacina e a sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim. Na ampola retal, as isoladas foram sensíveis à cefoxitina, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, ertapenem, meropenem, amicacina e levofloxacina. Conclui-se que as espécies de S. collinsi e C. jacchus apresentam sua microbiota oral e retal composta por várias espécies bacterianas e que a resistência pode ser um problema no criatório, uma vez que as cepas mostraram percentuais elevados de resistência a diferentes antimicrobianos.(AU)

The aims of this work were to identify bacteria isolated from oral cavity and rectal ampoule in the Saimiri collinsi and Callithrix jacchus species and to determine the susceptibility profile to 16 anti-microbial. Thirty individuals of each species were analyzed and were isolated 136 bacteria in C. jacchus and 84 in S. collinsi. The isolated bacteria most frequent in S. collinsi were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Raoutella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus xylosus and Proteus mirabilis. The bacteria isolated in C. jacchus were K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. coli, Serratia marcescens and S. xylosus in oral cavity and rectal ampoule. Results of sensibility tests demonstrated that among isolated strains from oral cavity and rectal ampoule the highest percentages of resistance were observed against ampicilin, amoxicilin, cephalothin and nitrofurantoin. The oral cavity in both species, the strains were sensitive to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, meropenem, amikacin, levofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. In rectal ampoule the isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin and levofloxacin. Therefore, in S. collinsi e C. jacchus presented in their oral and rectal microbiota constituted by several bacteria species and that resistance may be a problem on captive, since that strains demonstrated high percentages of resistance to different anti-microbial.(AU)

Mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with demyelinating leukoencephalitis as an experimental model of multiple sclerosis.

Researchers have used dogs with neurological sequelae caused by distemper as an experimental model for multiple sclerosis, owing to the similarities of the neuropathological changes between distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis and multiple sclerosis in humans. However, little is known about the role of mesenchymal stem cells in treating such clinical conditions. Therefore, we investigated the use of mesenchymal stem cells in four dogs with neurological lesions caused by the distemper virus. During the first year after cellular therapy, the animals did not demonstrate significant changes in their locomotive abilities. However, the intense (Grade V) myoclonus in three animals was reduced to a moderate (Grade IV) level. At one year after the mesenchymal stem cell infusions, three animals regained functional ambulation (Grade I), and all four dogs started to move independently (Grades I and II). In two animals, the myoclonic severity had become mild (Grade III). It was concluded that the use of mesenchymal stem cells could improve the quality of life of dogs with neurological sequelae caused by canine distemper, thus presenting hope for similar positive results in human patients with multiple sclerosis.

Effect of gluten diet on blood innate immune gene expressions and stool consistency in Spix's Saddleback Tamarin (Leontocebus fuscicollis) raised in captivity.

The callitrichids are non-human primates that feed on insects and plant matter in nature, but in captivity, they are fed mostly an artificial diet containing amounts of gluten, in their toxic forms in items such as wheat, barley and rye. The aim of this research was to estimate the blood ß-defensin and Toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) gene expressions and to analyze the stool consistency (firm, soft, diarrheic) in Leontocebus fuscicollis raised in captivity. Blood samples of animals under gluten-free and gluten diets were collected and their fecal output quality was periodically monitored and classified during the course of the study. Gene expression was evaluated using real-time PCR. The stool consistencies of individuals fed a gluten diet were most frequently soft or diarrheic, while it was mostly normal in individuals fed a gluten-free diet. ß-Defensin expression increased in individuals fed a gluten diet, but decreased after 15 days. Expression normalized between 30 and 45 days on a gluten-free diet. However, expression of the TLR5 gene did not change under a gluten diet. A gluten diet affects stool quality, and brings about an immediate increase in blood ß-defensin expression in the beginning but decreases after 15 days.

Perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos por componentes da microbiota bacteriana oral e retal de primatas não humanos / Antimicrobial sensitivity profile by components of bacterial oral and retal microbiota of non-human primates

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar bactérias isoladas da cavidade oral e da ampola retal de Saimiri collinsi e Callithrix jacchus e determinar a sensibilidade a 16 antimicrobianos. Trinta indivíduos de cada espécie foram analisados e foram isoladas 136 bactérias em C. jacchus e 84 em S. collinsi. As bactérias isoladas em maior número em S. collinsi foram Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Raoutella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus xylosus e Proteus mirabilis. As bactérias isoladas em C. jacchus foram K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. coli, Serratia marcescens e S. xylosus na cavidade oral e ampola retal. O teste de sensibilidade mostrou que, dentre as cepas isoladas, os maiores percentuais de resistência foram observados para ampicilina, amoxicilina, cefalotina e nitrofurantoína. Na cavidade oral de ambas as espécies as cepas foram sensíveis à ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, meropenem, amicacina, levofloxacina e a sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim. Na ampola retal, as isoladas foram sensíveis à cefoxitina, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, ertapenem, meropenem, amicacina e levofloxacina. Conclui-se que as espécies de S. collinsi e C. jacchus apresentam sua microbiota oral e retal composta por várias espécies bacterianas e que a resistência pode ser um problema no criatório, uma vez que as cepas mostraram percentuais elevados de resistência a diferentes antimicrobianos.

The aims of this work were to identify bacteria isolated from oral cavity and rectal ampoule in the Saimiri collinsi and Callithrix jacchus species and to determine the susceptibility profile to 16 anti-microbial. Thirty individuals of each species were analyzed and were isolated 136 bacteria in C. jacchus and 84 in S. collinsi. The isolated bacteria most frequent in S. collinsi were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Raoutella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus xylosus and Proteus mirabilis. The bacteria isolated in C. jacchus were K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. coli, Serratia marcescens and S. xylosus in oral cavity and rectal ampoule. Results of sensibility tests demonstrated that among isolated strains from oral cavity and rectal ampoule the highest percentages of resistance were observed against ampicilin, amoxicilin, cephalothin and nitrofurantoin. The oral cavity in both species, the strains were sensitive to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, meropenem, amikacin, levofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. In rectal ampoule the isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin and levofloxacin. Therefore, in S. collinsi e C. jacchus presented in their oral and rectal microbiota constituted by several bacteria species and that resistance may be a problem on captive, since that strains demonstrated high percentages of resistance to different anti-microbial.

Topography and echobiometric parameters of the heart in Boa constrictor constrictor

With the advance of ultrasonic technology, new echocardiographic techniques have been developed and commonly used in veterinary medicine because it allows noninvasive, accurate, and reproducible evaluation. The aim of this study was evaluating the topography and echobiometric parameters of the heart in red-tailed boas raised in captivity. Biometric data were evaluated from the body and heart in 21 Boa constrictor constrictor (17 females and 4 males) using B-mode ultrasonography. The heart was in the first third of the total body length. The mean value of the snoutheart length corresponded to 29.15 ± 2.01% (mean ± standard deviation) of the body length. The statistical analysis showed a significant linear increase between body length/mass and biometric data (P < 0.01). The heart exhibited a topographical location compatible with arboreal/terrestrial habits.

Topography and echobiometric parameters of the heart in Boa constrictor constrictor

With the advance of ultrasonic technology, new echocardiographic techniques have been developed and commonly used in veterinary medicine because it allows noninvasive, accurate, and reproducible evaluation. The aim of this study was evaluating the topography and echobiometric parameters of the heart in red-tailed boas raised in captivity. Biometric data were evaluated from the body and heart in 21 Boa constrictor constrictor (17 females and 4 males) using B-mode ultrasonography. The heart was in the first third of the total body length. The mean value of the snoutheart length corresponded to 29.15 ± 2.01% (mean ± standard deviation) of the body length. The statistical analysis showed a significant linear increase between body length/mass and biometric data (P < 0.01). The heart exhibited a topographical location compatible with arboreal/terrestrial habits.(AU)

Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic imaging in healthy Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi).

BACKGROUND: The combined use of renal biochemistry and ultrasonographic imaging may improve the correct management of renal disease. Although renal disease is frequently observed in nonhuman primates, renal function markers have not yet been studied in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to establish normal renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic features in Squirrel monkeys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic images were documented in 29 healthy Squirrel monkeys (15 males and 14 females). Urea, serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid (UA) concentrations were measured by kinetic assay. Cystatin C (CysC) was analyzed by immunonephelometry. A multiple frequency linear array probe (5-12 MHz) was used for ultrasonographic imaging. The studied indicators of renal function were related to sex, age, and body mass. RESULTS: Serum creatinine was influenced by sex and body mass. Serum concentration of urea, UA, and CysC were not influenced by sex, age, and body mass. Ultrasonographic images provided accurate and comprehensive data for making clinical decisions for Squirrel monkeys. The total renal volume was only influenced by the body mass nested in sex and was positively correlated to body mass. Right renal volume was bigger than the left one. CONCLUSION: Normative standards for the renal evaluation, including biochemistry and ultrasonography, in the Squirrel monkey have been established correlated to age, sex, and body mass.

Effect of age and sex on bone markers in Chlorocebus aethiops raised in captivity.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate the procollagen type I N-propeptide (PINP), osteocalcin (OC), ß-crosslaps (ß-CTX), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in relation to age and sex of Chlorocebus aethiops in captivity. METHODS: Seventy-three monkeys were divided into four age groups: AG1 (juvenile); AG2 (young adult); AG3 (adult); and AG4 (senile). An electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with an Elecsys 2010 analyzer was used to determine the serum markers of bone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Sex did not influence the results of the markers. However, the variables PINP, OC, and ß-CTX were negatively correlated with age (r = -0.643; r = -0.711; r = -0.488; P < 0.001, respectively), and PTH was correlated positively with age (r = 0.418, P < 0.001). The data obtained can be used as biomarkers of bone metabolism reference intervals in healthy C. aethiops in captivity.

Serum Cystatin C in owl monkeys (Aotus azarai infulatus) / Concentrações séricas de Cistatina C em macacos-da-noite (Aotus azarai infulatus)

In veterinary medicine, renal function is usually assessed through urea and creatinine determinations. However, these markers show poor sensitivity for early detection of renal failure by altering when most of the kidney function is compromised. More sensitive biomarkers have been used, among which stands out the cystatin C (CysC). However, for several species of non-human primates concentration and reference values for CysC still need to be established. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of CysC in Aotus azarai infulatus and evaluate the effects of age, sex and body mass on the values obtained. Twenty-nine monkeys (15 males and 14 females) were divided into three age groups: AG1 (1 to 3 years old, n = 9); AG2 (4 to 6 years, n = 6), and AG3 (over 10 years, n = 14). The CysC concentrations ranged from 0.63 to 1.60 mg/l. The sex and age of the animals did not influence the results for CysC, urea, and creatinine. Body mass in AG3 (1.17 ± 0.22 kg) was greater (p 0.05) compared to those observed in AG1 (0.99 ± 0.07 Kg), but was not significant to AG2 (0.98 ± 0.10 kg). However, it is noteworthy that CysC is not influenced by body mass, so it is a good biomarker for renal function. This is the first study on the determination of CysC in the genus Aotus and the values obtained can be used as reference for this species

Em medicina veterinária, a função renal geralmente é avaliada por determinações séricas de ureia e creatinina. No entanto, estes marcadores mostram baixa sensibilidade para detecção precoce de insuficiência renal, sendo alterados quando grande parte da função renal está comprometida. Biomarcadores mais sensíveis têm sido utilizados, entre os quais se destaca a Cistatina C (CisC). No entanto, os valores de referência para CisC ainda precisam ser estabelecidos para várias espécies de primatas não-humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a concentração de CisC em Aotus azarai infulatus e avaliar os efeitos da idade, sexo e massa corporal sobre esses valores. Vinte e nove macacos (15 machos e 14 fêmeas) foram divididos em três faixas etárias: FE1 (1 a 3 anos, n = 9); FE2 (4 a 6 anos, n = 6), e FE3 (mais de 10 anos, n = 14). As concentrações CisC variaram de 0,63 a 1,60 mg/l. O sexo e a idade dos animais não influenciaram nos resultados para CisC, ureia e creatinina. A massa foi mais elevada (p 0,05) em FE3 (1,17 ± 0,22 kg) quando comparada a FE1 (0,99 ± 0,07 kg) e não diferiu significativamente de FE2 (0,98 ± 0,10 kg). Contudo, vale ressaltar que CisC não sofre influência com a massa corporal, por isso ela é um bom biomarcador para função renal. Este é o primeiro estudo sobre a determinação de CisC no gênero Aotus e os valores obtidos podem ser utilizados como referência para esta espécie

Effect of ecobiometric variables in coelomic cavity organs in red-tailed boas / Efeito das variáveis ecobiométricas em órgãos da cavidade celomática em jiboias

B-mode ultrasound employment in snakes is a challenge because the anatomy is differentiated in relation to birds and mammals. Thus, the present study aimed to describe the topography and ultrasonographic characteristics of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and conduct a comparison of measurements and biometric variables in snakes. Fifty-seven red-tail boas (Boa constrictor) were grouped according to body mass: Group A [30 snakes (15 males and 15 females) with body mass ranging from 0.8 to 2.8 kg] and Group B [27 snakes (12 males and 15 females), body mass ranging from 3 to 3.4 Kg]. Prior to imaging, the red-tail boas received a physical examination to assess for any visible lesions or damage that could compromise their overall condition. The ultrasonographic exams were performed using an ultrasound with convex (3.5 MHz), linear (7.5 MHz), and linear multi-frequency (6-18 MHz) transducers. All ultrasound parameters were performed using sagittal and transverse B-mode. Sex did not influence the biometric parameters evaluated. However, body length and body mass influenced some organs of the coelomic cavity. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic tool for the assessment of the snake in red-tailed boas. In addition, data reported in this study are important as a basis for ultrasound examination for other snake species.

O emprego da ultrassonografia em modo-B em serpentes é um desafio, pois apresentam anatomia diferenciada em relação às aves e mamíferos. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a topografia e características ultrassonográficas do fígado, vesícula biliar, baço e rins, além de realizar comparação de medidas e variáveis biométricas de serpentes. Cinquenta e sete jiboias (Boa constrictor) foram agrupadas de acordo com a massa corporal: Grupo A [30 animais (15 machos e 15 fêmeas) com massa corporal variando de 0,8 a 2,8 kg] e Grupo B [27 animais (12 machos e 15 fêmeas), massa corporal variando de 3 a 3,4 kg]. Antes dos exames de imagem, as cobras foram examinadas para avaliação de quaisquer lesões visíveis ou danos que pudessem comprometer a sua condição geral. Os exames de ultrassonografia foram realizados utilizando-se transdutores convexo (3,5 MHz), linear (7,5 MHz) e linear multi-frequencial (6-18 MHz). Os parâmetros ultrassonográficos foram realizados em modo B por meio de cortes sagitais e transversais. As medidas biométricas entre os grupos mostraram que houve variação significativa entre todos os parâmetros avaliados. O sexo não influenciou os parâmetros biométricos. No entanto, o comprimento e a massa corporal influenciaram alguns órgãos da cavidade celomática. A ultrassonografia é uma ferramenta de diagnóstico útil para a avaliação de jiboias. Além disso, os dados reportados neste estudo são importantes para dar base ao exame de ultrassom em outras espécies de serpentes.

Serum Cystatin C in owl monkeys (Aotus azarai infulatus) / Concentrações séricas de Cistatina C em macacos-da-noite (Aotus azarai infulatus)

In veterinary medicine, renal function is usually assessed through urea and creatinine determinations. However, these markers show poor sensitivity for early detection of renal failure by altering when most of the kidney function is compromised. More sensitive biomarkers have been used, among which stands out the cystatin C (CysC). However, for several species of non-human primates concentration and reference values for CysC still need to be established. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of CysC in Aotus azarai infulatus and evaluate the effects of age, sex and body mass on the values obtained. Twenty-nine monkeys (15 males and 14 females) were divided into three age groups: AG1 (1 to 3 years old, n = 9); AG2 (4 to 6 years, n = 6), and AG3 (over 10 years, n = 14). The CysC concentrations ranged from 0.63 to 1.60 mg/l. The sex and age of the animals did not influence the results for CysC, urea, and creatinine. Body mass in AG3 (1.17 ± 0.22 kg) was greater (p 0.05) compared to those observed in AG1 (0.99 ± 0.07 Kg), but was not significant to AG2 (0.98 ± 0.10 kg). However, it is noteworthy that CysC is not influenced by body mass, so it is a good biomarker for renal function. This is the first study on the determination of CysC in the genus Aotus and the values obtained can be used as reference for this species(AU)

Em medicina veterinária, a função renal geralmente é avaliada por determinações séricas de ureia e creatinina. No entanto, estes marcadores mostram baixa sensibilidade para detecção precoce de insuficiência renal, sendo alterados quando grande parte da função renal está comprometida. Biomarcadores mais sensíveis têm sido utilizados, entre os quais se destaca a Cistatina C (CisC). No entanto, os valores de referência para CisC ainda precisam ser estabelecidos para várias espécies de primatas não-humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a concentração de CisC em Aotus azarai infulatus e avaliar os efeitos da idade, sexo e massa corporal sobre esses valores. Vinte e nove macacos (15 machos e 14 fêmeas) foram divididos em três faixas etárias: FE1 (1 a 3 anos, n = 9); FE2 (4 a 6 anos, n = 6), e FE3 (mais de 10 anos, n = 14). As concentrações CisC variaram de 0,63 a 1,60 mg/l. O sexo e a idade dos animais não influenciaram nos resultados para CisC, ureia e creatinina. A massa foi mais elevada (p 0,05) em FE3 (1,17 ± 0,22 kg) quando comparada a FE1 (0,99 ± 0,07 kg) e não diferiu significativamente de FE2 (0,98 ± 0,10 kg). Contudo, vale ressaltar que CisC não sofre influência com a massa corporal, por isso ela é um bom biomarcador para função renal. Este é o primeiro estudo sobre a determinação de CisC no gênero Aotus e os valores obtidos podem ser utilizados como referência para esta espécie(AU)