Updating knowledge in estimating the genetics parameters: Multi-trait and Multi-Environment Bayesian analysis in rice

Among the multi-trait models selected to study several traits and environments jointly, the Bayesian framework has been a preferred tool when constructing a more complex and biologically realistic model. In most cases, non-informative prior distributions are adopted in studies using the Bayesian approach. However, the Bayesian approach presents more accurate estimates when informative prior distributions are used. The present study was developed to evaluate the efficiency and applicability of multi-trait multi-environment (MTME) models within a Bayesian framework utilizing a strategy for eliciting informative prior distribution using previous data on rice. The study involved data pertaining to rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in three environments and five crop seasons (2010/2011 until 2014/2015) for the following traits: grain yield (GY), flowering in days (FLOR) and plant height (PH). Variance components, genetic and non-genetic parameters were estimated using the Bayesian method. In general, the informative prior distribution in Bayesian MTME models provided higher estimates of individual narrow-sense heritability and variance components, as well as minor lengths for the highest probability density interval (HPD), compared to their respective non-informative prior distribution analyses. More informative prior distributions make it possible to detect genetic correlations between traits, which cannot be achieved with non-informative prior distributions. Therefore, this mechanism presented to update knowledge for an elicitation of an informative prior distribution can be efficiently applied in rice breeding programs.

Development and validation of a health information system for assistance and research in gestational trophoblast disease.

BACKGROUND: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) comprises pathological forms of placental trophoblastic tissue proliferation. When benign, they present with hydatidiform moles, and when malignant, they are called Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia. With the growth of the practice of digital health, allied to updated therapeutic approaches, the Outpatient Clinic for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease has built a Health Information System (HIS), contributing to the teaching-learning binomial, as well as to self-care. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and blind technological assessment research for developing SIS-Mola (Website for the medical team and the Application "MolaApp" aimed at patients with GTD). We used the Praxis management approach to manage the application creation project. In the tasks involving real-time chat, a WebSocket layer was created and hosted together with the project's web services, which use the Arch Linux operating system. For the evaluations, we provided questionnaires developed based on the System Usability Scale (SUS), to determine the degree of user satisfaction, with objective questions on the Likert scale. We invited 28 participants for the evaluations, among ABDTG specialist physicians, doctors from the DTG Outpatient Clinic team, and the patients. The study was systematized according to the rules of treatment and follow-up in treating the disease. RESULTS: The tests were conducted from November 2021 to February 2022. The responses obtained on a Likert scale indicated reliability and credibility to the HIS, since the total usability score, measured by the ten questions of the SUS instrument, had a mean of 81.1 (clinicians), 80 (patients) and median of 77.5 for both groups. The sample was characterized according to the variables: age, gender, education, computer knowledge, and profession. CONCLUSION: Developing a HIS in the GTD Outpatient Clinic met the objectives regarding the rules of treatment and follow-up of patients. With these digital tools, it is possible to obtain data about the patient's health, sending information through exams performed and appropriate treatments. The connectivity capacity allows agile care, saving time, costs and solving the displacement problem. The TICs generate natural efficiency for the organization in the flow of service and the formation of a database, improving the quality of the assistance.

Falo, feijão e fuzil: uma leitura decolonial das questões de gênero, de raça e de classe nas narrativas do barebacking sex / Phallus, beans and rifle: a decolonial reading of gender, race and class issues in barebacking sex narratives / Falo, frijoles y rifle: una lectura decolonial de cuestiones de género, raza y clase en narrativas del barebacking sex

Barebacking sex é o engajamento intencional de homens que fazem sexo com homens na relação anal sem camisinha. Para além de abordagens moralistas, relacionadas à possibilidade de infecção pelo HIV, analisamos como narrativas barebacking classificam os corpos em desejáveis e indesejáveis, a partir da maneira como são apresentados em cartazes de divulgação de orgias brasileiras disponíveis para visualização na internet. Neste artigo, almejamos uma discussão interseccional sobre desejo sexual, gênero, raça e classe, partindo das imagens em circulação nos contextos brasileiros do bareback.

Barebacking sex is the intentional engagement of men who have sex with other men in anal intercourse without a condom. Beyond moralistic approaches, related to the possibility of HIV infection, we analyse how barebacking narratives classify bodies into the desirable and the undesirable, through the way they are shown in posters publicizing Brazilian orgies available for viewing on the internet. In this article, we aim to develop an intersectional discussion about sexual desire, gender, race and class, starting from the images circulating in Brazilian bareback contexts.

Barebacking sex es el compromiso intencional de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres en el coito anal sin condón. Además de los enfoques moralistas relacionados con la posibilidad de infección por el VIH, analizamos cómo las narrativas barebacking clasifican los cuerpos en deseables e indeseables, en función de la forma en que se presentan en carteles para la difusión de orgías brasileñas disponibles para su visualización en Internet. En este artículo,apuntamos a una discusión interseccional del deseo sexual, género, raza y clase, a partir de las imágenes en circulación en contextos de bareback brasileños.

Multi-trait and multi-environment Bayesian analysis to predict the G x E interaction in flood-irrigated rice.

The biggest challenge for the reproduction of flood-irrigated rice is to identify superior genotypes that present development of high-yielding varieties with specific grain qualities, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses in addition to superior adaptation to the target environment. Thus, the objectives of this study were to propose a multi-trait and multi-environment Bayesian model to estimate genetic parameters for the flood-irrigated rice crop. To this end, twenty-five rice genotypes belonging to the flood-irrigated rice breeding program were evaluated. Grain yield and flowering were evaluated in the agricultural year 2017/2018. The experimental design used in all experiments was a randomized block design with three replications. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was used to estimate genetic parameters and genetic values. The flowering is highly heritable by the Bayesian credibility interval: h2 = 0.039-0.80, and 0.02-0.91, environment 1 and 2, respectively. The genetic correlation between traits was significantly different from zero in the two environments (environment 1: -0.80 to 0.74; environment 2: -0.82 to 0.86. The relationship of CVe and CVg higher for flowering in the reduced model (CVg/CVe = 5.83 and 13.98, environments 1 and 2, respectively). For the complete model, this trait presented an estimate of the relative variation index of: CVe = 4.28 and 4.21, environments 1 and 2, respectively. In summary, the multi-trait and multi-environment Bayesian model allowed a reliable estimate of the genetic parameter of flood-irrigated rice. Bayesian analyzes provide robust inference of genetic parameters. Therefore, we recommend this model for genetic evaluation of flood-irrigated rice genotypes, and their generalization, in other crops. Precise estimates of genetic parameters bring new perspectives on the application of Bayesian methods to solve modeling problems in the genetic improvement of flood-irrigated rice.

Sensitivity Analysis by the PROMETHEE-GAIA method: Algorithms evaluation for COVID-19 prediction.

With the expansion of coronavirus in the World, the search for technology solutions based on the analysis and prospecting of diseases has become constant. The paper addresses a machine learning algorithms analysis used to predict and identify infected patients. For analysis, we use a multicriteria approach using the PROMETHEE-GAIA method, providing the structuring of alternatives respective to a set of criteria, thus enabling the obtaining of their importance degree under the perspective of multiple criteria. The study approaches a sensitivity analysis, evaluating the alternatives using the PROMETHEE I and II methods, along with the GAIA plan, both implemented by the Visual PROMETHEE computational tool, exploring numerical and graphical resources. The analysis model proves to be effective, guaranteeing the ranking of alternatives by inter criterion evaluation and local results with intra criterion evaluation, providing a transparent analysis concerning the selection of prediction algorithms to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes and occlusal traits in the primary dentition: A prospective cohort (BRISA).

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse the relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO) and occlusal traits in the primary dentition, checking for different mediation paths. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Children evaluated at birth (T1), between 12 and 24 months (T2), and between 24 and 36 months (T3) were included. Two hundred and seventeen children who participated in T1 and T2 were randomly selected to perform the occlusion examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study (BRISA). The theoretical model was tested by structural equation modelling (SEM), estimating standardized coefficients (Coeff.) (α = 0.05). The primary exposure was APO-a latent variable manifested from three health problems at birth: low birthweight (LBW), pre-term birth (PTB) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), evaluated in T1. The outcomes were four different occlusal traits assessed in T3: overjet, anterior and posterior crossbite, and crowding. Each outcome's direct and indirect effects were tested, mediated by growth, breathing, breastfeeding, and pacifier use. RESULTS: There was no direct association between APO and any of the outcomes: overjet (Coeff. = -0.163, P = .241), anterior crossbite (Coeff. = -0.696, P = .065), posterior crossbite (Coeff. = -0.087, P = .589) and crowding (Coeff. = 0.400, P = .423). The indirect (total and specifics) effects tested also showed no association (P > .05). However, APO was associated with lower child growth in all models; breastfeeding was associated with higher child growth in all models, and pacifier use was associated with overjet (Coeff. = 0.184, P < .001) and posterior crossbite (Coeff. = 0.373, P = .011). CONCLUSION: APO was not a risk factor for overjet, crossbite and crowding in an early stage of the primary dentition by direct and indirect pathways. However, growth has been lower in children with APO and higher in children breastfed. Also, the harmful effects of using a pacifier in dental occlusion are highlighted.

Selectivity of herbicides applied to Brazilian tree species at post-emergence

The presence of weeds in silvicultural systems has been considered one of the main obstacles to the success of projects designed to recover degraded areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied at post-emergence in the initial growth of seedlings of capixingui (Croton floribundus), açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata), and guaritá (Astronium graveolens), in the municipalities of Jaboticabal and Junqueirópolis, state of São Paulo. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications, and the treatments consisted of herbicides (g a.i.·ha-1) clethodim + phenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50), sethoxydim (184), quizalofop-p-ethyl (75), nicosulfuron (50), fluazifop-p-butyl (125), fomesafen (225), haloxyfop-methyl (48), bentazon (720), chlorimuron-ethyl (15), in addition to control without herbicide. The characteristics analyzed were: plant height increase and visual phytointoxication at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after herbicide application. At the end of the experiment, the shoots of the plants were removed to assess shoot dry matter. The herbicides clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, and quizalofop-p-ethyl showed selective potential for the species capixingui, açoita-cavalo, and guaritá. The herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl caused mild intoxication symptoms when applied to seedlings of capixingui and açoita-cavalo; also, it was not selective for the guaritá species grown in Jaboticabal. All species showed selectivity to the herbicides sethoxydim, fomesafen, haloxyfop-methyl, and nicosulfuron, as their growth and initial development were not influenced. The herbicide bentazon caused high percentages of injury to açoita-cavalo plants in both cultivation places, but it did not influence the growth and development of the species.

Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 hosts among Brazilian mammals and new coronavirus transmission chain using evolutionary bioinformatics.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 are thought to transmit to humans via wild mammals, especially bats. However, evidence for direct bat-to-human transmission is lacking. Involvement of intermediate hosts is considered a reason for SARS-CoV-2 transmission to humans and emergence of outbreak. Large biodiversity is found in tropical territories, such as Brazil. On the similar line, this study aimed to predict potential coronavirus hosts among Brazilian wild mammals based on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) sequences using evolutionary bioinformatics. Cougar, maned wolf, and bush dogs were predicted as potential hosts for coronavirus. These indigenous carnivores are philogenetically closer to the known SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 hosts and presented low ACE2 divergence. A new coronavirus transmission chain was developed in which white-tailed deer, a susceptible SARS-CoV-2 host, have the central position. Cougar play an important role because of its low divergent ACE2 level in deer and humans. The discovery of these potential coronavirus hosts will be useful for epidemiological surveillance and discovery of interventions that can contribute to break the transmission chain. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44149-021-00020-w.

Prediction of the importance of auxiliary traits using computational intelligence and machine learning: A simulation study.

The present study evaluated the importance of auxiliary traits of a principal trait based on phenotypic information and previously known genetic structure using computational intelligence and machine learning to develop predictive tools for plant breeding. Data of an F2 population represented by 500 individuals, obtained from a cross between contrasting homozygous parents, were simulated. Phenotypic traits were simulated based on previously established means and heritability estimates (30%, 50%, and 80%); traits were distributed in a genome with 10 linkage groups, considering two alleles per marker. Four different scenarios were considered. For the principal trait, heritability was 50%, and 40 control loci were distributed in five linkage groups. Another phenotypic control trait with the same complexity as the principal trait but without any genetic relationship with it and without pleiotropy or a factorial link between the control loci for both traits was simulated. These traits shared a large number of control loci with the principal trait, but could be distinguished by the differential action of the environment on them, as reflected in heritability estimates (30%, 50%, and 80%). The coefficient of determination were considered to evaluate the proposed methodologies. Multiple regression, computational intelligence, and machine learning were used to predict the importance of the tested traits. Computational intelligence and machine learning were superior in extracting nonlinear information from model inputs and quantifying the relative contributions of phenotypic traits. The R2 values ranged from 44.0% - 83.0% and 79.0% - 94.0%, for computational intelligence and machine learning, respectively. In conclusion, the relative contributions of auxiliary traits in different scenarios in plant breeding programs can be efficiently predicted using computational intelligence and machine learning.

Geração de dados sintéticos para classificação de disléxicos por meio de aprendizado de máquina / Synthetic data generation for classification of dyslexics by machine learning / Generación de datos sintéticos para clasificación de disléxicos mediante aprendizaje automático

Objetivo: Este estudo pretende aplicar a técnica de geração de dados sintéticos com auxílio de técnicas de limpeza de dados para a classificação de disléxicos e não - disléxicos. Método: Os outliers foram selecionados por especialista. Foi feito uma geração sintética de dados. para cada um de cinco algoritmos foram selecionados características com busca exaustiva. Cada algoritmo foi executado com as características selecionadas e então suas curvas de calibração foram comparadas. Resultados: A regressão logística se destacou como o melhor algoritmo, apresentando o resultado de 99% de acurácia e área sob a curva ROC de 0,999, além de ter obtido a melhor curva de calibração Conclusão: O uso da geração sintética de dados e seleção de características foram capazes de fazer todos os algoritmos avaliados obterem ótimos resultados na classificação de disléxicos e não disléxicos. A regressão logística foi selecionado como melhor algoritmo para classificação de disléxicos.

Objective: This study aims to apply the synthetic data generation technique with the aid of data cleaning techniques for the classification of dyslexics and non - dyslexics. Method: Outliers were selected by specialist. Synthetic of data Generated. For each of five algorithms, characteristics were selected with exhaustive search. Each algorithm was executed with the selected characteristics and then their calibration curves were compared. Results: Logistic regression presented the best results with 99% accuracy and area under the ROC curve of 0.999, besides obtaining the best calibration curve. Conclusion: The use of synthetic data generation and feature selection were able to make all algorithms achieve excellent results in the classification of dyslexic and non - dyslexic. Logistic regression was selected as the best algorithm for dyslexic classification.

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo aplicar la técnica de generación de datos sintéticos con la ayuda de técnicas de limpieza de datos para la clasificación de disléxicos y no disléxicos. Método: los valores atípicos fueron seleccionados por especialistas. Se realizó una generación sintética de datos. Para cada uno de los cinco algoritmos, se seleccionaron características con búsqueda exhaustiva. Cada algoritmo se ejecutó con las características seleccionadas y luego se compararon sus curvas de calibración. Resultados: La regresión logística se destacó como el mejor algoritmo, presentando el resultado del 99% de precisión y área bajo la curva ROC de 0.999, además de obtener la mejor curva de calibración. Conclusión: El uso de la generación de datos sintéticos y la selección de Estas características lograron que todos los algoritmos evaluados obtuvieron excelentes resultados en la clasificación de disléxicos y no disléxicos. Se seleccionó la regresión logística como el mejor algoritmo para la clasificación disléxica.

Fatores associados à etiologia e patogenese das doenças autoimunes / Factors associated to the etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases

Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar uma revisão de literatura de cunho reflexivo acerca dos fatores etiológicos e determinantes na patogênese das doenças autoimunes, assim como sobre as estratégias terapêuticas existentes ou em fase de desenvolvimento, sendo realizado para tal propósito um levantamento de literaturas especializadas disponíveis online na base de dados do google e do google acadêmico para a obtenção das informações que compõem este trabalho, seguido de uma análise de inclusão ou exclusão conforme os seguintes critérios: os trabalho para serem inclusos na revisão deveriam tratar sobre o tema pesquisado, possuir texto completo, publicados nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, no período de 2001 à 2017. O estudo realizado aponta que são associados ao desenvolvimento de doenças autoimunes fatores como 1) comprometimento dos mecanismos imunomoduladores de proteção contra a autoimunidade, 2) mimetização de antígenos de patógenos com moléculas endógenas, 3) modificações de proteínas endógenas ou da expressão gênica por xenobióticos e 4) mutação de genes imunomoduladores adquirida ou herdada e que apesar dos imunossupressores serem a principal estratégia terapêutica, a imunomodulação e a vacinação são recursos que despertam a atenção de pesquisadores e apresentam potencial promissor para aumentar a qualidade de vida dos portadores de doenças autoimunes.

This work aimed to elaborate a literature review about the etiological and determinant factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, as well as on the therapeutic strategies existing or in development phase, being carried out for the development of this work a survey of specialized texts available online in the google and google academic databases to the acquisition of the information that composes this work, followed by an analysis of inclusion or exclusion according to the following criteria: the work to be included in the review should be related with the subject searched, possess the full text, be publicized in the Portuguese, English or Spanish languages, from 2001 to 2017. The study done shows that the development of autoimmune diseases is associated with: 1) impairment of immunomodulatory mechanisms to protect against autoimmunity, 2) mimicking of pathogen's antigens with endogenous molecules of the cells, 3) modifications of endogenous proteins or gene expression by xenobiotics, and 4) acquired or inherited immunomodulatory gene mutation; the study also shows that although the immunosuppressant drugs are the main therapeutic strategy, immunomodulation and vaccination are resources that attract the attention of researchers and present promising potential to increase the quality of life of patients with autoimmune diseases.

Produção e caracterização físico-química e microbiológica da geleia de jambo vermelho (Syzygium malaccense)

Por possuir um sabor adocicado suavemente ácido, o Syzygium malaccense Merr. & Perry é muito consumido e apreciado pela população. Por esse motivo, objetivou-se neste estudo a produção da geleia de jambo, com o intuito de avaliar se a geleia manterá as características fisico-químicas e nutricionais presentes no jambo vermelho in natura, além de verificar sua conformidade com os padrões microbiológicos vigentes. A geleia foi produzida a partir de 800g de polpa de jambo adicionados a 400 mL de água potável sob aquecimento por 40 minutos. Após a peneiração, ao filtrado foram adicionados 275 g de açúcar e 5 mL de ácido cítrico e aquecido por mais 20 minutos até alcançar a consistência desejada. Foram realizadas as determinações de proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, umidade, carboidratos e valor calórico. O doseamento de antocianinas e flavonoides foi utilizado por meio do método descrito por Francis (1982). A geleia apresentou menor porcentagem de umidade (57,5±0,35), proteínas (2,39±0,2), cinzas (0,33±0,03) e lipídios (0,49±0,00), e maior porcentagem de carboidratos (39,29±0,42) quando comparados ao jambo in natura que teve umidade de 91,07±0,22, proteínas de 2,41±0,19, cinzas 0,42±0,07, lipídios 1,12±0,05 e carboidratos 4,97±0,22. Observou-se também que, após o processo de produção da geleia, houve aumento nos percentuais de flavonóides (26,4±0,7) e antocianinas (29±0,78) quando comparado ao fruto in natura que teve antocianinas de 19,37±4,82 e flavonoides de 11,30±3,73. Quanto aos padrões microbiológicos, a geleia de jambo vermelho estava de acordo com os padrões microbiológicos para geleia de frutas determinados pela ANVISA, estando apta para o consumo.(AU)

By having a mildly acidic sweet taste, Syzygium malaccense Merr. & Perry is much consumed and appreciated by the population. For this reason, the objective of this study was the production of Malay apple jelly, with the purpose of evaluating whether the jelly will maintain the physical-chemical and nutritional characteristics present in the fresh Malay apple in natura, in addition to verifying its conformity with the current microbiological standards. The jelly was produced from 800 g of jamb pulp and 400 ml of drinking water was added under heating for 40 minutes. After sieving, to the filtrate was added 275 g of sugar and 5 ml of citric acid and heated for another 20 minutes until reaching the desired consistency. Protein, lipid, ash, moisture, carbohydrate and caloric determinations were performed. The dosage of anthocyanins and flavonoids was used by the method described by Francis (1982). The jelly presented a lower percentage of moisture (57.5 ± 0.35), proteins (2.39 ± 0.2), ashes (0.33 ± 0.03) and lipids (0.49 ± 0.00), and a higher percentage of carbohydrates (39.29± 0.42) when compared to inbred jambo that had a moisture content of 91.07 ± 0.22, proteins of 2.41 ± 0.19, ashes 0.42 ± 0.07, lipids 1.12 ± 0.05 and carbohydrates 4.97 ± 0.22. lt was also observed that even after the jelly production process, the percentage of flavonoids (26.4 ± 0.7) and anthocyanins (29 ± 0.78) increased when compared to the in natura fruit with anthocyanins of 19, 37 ± 4.82 and flavonoids of 11.30 ± 3.73. As for the microbiological standards, the red jamb jelly complied with the microbiological standards for fruit jelly determined by ANVISA, being suitable for consumption.(AU)

Produção e caracterização físico-química e microbiológica da geleia de jambo vermelho (Syzygium malaccense) / Production and physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of red jamb jelly (Syzygium malaccense)

Por possuir um sabor adocicado suavemente ácido, o Syzygium malaccense Merr. & Perry é muito consumido e apreciado pela população. Por esse motivo, objetivou-se neste estudo a produção da geleia de jambo, com o intuito de avaliar se a geleia manterá as características físico-químicas e nutricionais presentes no jambo vermelho in natura, além de verificar sua conformidade com os padrões microbiológicos vigentes. A geleia foi produzida a partir de 800g de polpa de jambo adicionados a 400 mL de água potável sob aquecimento por 40 minutos. Após a peneiração, ao filtrado foram adicionados 275 g de açúcar e 5 mL de ácido cítrico e aquecido por mais 20 minutos até alcançar a consistência desejada. Foram realizadas as determinações de proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, umidade, carboidratos e valor calórico. O doseamento de antocianinas e flavonoides foi utilizado por meio do método descrito por Francis (1982). A geleia apresentou menor porcentagem de umidade (57,5±0,35), proteínas (2,39±0,2), cinzas (0,33±0,03) e lipídios (0,49±0,00), e maior porcentagem de carboidratos (39,29±0,42) quando comparados ao jambo in natura que teve umidade de 91,07±0,22, proteínas de 2,41±0,19, cinzas 0,42±0,07, lipídios 1,12±0,05 e carboidratos 4,97±0,22. Observou-se também que, após o processo de produção da geleia, houve aumento nos percentuais de flavonóides (26,4±0,7) e antocianinas (29±0,78) quando comparado ao fruto in natura que teve antocianinas de 19,37±4,82 e flavonoides de 11,30±3,73. Quanto aos padrões microbiológicos, a geleia de jambo vermelho estava de acordo com os padrões microbiológicos para geleia de frutas determinados pela ANVISA, estando apta para o consumo.

By having a mildly acidic sweet taste, Syzygium malaccense Merr. & Perry is much consumed and appreciated by the population. For this reason, the objective of this study was the production of Malay apple jelly, with the purpose of evaluating whether the jelly will maintain the physical-chemical and nutritional characteristics present in the fresh Malay apple in natura, in addition to verifying its conformity with the current microbiological standards. The jelly was produced from 800 g of jamb pulp and 400 ml of drinking water was added under heating for 40 minutes. After sieving, to the filtrate was added 275 g of sugar and 5 ml of citric acid and heated for another 20 minutes until reaching the desired consistency. Protein, lipid, ash, moisture, carbohydrate and caloric determinations were performed. The dosage of anthocyanins and flavonoids was used by the method described by Francis (1982). The jelly presented a lower percentage of moisture (57.5 ± 0.35), proteins (2.39 ± 0.2), ashes (0.33 ± 0.03) and lipids (0.49 ± 0.00), and a higher percentage of carbohydrates (39.29 ± 0.42) when compared to inbred jambo that had a moisture content of 91.07 ± 0.22, proteins of 2.41 ± 0.19, ashes 0.42 ± 0.07, lipids 1.12 ± 0.05 and carbohydrates 4.97 ± 0.22. It was also observed that even after the jelly production process, the percentage of flavonoids (26.4 ± 0.7) and anthocyanins (29 ± 0.78) increased when compared to the in natura fruit with anthocyanins of 19, 37 ± 4.82 and flavonoids of 11.30 ± 3.73. As for the microbiological standards, the red jamb jelly complied with the microbiological standards for fruit jelly determined by ANVISA, being suitable for consumption.

Avaliação da Condição Higiênico-Sanitária na Comercialização de Pescado da Feira do Produtor Rural do Buritizal, Macapá-Amapá / Evaluation of the Hygienic-Sanitary Condition on Fish Marketing of the Rural Producer Fair of Buritizal, Macapá-Amapá

O pescado é considerado uma excelente fonte proteica com alto valor nutritivo, por outro lado, possui alta perecibilidade, sendo necessárias condições sanitárias ideais em todo o processo produtivo, a fim de que seja oferecido ao consumidor um produto seguro e de boa qualidade. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a condição higiênico-sanitária da feira livre, que comercializa pescados, no município de Macapá, Estado do Amapá. A pesquisa foi realizada através da aplicação de um Checklist adaptado da resolução da RDC nº 216, para os critérios edificação, equipamentos/instrumentos, utensílios e higienização, vestuário, hábitos higiênicos, equipamentos de proteção individual e qualidade de matéria-prima. Após o cálculo dos resultados, a feira se enquadrou no grupo 3, de 0 a 50% de atendimento dos itens. A comercialização de peixes apresentou índices críticos de inadequação à legislação, existindo graves problemas higiênico-sanitários, que comprometem a qualidade dos peixes e coloca em risco a saúde do consumidor, principalmente, a veiculação de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs), tendo em vista a precariedade na manipulação deste alimento.(AU).

Fish is considered an excellent source of protein with high nutritional value, on the other hand, it has high perishability, and ideal sanitary conditions throughout the production process are necessary in order to offer the consumer a safe and good quality product. In this context, this work had as objective to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary condition of the free fair that trades fish in the municipality of Macapá, Amapá state. The research was carried out through a checklist application adapted from Resolution no. 216, for the criteria edification, equipment / instruments, utensils and hygiene, clothing, hygienic habits, personal protection equipment and raw material quality. After the results calculation, the fair was in group 3, from 0 to 50% of compliance to the items. The fish commercialization presented critical indexes of inadequacy to the legislation, with serious hygienic-sanitary problems that compromise the fish quality and endanger the consumer's health, especially the transmission of food-borne diseases (DTAs), in view of the the fish precariousness, regarding the manipulation of this food.(AU).

Evaluation of leaching potential of tebuthiuron using bioindicator plants / Estudo da lixiviação do herbicida tebuthiuron com plantas bioindicadoras

The last destination of most herbicides used in agricultural systems is the soil. This is a dynamic interaction; herbicides can remain in the soil solution or be carried through the soil profile, reaching the water table. The objective of this work was to evaluate the leaching potential of the tebuthiuron herbicide using bioindicator plants grown in an Oxisol of sandy loam texture and in an Entisol of clay texture, after the occurrence of natural rainfall events. A complete randomized experimental design was used, in a 3×8 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of three accumulated natural rainfall depths (30-40, 60-80, and 100-120 mm) and eight soil profile layers (0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30 cm). Soil samples were collected after the tebuthiuron herbicide application - 750 for clayey soil, and 600 g ha-1 for the sandy loam soil -and the rainfall events. PVC pipes with length of 30 cm and diameter of 15 cm were introduced into the soil profile for sampling. The pipes with soil columns were carefully removed by digging around them, to maintain the soil original integrity during collection and, subsequently, cut longitudinally for sowing the bioindicator species - cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Then, the phytotoxicity in the bioindicator plants grown in these soils were evaluated at 5, 7, 10, and 12 days after sowing, using a grading scale of 0 to 100%. The mobility of the tebuthiuron herbicide was low in both soils, regardless of the rainfall depth, and the cucumber was the most suitable plant species to use as a bioindicator.(AU)

O solo é o destino final da maioria dos herbicidas utilizados no sistema agrícola e, sendo esta relação dinâmica, eles podem permanecer na solução ou ser carregados no perfil do solo, podendo atingir o lençol freático. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de lixiviação do herbicida tebuthiuron por meio de plantas bioindicadoras e após a ocorrência de precipitações pluviométricas naturais, em solos com texturas franco arenoso (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo) e argiloso (Neossolo Litólico). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 3 x 8 com quatro repetições, sendo três níveis de precipitação pluviométrica (30-40, 60-80 e 100-120 mm) e oito de profundidade do perfil do solo (0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-20, 20-25 e 25-30 cm). As coletas das amostras ocorreram após a aplicação do herbicida tebuthiuron nas doses de 750 e 600 g ha-1 para o solo argiloso e arenoso, respectivamente, e posterior acúmulo das precipitações. Para a coleta das amostras foram introduzidas, no perfil do solo, colunas de PVC com 30 cm de altura e 15 cm de diâmetro. As colunas foram retiradas cuidadosamente escavando-se ao seu redor, mantendo a integridade original do solo durante a coleta. Posteriormente, as colunas foram separadas com corte longitudinal, para a semeadura das espécies bioindicadoras pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) e alface (Lactuca sativa L.). Para as avaliações das plantas bioindicadoras nas colunas, adotou-se a escala de notas de 0 a 100% de fitotoxicidade, aos 5, 7, 10 e 12 dias após a semeadura. A mobilidade do herbicida tebuthiuron mostrou-se reduzida em ambos os tipos de solo estudado, independentemente da precipitação pluvial, e as plantas de pepino mostraram-se mais adequadas para serem utilizadas como espécie bioindicadora.(AU)

Evaluation of leaching potential of tebuthiuron using bioindicator plants / Estudo da lixiviação do herbicida tebuthiuron com plantas bioindicadoras

The last destination of most herbicides used in agricultural systems is the soil. This is a dynamic interaction; herbicides can remain in the soil solution or be carried through the soil profile, reaching the water table. The objective of this work was to evaluate the leaching potential of the tebuthiuron herbicide using bioindicator plants grown in an Oxisol of sandy loam texture and in an Entisol of clay texture, after the occurrence of natural rainfall events. A complete randomized experimental design was used, in a 3×8 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of three accumulated natural rainfall depths (30-40, 60-80, and 100-120 mm) and eight soil profile layers (0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30 cm). Soil samples were collected after the tebuthiuron herbicide application - 750 for clayey soil, and 600 g ha-1 for the sandy loam soil -and the rainfall events. PVC pipes with length of 30 cm and diameter of 15 cm were introduced into the soil profile for sampling. The pipes with soil columns were carefully removed by digging around them, to maintain the soil original integrity during collection and, subsequently, cut longitudinally for sowing the bioindicator species - cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Then, the phytotoxicity in the bioindicator plants grown in these soils were evaluated at 5, 7, 10, and 12 days after sowing, using a grading scale of 0 to 100%. The mobility of the tebuthiuron herbicide was low in both soils, regardless of the rainfall depth, and the cucumber was the most suitable plant species to use as a bioindicator.(AU)

O solo é o destino final da maioria dos herbicidas utilizados no sistema agrícola e, sendo esta relação dinâmica, eles podem permanecer na solução ou ser carregados no perfil do solo, podendo atingir o lençol freático. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de lixiviação do herbicida tebuthiuron por meio de plantas bioindicadoras e após a ocorrência de precipitações pluviométricas naturais, em solos com texturas franco arenoso (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo) e argiloso (Neossolo Litólico). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 3 x 8 com quatro repetições, sendo três níveis de precipitação pluviométrica (30-40, 60-80 e 100-120 mm) e oito de profundidade do perfil do solo (0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-20, 20-25 e 25-30 cm). As coletas das amostras ocorreram após a aplicação do herbicida tebuthiuron nas doses de 750 e 600 g ha-1 para o solo argiloso e arenoso, respectivamente, e posterior acúmulo das precipitações. Para a coleta das amostras foram introduzidas, no perfil do solo, colunas de PVC com 30 cm de altura e 15 cm de diâmetro. As colunas foram retiradas cuidadosamente escavando-se ao seu redor, mantendo a integridade original do solo durante a coleta. Posteriormente, as colunas foram separadas com corte longitudinal, para a semeadura das espécies bioindicadoras pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) e alface (Lactuca sativa L.). Para as avaliações das plantas bioindicadoras nas colunas, adotou-se a escala de notas de 0 a 100% de fitotoxicidade, aos 5, 7, 10 e 12 dias após a semeadura. A mobilidade do herbicida tebuthiuron mostrou-se reduzida em ambos os tipos de solo estudado, independentemente da precipitação pluvial, e as plantas de pepino mostraram-se mais adequadas para serem utilizadas como espécie bioindicadora.(AU)

Condições higienicossanitárias da comercialização de pescado em feiras livres da cidade de Santana, SP

O pescado é um alimento altamente perecível, o qual deve receber atenção redobrada pelos órgãos competentes, especialmente os comercializados em mercados e feiras livres. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias na comercialização de pescado nas feiras públicas da cidade de Santana, Amapá. A avaliação foi fundamentada em um checklist adaptado da RDC nº 216/2004 da ANVISA- Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, contendo como itens de verificação as edificações; equipamentos, instrumentos e utensílios utilizados; a higienização dos mesmos e do ambiente; o vestuário adequado; hábitos higiênicos na manipulação; o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual; e a qualidade de matéria-prima utilizada. Os resultados demonstraram precariedade nos itens avaliados, classificando as feiras no grupo 3, de 0 a 50% de atendimento aos critérios analisados. Na avaliação de equipamentos, móveis e utensílios; manipulação; e produção e transporte verificou-se 0% de atendimento, determinando-se um ponto crítico para a contaminação do pescado. As condições encontradas nas feiras analisadas, aliadas à falta de fiscalização pelos órgãos competentes, determinam pontos de estrangulamento na cadeia produtiva do pescado, funcionando como potencial risco na contaminação do produto comercializado, o que pode interferir diretamente na saúde do consumidor.(AU)

Fishery products are a highly perishable food, in which it must receive attention redoubled by the competent organs, especially those marketed in markets and free fairs. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions in the commercialization of fish in the public fairs of the city of Santana, Amapá. The evaluation was based on a checklist adapted from the RDC 216/2004 of ANVISA, containing as criteria the buildings; equipment, instruments and utensils used; the hygiene of the same and the environment; clothing suitable; hygienic habits in handling; Use of personal protective equipment; and the quality of raw material used. The results showed precariousness in the evaluated items, classifying the fairs in group 3, from 0 to 50% of attendance of the analyzed criteria. The criteria of equipment, furniture and utensils; manipulation; and production and transport were obtained 0% of the service, determining a critical point for the contamination of the fish. The conditions found in the analyzed fairs, together with the lack of inspection by the competent authorities, determine bottlenecks in the fish production chain, functioning as a potential risk in the contamination of the marketed product, which may directly interfere with the health of the consumer.(AU)

Perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de queijo manteiga comercializado em feira pública da cidade de Macapá, AP

O comércio informal de leite e derivados possui relevante impacto na saúde pública, pelo risco de transmissão de doenças alimentares. O S. aureus configura-se um dos principais patógenos associados à contaminação de queijos. O objetivo do presente trabalho, portanto, foi estudar o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos de S. aureus isolados de amostras de queijo manteiga comercializadas nas feiras públicas de Macapá. Foram obtidas 20 amostras de queijo comercializados em feiras livres da cidade de Macapá, AP. O isolamento foi realizado em Agar Baird Parker e para confirmação das colônias típicas, foi realizada a coloração de Gram, identificação bioquímica, catalase, coagulase e DNase. Posteriormente, pela técnica de disco-difusão foram testados os seguintes antibióticos: Gentamicina 10 mg (GEN), clorafenicol 30 mg (CLO), tetraciclina 30 mg (TET), eritromicina 15 mg (ERI), norfloxacina 10 mg (NOR), nitrofurantoina 300mg (NIT), sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim 1,25/23,75 mg (SUT), oxacilina 1 mg (OXA), vancomicina 30 mg (VAN). Das amostras avaliadas, 60% estavam fora do padrão para S. aureus , mas mostraram que os antibióticos NIT, SUT, TET, CLO e OXA foram eficazes frente a todas as cepas, por outro lado, das 12 estripes avaliadas, cinco (41,67%%) apresentaram resistência total a ERI, 3 (25%)apresentaram resistência total a GEN e uma (8,33%) apresentou resistência intermediária a NOR. Estes resultados demonstram a importância de uma legislação mais rigorosa para o fortalecimento do Sistema de Vigilância Sanitária, com o intuito de fiscalizar alimentos oferecidos à população e seus lugares de comercialização, diminuindo os riscos à população que consome esses produtos.(AU)

The informal trade in milk and dairy products has a significant impact on public health because of the risk of transmission of foodborne diseases. S. aureus is one of the main pathogens associated with cheese contamination. The present work aimed to study the antimicrobial resistance profile os S. aureus isolated from samples of butter cheese commercialized in the public fairs of Macapá. Twenty samples of cheese marketed in free markets of the city of Macapá. Isolation was performed in Baird Parker agar and for confirmation of typical colonies, Gram staining, biochemical identification, catalase, coagulase and DNase were performed. Subsequently, by the disc-diffusion technique, the following antibiotics were tested: Gentamicin 10 mg (GEN), chlorphenicol 30 mg (CLO), tetracycline 30 mg (TET), erythromycin 15 mg (ERI), norfloxacin 10 mg (NOR), nitrofurantoin 300mg (NIT), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim 1,25/23,75 mg (SUT), oxacilin 1 mg (OXA), vancomycin 30 mg (NPV). Of the samples evaluated, 60% were non-standard for S. aureus but showed that NIT, SUT, TET, CLO and OXA antibiotics were effective against all strains, on the other hand, of the 12 strains evaluated, 5 (41,67%) presented total ERI resistance, 3 (25%) presented total resistance to GEN, and 1 (8,33%) presented intermediate resistance to NOR. These results demonstrate the importance of stricter legislation for the strengthening of the Sanitary Surveillance System, with the purpose of insoecting food offered to the population and their places of sale, reducing the risks to the population that consumes these products.(AU)

Condições higienicossanitárias da comercialização de pescado em feiras livres da cidade de Santana, AP / Hygiene and sanitary conditions of the commercialization of fish in free trade fairs in the city of Santana, AP

O pescado é um alimento altamente perecível, o qual deve receber atenção redobrada pelos órgãos competentes, especialmente os comercializados em mercados e feiras livres. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias na comercialização de pescado nas feiras públicas da cidade de Santana, Amapá. A avaliação foi fundamentada em um checklist adaptado da RDC nº 216/2004 da ANVISA- Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, contendo como itens de verificação as edificações; equipamentos, instrumentos e utensílios utilizados; a higienização dos mesmos e do ambiente; o vestuário adequado; hábitos higiênicos na manipulação; o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual; e a qualidade de matéria-prima utilizada. Os resultados demonstraram precariedade nos itens avaliados, classificando as feiras no grupo 3, de 0 a 50% de atendimento aos critérios analisados. Na avaliação de equipamentos, móveis e utensílios; manipulação; e produção e transporte verificou-se 0% de atendimento, determinando-se um ponto crítico para a contaminação do pescado. As condições encontradas nas feiras analisadas, aliadas à falta de fiscalização pelos órgãos competentes, determinam pontos de estrangulamento na cadeia produtiva do pescado, funcionando como potencial risco na contaminação do produto comercializado, o que pode interferir diretamente na saúde do consumidor.(AU)

Fishery products are a highly perishable food, in which it must receive attention redoubled by the competent organs, especially those marketed in markets and free fairs. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions in the commercialization of fish in the public fairs of the city of Santana, Amapá. The evaluation was based on a checklist adapted from the RDC 216/2004 of ANVISA, containing as criteria the buildings; equipment, instruments and utensils used; the hygiene of the same and the environment; clothing suitable; hygienic habits in handling; Use of personal protective equipment; and the quality of raw material used. The results showed precariousness in the evaluated items, classifying the fairs in group 3, from 0 to 50% of attendance of the analyzed criteria. The criteria of equipment, furniture and utensils; manipulation; and production and transport were obtained 0% of the service, determining a critical point for the contamination of the fish. The conditions found in the analyzed fairs, together with the lack of inspection by the competent authorities, determine bottlenecks in the fish production chain, functioning as a potential risk in the contamination of the marketed product, which may directly interfere with the health of the consumer.

Perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de queijo manteiga comercializado em feira pública da cidade de Macapá, AP / Antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from butter cheese marketed at a public fair in the city of Macapa, AP

O comércio informal de leite e derivados possui relevante impacto na saúde pública, pelo risco de transmissão de doenças alimentares. O S. aureus configura-se um dos principais patógenos associados à contaminação de queijos. O objetivo do presente trabalho, portanto, foi estudar o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos de S. aureus isolados de amostras de queijo manteiga comercializadas nas feiras públicas de Macapá. Foram obtidas 20 amostras de queijo comercializados em feiras livres da cidade de Macapá, AP. O isolamento foi realizado em Agar Baird Parker e para confirmação das colônias típicas, foi realizada a coloração de Gram, identificação bioquímica, catalase, coagulase e DNase. Posteriormente, pela técnica de disco-difusão foram testados os seguintes antibióticos: Gentamicina 10 µg (GEN), clorafenicol 30 µg (CLO), tetraciclina 30 µg (TET), eritromicina 15 µg (ERI), norfloxacina 10 µg (NOR), nitrofurantoina 300 µg (NIT), sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim 1,25/23,75 µg (SUT), oxacilina 1 µg (OXA), vancomicina 30 µg (VAN). Das amostras avaliadas, 60% estavam fora do padrão para S. aureus, mas mostraram que os antibióticos NIT, SUT, TET, CLO e OXA foram eficazes frente a todas as cepas, por outro lado, das 12 estirpes avaliadas, cinco (41,67%%) apresentaram resistência total a ERI, 3 (25%) apresentaram resistência total a GEN e uma (8,33%) apresentou resistência intermediária a NOR. Estes resultados demonstram a importância de uma legislação mais rigorosa para o fortalecimento do Sistema de Vigilância Sanitária, com o intuito de fiscalizar alimentos oferecidos à população e seus lugares de comercialização, diminuindo os riscos à população que consome esses produtos.(AU)

The informal trade in milk and dairy products has a significant impact on public health because of the risk of transmission of foodborne diseases. S. aureus is one of the main pathogens associated with cheese contamination. The present work aimed to study the antimicrobial resistance profile of S. aureus isolated from samples of butter cheese commercialized in the public fairs of Macapá. twenty samples of cheese marketed in free markets of the city of Macapá. Isolation was performed in Baird Parker agar and for confirmation of typical colonies, Gram staining, biochemical identification, catalase, coagulase and DNase were performed. Subsequently, by the disc- -diffusion technique, the following antibiotics were tested: Gentamicin 10 µg (GEN), Chlorphenicol 30 µg (CLO), tetracycline 30 µg (TET), erythromycin 15 µg (ERI), norfloxacin 10 µg (NOR), nitrofurantoin 300 µg (NIT), sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim 1,25 / 23, 75 µg (SUT), oxacillin 1 µg (OXA), vancomycin 30 µg (NPV). Of the samples evaluated, 60% were non-standard for S. aureus but showed that NIT, SUT, TET, CLO and OXA antibiotics were effective against all strains, on the other hand, of the 12 strains evaluated, 5 (41.67%) presented total ERI resistance, 3 (25%) presented total resistance to GEN, and 1 (8.33%) presented intermediate resistance to NOR. These results demonstrate the importance of stricter legislation for the strengthening of the Sanitary Surveillance System, with the purpose of inspecting food offered to the population and their places of sale, reducing the risks to the population that consumes these products.