RESUMEN
Aluminum (Al) toxicity restricts root growth and agricultural yield in acid soils, which constitute approximately 40% of the potentially arable lands worldwide. The two main mechanisms of Al tolerance in plants are internal detoxification of Al and its exclusion from root cells. Genes encoding membrane transporters and accessory transcription factors, as well as cis-elements that enhance gene expression, are involved in Al tolerance in plants; thus studies of these genes and accessory factors should be the focus of molecular breeding efforts aimed at improving Al tolerance in crops. In this review, we describe the main genetic and molecular studies that led to the identification and cloning of genes associated with Al tolerance in plants. We include recent findings on the regulation of genes associated with Al tolerance. Understanding the genetic, molecular, and physiological aspects of Al tolerance in plants is important for generating cultivars adapted to acid soils, thereby contributing to food security worldwide.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Aluminio/toxicidad , Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Plantas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Genes de Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
This study has as objective to identify the possible consequences of the Syndrome of the Pre-menstrual Tension in the woman's life. Through the questionnaire, we identified disturb related to physical and emotional discomfort and as consequences the alterations in the relationships involving son, husband/boyfriend and family, as well as in the work atmosphere.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome Premenstrual/psicología , Adulto , Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Encuestas y CuestionariosAsunto(s)
Agricultura , Eficiencia , Empleo , Geografía , Dinámica Poblacional , Crecimiento Demográfico , Planificación Social , Población Urbana , Urbanización , Américas , Brasil , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Composición Familiar , Fertilidad , Fuerza Laboral en Salud , Renta , América Latina , Esperanza de Vida , Mortalidad , Población , Características de la Población , América del SurAsunto(s)
Renta , Esperanza de Vida , Mortalidad , Saneamiento , Abastecimiento de Agua , Américas , Brasil , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Ambiente , Salud , América Latina , Longevidad , Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Salud Pública , Factores Socioeconómicos , América del Sur , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
PIP: Three different types of metropolitan region in Brazil are first identified. These are areas of contention (Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), areas of discipline and control (Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, and Porto Alegre), and areas of discipline and dynamism (Belem, Fortaleza, Recife, and Salvador). The population characteristics of these three metropolitan types are compared, with reference to age and sex distribution, literacy, education, economic activity, occupation, and income.^ieng
