Case Report: Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection in a Patient with HTLV-1: An Infection with Filariform and Rhabditiform Larvae, Eggs, and Free-Living Adult Females Output.

Strongyloides stercoralis is the main etiological agent of human strongyloidiasis. Severe strongyloidiasis is commonly associated to alcoholism, corticostereoid use, and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) coinfection. Herein, we report a case of a 13-year-old boy coinfected with S. stercoralis and HTLV-1, excreting several parasitic forms in the stool. The parasitological examination of his feces showed a large amount of filariform (about 3,000 larvae per gram of feces) and rhabditiform larvae (about 2,000 larvae per gram of feces). In addition, free-living adult females (about 50 parasites per gram of feces) and eggs (about 60 eggs per gram of feces) were detected. The main laboratory findings pointed to high immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels (228 UI/mL) and eosinophila (11.6%). The patient was treated with three courses of ivermectin (200 µg/kg twice, 2 weeks apart), achieving the parasitological cure. An increase of about 19 times in interleucin (IL)-17 level was observed following the parasitological cure, in addition to a decrease in the white blood cell, eosinophil counts, and IgE levels. This is the first case report, to our knowledge, in which an S. stercoralis adult free-living female was described in human feces and where an increase in IL-17 levels after Strongyloides treatment in a HTLV-1 coinfected individual was observed. This finding raises the need for further studies about IL-17 immunomodulation in S. stercoralis and HTLV-1 coinfected patients.

Soroconversão de galinhas para antígenos salivares de L. longipalpis: possibilidade de uso como sentinela em área endêmica para Leishmaniose Visceral / Seroconversion chickens to salivary antigens of L. longipalpis: possibility to use as sentinel in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis

A Leishamaniose Visceral (LV) é transmitida pela picada de insetos da espécie vetora Lutzomyialongipalpis através da inoculação dos parasitas juntamente com a saliva na pele do hospedeiro durante a alimentação sanguínea. A saliva deste vetor desempenha um papel importante na obtenção do repasto, sendo também capaz de modular o sistema imune do hospedeiro. Algumas proteínas salivares são imunogênicas e podem induzir a produção de anticorpos específicos. Neste sentido, a presença de anticorpos anti-saliva pode ser utilizada como marcador de exposição ao vetor. Na LV, a presença de galinhas em área endêmica é considerada um fator importante na manutenção da fauna flebotomínica, além de ser citada como um importante fator de risco para a transmissão da doença. Entretanto, o papel da galinha na cadeia epidemiológica da LV ainda não é bem compreendido. Nosso objetivo neste estudo foi detectar nestes animais a presença de anticorpos contra o sonicado de glândula salivar (SGS)...

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis , when saliva and parasites are injected into the host skin during blood feeding. Saliva has an important role not only in the blood meal process but it is also able to modulate the host’s immune response. Some salivary proteins are immunogenic inducing production of anti-saliva antibodies in the host that can be used as markers of exposure to the vector. In VL, the presence of chicken in the endemic area is indicated as an important source for a blood meal and is often considered as a risk factor for transmission. However the role of the chicken in the VL epidemiology has not been defined. Here we investigate if the detection of antibodies against salivary gland sonicate (SGS)...