Limnological and ecological methods: approaches, and sampling strategies for middle Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant.

In this paper the authors describe the limnological approaches, the sampling methodology, and strategy adopted in the study of the Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant. The river ecosystems are characterized by unidirectional current, highly variable in time depending on the climatic situation the drainage pattern an hydrological cycle. Continuous vertical mixing with currents and turbulence, are characteristic of these ecosystems. All these basic mechanisms were taken into consideration in the sampling strategy and field work carried out in the Xingu River Basin, upstream and downstream the future Belo Monte Power Plant Units.

Spatial patterns of water quality in Xingu River Basin (Amazonia) prior to the Belo Monte dam impoundment.

The Xingu River, one of the most important of the Amazon Basin, is characterized by clear and transparent waters that drain a 509.685 km2 watershed with distinct hydrological and ecological conditions and anthropogenic pressures along its course. As in other basins of the Amazon system, studies in the Xingu are scarce. Furthermore, the eminent construction of the Belo Monte for hydropower production, which will alter the environmental conditions in the basin in its lower middle portion, denotes high importance of studies that generate relevant information that may subsidize a more balanced and equitable development in the Amazon region. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the water quality in the Xingu River and its tributaries focusing on spatial patterns by the use of multivariate statistical techniques, identifying which water quality parameters were more important for the environmental changes in the watershed. Data sampling were carried out during two complete hydrological cycles in twenty-five sampling stations. The data of twenty seven variables were analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficients, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed a high auto-correlation between variables (> 0.7). These variables were removed from multivariate analyzes because they provided redundant information about the environment. The CA resulted in the formation of six clusters, which were clearly observed in the PCA and were characterized by different water quality. The statistical results allowed to identify a high spatial variation in the water quality, which were related to specific features of the environment, different uses, influences of anthropogenic activities and geochemical characteristics of the drained basins. It was also demonstrated that most of the sampling stations in the Xingu River basin showed good water quality, due to the absence of local impacts and high power of depuration of the river itself.

Spatial patterns of water quality in Xingu River Basin (Amazonia) prior to the Belo Monte dam impoundment / Padrões espaciais de qualidade de água na Bacia do Rio Xingu (Amazônia) anteriores a barragem de Belo Monte

The Xingu River, one of the most important of the Amazon Basin, is characterized by clear and transparent waters that drain a 509.685 km2 watershed with distinct hydrological and ecological conditions and anthropogenic pressures along its course. As in other basins of the Amazon system, studies in the Xingu are scarce. Furthermore, the eminent construction of the Belo Monte for hydropower production, which will alter the environmental conditions in the basin in its lower middle portion, denotes high importance of studies that generate relevant information that may subsidize a more balanced and equitable development in the Amazon region. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the water quality in the Xingu River and its tributaries focusing on spatial patterns by the use of multivariate statistical techniques, identifying which water quality parameters were more important for the environmental changes in the watershed. Data sampling were carried out during two complete hydrological cycles in twenty-five sampling stations. The data of twenty seven variables were analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficients, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed a high auto-correlation between variables (> 0.7). These variables were removed from multivariate analyzes because they provided redundant information about the environment. The CA resulted in the formation of six clusters, which were clearly observed in the PCA and were characterized by different water quality. The statistical results allowed to identify a high spatial variation in the water quality, which were related to specific features of the environment, different uses, influences of anthropogenic activities and geochemical characteristics of the drained basins. It was also demonstrated that most of the sampling stations in the Xingu River basin showed good water quality, due to the absence of local impacts and high power of depuration of the river itself.(AU)

O rio Xingu, um dos mais importantes rios que constituem a bacia amazônica, é caracterizado por águas claras e transparentes que drenam uma bacia hidrográfica de 509,685 km2 com distintas condições hidrológicas, ecológicas e pressões antrópicas ao longo de seu percurso. Assim como nas demais bacias hidrográficas da Amazônia, os estudos no Xingu são raros. A eminente construção da Usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, a qual alterará as condições ambientais na bacia, demanda também a realização de estudos que gerem informações relevantes e que forneçam subsídios para um desenvolvimento mais equilibrado e igualitário região amazônica. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade de água no rio Xingu e em seus tributários focando em padrões espaciais na área de estudo pelo uso de técnicas de estatística multivariada, identificando quais parâmetros são mais relevantes nas condições de qualidade de água na bacia hidrográfica. As coletas de dados ocorreram durante dois ciclos hidrológicos completos em vinte e cinco estações de amostragem. Os dados de vinte e sete variáveis foram analisados pelos coeficientes de correlação de Spearman, análise Cluster (CA), e análise de componentes principais (PCA). Os resultados apontaram para um elevado contingente de variáveis com elevada correlação entre si (>0,7), sendo que estas altas variáveis foram retiradas das análises multivariadas por fornecerem informações ecológicas redundantes sobre o ambiente estudado. A CA resultou na formação de 6 agrupamentos, os quais foram observados por possuírem qualidade de água consideravelmente distintas pela PCA. Os resultados estatísticos permitiram identificar uma alta variação espacial da qualidade de água superficial na bacia estudada, sendo estas ocasionadas por especificidades do entorno, diferentes usos da água locais, influências de atividades antrópicas e características geoquímicas das bacias drenadas. Pode-se também evidenciar que em grande parte das estações de coleta na bacia do rio Xingu a qualidade de água superficial foi elevada, decorrente da ausência de impactos locais e do alto poder de depuração do rio.(AU)

Limnological and ecological methods: approaches, and sampling strategies for middle Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant / Estudo limnológico e da biota aquática no Rio Xingu na área de influência de UHE Belo Monte: metodologia e abordagens

In this paper the authors describe the limnological approaches, the sampling methodology, and strategy adopted in the study of the Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant. The river ecosystems are characterized by unidirectional current, highly variable in time depending on the climatic situation the drainage pattern an hydrological cycle. Continuous vertical mixing with currents and turbulence, are characteristic of these ecosystems. All these basic mechanisms were taken into consideration in the sampling strategy and field work carried out in the Xingu River Basin, upstream and downstream the future Belo Monte Power Plant Units.(AU)

Neste trabalho os autores descrevem as abordagens limnológicas e a metodologia e estratégia de amostragem adotadas no estudo do Rio Xingu, na área de influência da futura Usina da Belo Monte (UHE Belo Monte). O ecossistema de rios é caracterizado por velocidade unidirecional de correntes, muitas flutuações de fluxos dependendo do clima do padrão de drenagem e do ciclo hidrológico. Mistura vertical permanente e turbulências ocorrem constantemente devido a correntes predominantes. Todos estes mecanismos gerais e específicos característicos do Rio Xingu, foram levados em consideração no plano de estudos limnológicos e amostragens desenvolvidas na área de influência de UHE Belo Monte a montante e a jusante do futuro empreendimento.(AU)

Limnological and ecological methods: approaches, and sampling strategies for middle Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant / Estudo limnológico e da biota aquática no Rio Xingu na área de influência de UHE Belo Monte: metodologia e abordagens

In this paper the authors describe the limnological approaches, the sampling methodology, and strategy adopted in the study of the Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant. The river ecosystems are characterized by unidirectional current, highly variable in time depending on the climatic situation the drainage pattern an hydrological cycle. Continuous vertical mixing with currents and turbulence, are characteristic of these ecosystems. All these basic mechanisms were taken into consideration in the sampling strategy and field work carried out in the Xingu River Basin, upstream and downstream the future Belo Monte Power Plant Units.

Neste trabalho os autores descrevem as abordagens limnológicas e a metodologia e estratégia de amostragem adotadas no estudo do Rio Xingu, na área de influência da futura Usina da Belo Monte (UHE Belo Monte). O ecossistema de rios é caracterizado por velocidade unidirecional de correntes, muitas flutuações de fluxos dependendo do clima do padrão de drenagem e do ciclo hidrológico. Mistura vertical permanente e turbulências ocorrem constantemente devido a correntes predominantes. Todos estes mecanismos gerais e específicos característicos do Rio Xingu, foram levados em consideração no plano de estudos limnológicos e amostragens desenvolvidas na área de influência de UHE Belo Monte a montante e a jusante do futuro empreendimento.

Spatial patterns of water quality in Xingu River Basin (Amazonia) prior to the Belo Monte dam impoundment / Padrões espaciais de qualidade de água na Bacia do Rio Xingu (Amazônia) anteriores a barragem de Belo Monte

The Xingu River, one of the most important of the Amazon Basin, is characterized by clear and transparent waters that drain a 509.685 km2 watershed with distinct hydrological and ecological conditions and anthropogenic pressures along its course. As in other basins of the Amazon system, studies in the Xingu are scarce. Furthermore, the eminent construction of the Belo Monte for hydropower production, which will alter the environmental conditions in the basin in its lower middle portion, denotes high importance of studies that generate relevant information that may subsidize a more balanced and equitable development in the Amazon region. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the water quality in the Xingu River and its tributaries focusing on spatial patterns by the use of multivariate statistical techniques, identifying which water quality parameters were more important for the environmental changes in the watershed. Data sampling were carried out during two complete hydrological cycles in twenty-five sampling stations. The data of twenty seven variables were analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficients, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed a high auto-correlation between variables (> 0.7). These variables were removed from multivariate analyzes because they provided redundant information about the environment. The CA resulted in the formation of six clusters, which were clearly observed in the PCA and were characterized by different water quality. The statistical results allowed to identify a high spatial variation in the water quality, which were related to specific features of the environment, different uses, influences of anthropogenic activities and geochemical characteristics of the drained basins. It was also demonstrated that most of the sampling stations in the Xingu River basin showed good water quality, due to the absence of local impacts and high power of depuration of the river itself.

O rio Xingu, um dos mais importantes rios que constituem a bacia amazônica, é caracterizado por águas claras e transparentes que drenam uma bacia hidrográfica de 509,685 km2 com distintas condições hidrológicas, ecológicas e pressões antrópicas ao longo de seu percurso. Assim como nas demais bacias hidrográficas da Amazônia, os estudos no Xingu são raros. A eminente construção da Usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, a qual alterará as condições ambientais na bacia, demanda também a realização de estudos que gerem informações relevantes e que forneçam subsídios para um desenvolvimento mais equilibrado e igualitário região amazônica. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade de água no rio Xingu e em seus tributários focando em padrões espaciais na área de estudo pelo uso de técnicas de estatística multivariada, identificando quais parâmetros são mais relevantes nas condições de qualidade de água na bacia hidrográfica. As coletas de dados ocorreram durante dois ciclos hidrológicos completos em vinte e cinco estações de amostragem. Os dados de vinte e sete variáveis foram analisados pelos coeficientes de correlação de Spearman, análise Cluster (CA), e análise de componentes principais (PCA). Os resultados apontaram para um elevado contingente de variáveis com elevada correlação entre si (>0,7), sendo que estas altas variáveis foram retiradas das análises multivariadas por fornecerem informações ecológicas redundantes sobre o ambiente estudado. A CA resultou na formação de 6 agrupamentos, os quais foram observados por possuírem qualidade de água consideravelmente distintas pela PCA. Os resultados estatísticos permitiram identificar uma alta variação espacial da qualidade de água superficial na bacia estudada, sendo estas ocasionadas por especificidades do entorno, diferentes usos da água locais, influências de atividades antrópicas e características geoquímicas das bacias drenadas. Pode-se também evidenciar que em grande parte das estações de coleta na bacia do rio Xingu a qualidade de água superficial foi elevada, decorrente da ausência de impactos locais e do alto poder de depuração do rio.

Alterations in land uses based on amendments to the Brazilian Forest Law and their influences on water quality of a watershed.

The amendments to the Forest Law proposed by the Brazilian government that allow partial substitution of forested areas by agricultural activities raised deep concern about the integrity of aquatic ecosystems. To assess the impacts of this alteration in land uses on the watershed, diffuse loads of total nitrogen (Nt) and total phosphorus (Pt) were estimated in Lobo Stream watershed, southeastern Brazil, based on export coefficients of the Model of Correlation between Land Use and Water Quality (MQUAL). Three scenarios were generated: scenario 1 (present scenario), with 30-meter-wide permanent preservation areas along the shore of water bodies and 50-meter-radius in springs; scenario 2, conservative, with 100-meter-wide permanent preservation areas along water bodies; and scenario 3, with the substitution of 20% of natural forest by agricultural activities. Results indicate that a suppression of 20% of forest cover would cause an increase in nutrient loads as well as in the trophic state of aquatic ecosystems of the watershed. This could result in losses of ecosystem services and compromise the quality of water and its supply for the basin. This study underlines the importance of forest cover for the maintenance of water quality in Lobo Stream watershed.

Demonstration of inhibitory effect of oral shark cartilage on basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea.

Several angiogenic inhibitors have been obtained from shark cartilage, some of these are currently in clinical trials for assessment of safety and therapeutic efficacy in humans. Still, shark cartilage taken orally is commonly used in alternative and complimentary medicine for various ailments including serious diseases such as cancer. However, only few studies of oral shark cartilage have demonstrated pharmacological effects in experimental animals or patients, to indicate safe doses with sufficient bioavailability. In the present study we demonstrated the antiangiogenic properties of oral shark cartilage in the rabbit cornea model. Slow-release, polymethylmetacrylate pellets containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were surgically implanted in the rabbit cornea to stimulate neovascularization scored by stereo microscopy. Powdered shark cartilage (PSC; commercial product) was tested orally along with a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of this cartilage product which was tested by local application. Animals were treated with oral dosages of 100 mg/kg PSC or 200 mg/kg thalidomide as positive control. Pellets containing WSF (50, 100 or 200 microg/pellet) or bFGF-inhibitor pentosan polysulfate were implanted adjacent to the bFGF pellet. Oral shark cartilage inhibited bFGF-induced angiogenesis, as did oral thalidomide, in this in vivo model. WSF and pentosan polysulfate was shown to block neovascularization in the cornea when applied locally. This study demonstrates that in the rabbit, oral shark cartilage appears to produce systemic levels of angiogenesis inhibitors that can exert their effect at the cornea.