Radiation therapy for vulvar cancer: consensus guidelines of the GINECOR working group of the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology. Part 1: clinical recommendations.

PURPOSE: The present consensus statement was developed by the GINECOR working group on behalf of the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR). Given the lack of prospective data on the management of vulvar carcinoma, this document provides an up-to-date review of radiotherapy treatment in vulvar cancer and a series of consensus-based recommendations from a group of experts. METHODS: A two-round, online modified Delphi study was conducted to reach consensus treatment recommendations in three clinical settings: 1) adjuvant treatment, 2) locally-advanced vulvar cancer (LAVC), and 3) recurrent disease. After the first round, we comprehensively reviewed the available medical literature from peer-reviewed journals to assess and define the evidence-based treatment options. In the second round, participants were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the preliminary recommendations according to the GRADE (Grade of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) criteria, as follows: strongly agree; agree; neither agree nor disagree; disagree; strongly disagree. RESULTS: The main recommendations were as follows: 1) following surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended with the presence of adverse risk factors (primarily positive margins and lymph node involvement); 2) radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) should be considered in LAVC; and 3) in recurrent disease, radiotherapy should be individualised on a case-by-case basis. A high level of agreement over 80% was reached. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of robust clinical data, these final recommendations may help to select the optimal radiotherapy approach for this relatively rare cancer.

Radiation therapy for vulvar cancer: consensus technical guidelines of the GINECOR working group of the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology. Part 2: radiotherapy recommendations.

PURPOSE: The present consensus statement was developed by the GINECOR working group on behalf of the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR). This document provides an up-to-date review of the technical aspects in radiation treatment of vulvar cancer. METHODS: A two-round modified Delphi study was conducted to reach consensus on the appropriateness of technical aspects of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Three clinical scenarios were proposed: adjuvant treatment of vulvar cancer, radiation treatment of locally advanced vulvar carcinoma and locoregional recurrences. After the first round, an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journal was performed to define evidence-based treatment options. In the second round, participants were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the preliminary recommendations according to the GRADE (Grade of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) criteria, as follows: strongly agree; agree; neither agree nor disagree; disagree and strongly disagree. RESULTS: The main recommendations on external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy, both in adjuvant setting and local advanced disease are summarized. Recommendations include treatment technique, treatment volume, and doses in target and organs at-risk. Taking into consideration the different clinical scenarios of recurrent disease, the radiation treatment should be individualized. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of robust clinical data, these recommendations may help to select the optimal radiotherapy approach for this relatively rare cancer.

Factores Contextuales Asociados a la Selectividad de la Conducta Alimentaria: Perspectiva Fonoaudiológica / Contextual Factors Associated with Eating Behavior Selectivity: A speech-language Pathologist Perspective

La conducta alimentaria es una condición que el infante construye en el marco de su realidad contextual. Históricamente la alimentación se ha visto como la vía nutricional, que lo es, pero también cumple otro papel fundamental, generar las condiciones fenotípicas del crecimiento orofacial. Desde cualquiera de estas dos perspectivas, se debe implementar una visión preventiva de la atención en salud, permitiendo generar aportes desde la fonoaudiología para prever situaciones de riesgo alrededor de la selectividad y rechazo de la conducta alimentaria y otras áreas de abordaje que nos competen, y que, en el caso de este artículo, hacen parte del desarrollo de la salud alrededor de los procesos motores y comunicativos que se entretejen con el acto de comer. Las decisiones alrededor de inclusión de nuevos alimentos y la presentación de estos en cuanto características reológicas y organolépticas, son decisiones que deben tomarse a partir de un reconocimiento de la edad, el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la maduración del sistema estomatognático, factores concatenados de manera estrecha con la acción y facilitación de los padres y el contexto. Es importante destacar que la selectividad y el rechazo del alimento, así como la alimentación misma podría destacarse como un hedonismo que no necesariamente nace con el sujeto, sino que se fomenta y se construye a partir de las experiencias. De ahí la importancia de las experiencias positivas en el marco de la alimentación, donde se involucra toda una situación familiar y social cargada de afectividad y patrones inicialmente imitables. Recuerde que, aunque el niño/a no debe ser visto como un adulto de estatura menor, también es importante entender que, desde su nivel de desarrollo cognitivo y emocional, son seres humanos con pensamientos, sensaciones y criterios definidos para su edad, por lo cual aprender a escucharlos también es importante alrededor de los temas que atañen a su alimentación. Buscar estrategias para que ellos comprendan la importancia de la alimentación en relación con el crecimiento y el desarrollo será fundamental no sólo desde lo biológico

Eating behavior is a condition that the infant constructs within the framework of its contextual reality. Historically, feeding has been seen as the nutritional pathway, which it is, but it also plays another fundamental role, generating the phenotypic conditions of orofacial growth. From either of these two perspectives, a preventive vision of health care should be implemented, allowing to generate contributions from speech therapy to anticipate risk situations around the selectivity and rejection of eating behavior and other areas of approach that concern us, and that, in the case of this article, are part of the development of health around the motor and communicative processes that are interwoven with the act of eating. Decisions about the inclusion of new foods and their presentation in terms of rheological and organoleptic characteristics are decisions that must be made based on the recognition of the age, growth, development and maturation of the stomatognathic system, factors closely linked to the action and facilitation of parents and the context. It is important to emphasize that the selectivity and rejection of food, as well as eating itself, could be highlighted as a hedonism that is not necessarily born with the subject, but is fostered and built from experiences. Hence the importance of positive experiences in the context of food, which involves a whole family and social situation loaded with affectivity and initially imitable patterns. Remember that, although the child should not be seen as an adult of smaller stature, it is also important to understand that, from their level of cognitive and emotional development, they are human beings with thoughts, sensations and criteria defined for their age, so learning to listen to them is also important around issues that concern their feeding. Finding strategies for them to understand the importance of food in relation to growth and development will be fundamental not only from the biological point of view

Ausculta cervical en el paciente pediátrico con parálisis cerebral Revision narrativa / Cervical auscultation in pediatric patient with cerebral palsy Narrative review

Dentro de la atención clínica, el profesional de la fonoaudiología cuenta con recursos evaluativos para describir la biomecánica secuencial de la ingesta; uno de los recursos utilizados es la Auscultación Cervical (AC). (Dudik et al., 2016) Teniendo en cuenta la descripción de la importancia de la intervención oportuna y efectiva de los procesos de alimentación en los niños con parálisis cerebral, se considera necesario resolver aspectos relevantes alrededor de la relación de las características clínicas de estos niños en su proceso de deglución y los registros del perfil espectrográfico en su fase faríngea de la deglución a partir de la aplicación de la AC. La organización de la revisión establece la búsqueda de artículos científicos en la utilización de la AC en la evaluación clínica de la deglución en sujetos pediátricos y diagnosticados con Parálisis Cerebral. La información encontrada muestra cómo en ausencia de procesos instrumentales de evaluación deglutoria, la AC aporta como beneficio la accesibilidad del procedimiento, además de características de temporalidad en la secuencia de los sonidos deglutorio, sin ningún tipo de factor adverso para su realización. Es por ello que la auscultación es un recurso importante en la evaluación clínica y se puede establecer como un primer paso en el análisis de los aspectos fisiológicos de la fase faríngea de la deglución, pone a la auscultación en una posición privilegiada, pero que debe ser estandarizada por los estudiosos y teóricos del tema.

In the clinical care, the speech language pathologist has evaluative resources to describe the biomechanics of swallowing; one of the resources used is Cervical Auscultation (CA). (Dudik et al., 2016) Taking into account the description of the importance of the timely and effective intervention of the swallowing processes in children with cerebral palsy, it is considered necessary to solve relevant aspects around the relationship of the clinical characteristics of these children in their swallowing process and the records of the spectrographic profile in their pharyngeal phase of swallowing from the application of CA. In the absence of instrumental swallowing evaluation processes, CA provides the accessibility of the procedure as a benefit, in addition to temporality characteristics in the sequence of swallowing sounds, without any type of adverse factor for its performance. The CA is an important resource in clinical evaluation, it establishes a first step in the physiological analysis of swallowing with the physiological aspects of the pharyngeal phase. This puts auscultation in a privileged position, but it must be standardized by cientifics and theorists on the subject.

Abordaje fonoaudiológico de la deglución en el Síndrome de Enclaustramiento / Intervention approach for speech -language pathologists to swallowing in Locked-in Syndrome

n el Síndrome de Enclaustramiento las manifestaciones clínicas son preponderantemente de orden motor, situación que requiere la intervención del Fonoaudiólogo, dado el compromiso comunicativo y de la biomecánica deglutoria. La disfagia en este síndrome está dada por la desconexión sensorio-motriz de las estructuras anatómicas de la deglución, alterando la secuencia neuromotora y sensitiva del proceso deglutorio debido a la desconexión pontina. El texto presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 27 años quien es diagnosticada con Síndrome de Eclaustramiento posterior a accidente cerebrovascular de Arteria Basilar Derecha, acto que compromete sus habilidades motoras de forma generalizada. A partir de su diagnóstico y dadas las características multicéntricas de la deglución, se objetiva comenzar intervención fonoaudiológica oportuna, estableciendo como eje fundamental la secuencialidad de los procesos neurofisiológicos de la deglución; adoptando como estrategia el manejo de consistencias, fortaleciendo sensorial y motrizmente la deglución. Al intervenir las necesidades sensoriomotoras orales en pro de la alimentación, y usando como estrategias terapéuticas la modificación de consistencias, manejo de volumen, postura, aditamento para suministro de alimento y tiempos de ingesta, se minimizan los riesgos en el proceso de alimentación y se puedo llegar a mantener un estado nutricional y de hidratación óptimo para la recuperación física general, permitiendo el aumento de la ingesta en una proporción inicial de 30% vía oral - 70% vía enteral a un 100% incluyendo a la dieta el nivel 4-puré, según la IDDSI y desarrollando paralelamente procesos de interacción familiar, impactando su calidad de vida.

he clinical manifestations of Locked-In Syndrome are predominantly motor in order, a situation that requires the intervention of the speech therapist, given the communicative disorder and biomechanics of swallowing. The dysphagia in this syndrome is produced by the sensibly-motor disconnection of the anatomical structures of swallowing, altering the neuromotor and sensitive sequence of the swallowing process because of the pontine disconnection. The text presents the case of a 27-year-old female who is diagnosed with Locked-In Syndrome after suffering a cerebrovascular accident in the Basilar Right Artery, which compromises her motor skills. From her diagnosis and given the characteristics of swallowing, it is necessary to begin speech therapy intervention, focusing the sequences of the neurophysiological processes of swallowing; using as a strategy the management of consistency, strengthening sensory and motor swallowing. After intervening the oral sensory motor, improving nutrition, and using as therapeutic strategies the modification of consistency, volume, posture, food supply and intake times. The risks in the feeding process are minimized, the nutritional status and optimal hydration can be maintained for the overall physical recovery, allowing the increase of intake with an initial proportion of 30% orally - 70% through enteral to 100%, including the 4-Pureed level, according to the IDDSI and developing parallel processes of family interaction, impacting their quality of life.

Efecto de las barreras de acceso sobre la asistencia a citas de programa de control prenatal y desenlaces perinatales / Effect of the Access Barriers on Attending to Pregnant Control Appointments and its Perinatal Outcomes / Efeito das barreiras de acesso a comparecimento a consultas médicas programadas de controle pré-natal e desenlaces perinatais

Objetivo: determinar qué condiciones pueden explicar la inasistencia a citas programadas de control prenatal (CPN) y evaluar si la eliminación de las barreras de acceso mejora las condiciones de salud de las gestantes. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de diseño mixto, multietápico, de cohorte prospectivo. Resultados: la dificultad para el pago de transporte fue la principal barrera de acceso causante de inasistencia. Mediante la entrega de subsidios de transporte, las inasistencias disminuyeron 87%. Los determinantes de la salud asociados con mayor probabilidad de presentar complicaciones perinatales fueron: estrato socioeconómico bajo, distancia de la vivienda respecto al sitio de atención y alta puntuación en escala de riesgo biopsicosocial. Adicionalmente, factores como educación superior y sustento económico a cargo del hombre cabeza de familia se asociaron a reducción del riesgo de complicaciones materno-fetales. Conclusiones: las barreras económicas, socioculturales y geográficas, obviadas por el sistema de salud colombiano, afectan la accesibilidad al CPN.

Objective: To determine conditions that may explain the failure to attend the programmed prenatal control appointments (CPN), and assessing whether eliminating the access barriers improves the health conditions of pregnant women. Methodology: We performed a mixed design prospective cohort study in several stages. Results: The main access barrier that caused failures to attend was difficulties to pay for transportation. By giving transportation subsidies, the failures to attend to the appointments were reduced by 87%. The health determinants associated with a higher probability of having perinatal complications were: low socio-economic status, distance from their residence to the attention site, and a high score in the biopsychosocial risk scale. Additionally, factors like tertiary education and economic support in charge of the man head of the household were associated with a decrease in the risk of maternal-fetal complications. Conclusions: the economic, socio-cultural and geographical barriers ignored by the Colombian health system affect access to the CPN.

Objetivo: determinar quais condções podem explicar o não comparecimento as consultas médicas programadas de controle prénatal (CPN) e avaliar se a remocao das barreiras de acesso melhora as condições de saúde das gestantes. Metodologia: realizou-se estudo de desenho misto, multiestágio, de coorte prospectivo. Resultados: a dificuldade para o pagamento de transporte foi a principal barreira de acesso causante do nao comparecimento. Ao fornecer subsidios de transporte, os nao comparecimentos diminuíram 87%. Os determinantes da saúde associados com maior probabilidade de apresentar complicacoes perinatais foram: baixo estrato socioeconómico, distancia da moradia respeito do local de atendimento e alta pontuacao em escala de risco biopsicosocial. Aliás, fatores como ensino superior e sustento económico a cargo do homem cabeca de familia foram associados a reducao de risco de complicares materno-fetais. Conclusões: as barreiras económicas, socioculturais e geográficas, obviadas pelo sistema de saúde colombiano, afetam a acessibilidade ao CPN.