Young people, alcohol, and driving in two Australian states.

Road traffic accidents are the single largest cause of death in Australia among people aged 15-24. The proposition that a broadly based deterrence measure, such as random breath testing (RBT), would be sufficient to change the behavior of young drivers was tested in a comparison of young drivers in New South Wales (NSW), which has had RBT for 6 years, with young drivers in Western Australia (WA), where there was no RBT. The results demonstrated that NSW young drivers were less likely to drink and drive and more likely to believe their peers would disapprove of drink-driving than were their counterparts in WA. It was concluded that RBT had altered the drink-driving behavior and possibly the beliefs about drink-driving of young people in NSW.

Drinking-driving compliance in the United States: perceptions and behavior in 1983 and 1986.

This investigation of drinking and driving explored American attitudes, beliefs, legal knowledge and self-reported violations through national surveys in 1983 (1,000 drivers) and 1986 (1,800 drivers). The findings from 1986 replicated all of the basic drinking-driving control tactics reported in 1983, and there were modest gains in compliance rates over time. There was a decrease in perceived certainty of arrests, but, in view of the compliance gains, this decrease seems to have been compensated by increases in legal knowledge, credibility of sanctions and personal support for drunk-driving controls. While there was support for some elements of simple deterrence theory, the findings are more fully accommodated by the inculcation process implied in general deterrence theory.

Alcoholic beverage preference as a public statement: self-concept and social image of college drinkers.

Several studies have indicated that drinking-driving violation rates differ significantly across beverage preference groups. In an effort to assess beverage-specific alcohol expectancies, surveys of 120 college students probed self-concept, drinker stereotypes, beverage preference and quantity-frequency of alcohol consumption. The results revealed sharply differentiated social stereotypes for hypothetical drinkers of various alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages. Beverage preference groups differed little in self-concept except that men who preferred beer or mixed drinks rated themselves as more drunk than did men who preferred wine or nonalcoholic beverages. Combining all beverage preference groups, heavier drinkers rated themselves more positively and they rated male nondrinkers more negatively on most dimensions than did lighter drinkers. Support was found for some, but not all, extrapolations from consistency theory and enhancement theory in predicting beverage choice.

Alcoholic beverage preferences of drinking-driving violators.

Relationships between the preferred type of alcoholic beverage and various drinking-driving behaviors and attitudes were examined in a representative sample of 1000 licensed U.S. drivers interviewed in a national telephone survey. Substantial differences were found between subjects who preferred beer and those who preferred wine or distilled spirits. Those who preferred beer typically drank to higher levels of intoxication, were more likely to drive after drinking and tended to consider driving while intoxicated to be less serious. With few exceptions, these findings were true regardless of sex, age, education, income and marital status. These data contradict the popular perception of beer as a relatively harmless drink of moderation, and challenge policies of special concessions for the legal purchasing age and advertising of beer.