Surrogate indices of insulin resistance using the Matsuda index as reference in adult men-a computational approach.

Background: Overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance (IR) are strongly associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. Different surrogate indices of IR are derived and validated with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) test. Thus, using a computational approach to predict IR with Matsuda index as reference, this study aimed to determine the optimal cutoff value and diagnosis accuracy for surrogate indices in non-diabetic young adult men. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with 93 young men (ages 18-31). Serum levels of glucose and insulin were analyzed in the fasting state and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Additionally, clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and anthropometric characteristics and body composition (DEXA) were determined. The computational approach to evaluate the IR diagnostic accuracy and cutoff value using difference parameters was examined, as well as other statistical tools to make the output robust. Results: The highest sensitivity and specificity at the optimal cutoff value, respectively, were established for the Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (0.91; 0.98; 3.40), the Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (0.98; 0.96; 0.33), the triglyceride-glucose (TyG)-waist circumference index (TyG-WC) (1.00; 1.00; 427.77), the TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI) (1.00; 1.00; 132.44), TyG-waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR) (0.98; 1.00; 2.48), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (1.00; 1.00; 0.53), waist circumference (WC) (1.00; 1.00; 92.63), body mass index (BMI) (1.00; 1.00; 28.69), total body fat percentage (TFM) (%) (1.00; 1.00; 31.07), android fat (AF) (%) (1.00; 0.98; 40.33), lipid accumulation product (LAP) (0.84; 1.00; 45.49), leptin (0.91; 1.00; 16.08), leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) (0.84; 1.00; 1.17), and fasting insulin (0.91; 0.98; 16.01). Conclusions: The computational approach was used to determine the diagnosis accuracy and the optimal cutoff value for IR to be used in preventive healthcare.

A follow-up study after an improved cookstove intervention in rural Mexico: Estimation of household energy use and chronic PM2.5 exposure.

The benefits of improved biomass cookstoves (ICS) depends on their adoption and sustained use. Few studies have documented if and how they are used more than five years after being introduced. We conducted a 9-year prospective cohort study among young rural women in the highlands of Michoacan, Mexico. Participants had received a Patsari ICS during a community trial either in 2005 or 2006. With retrospective information collected in 2012-13, we studied the households' energy use, ICS survival, and cooking practices during the follow-up period. Using an exposure model constructed with personal PM2.5 measurements in a subsample of homes at the time of the initial trial in 2005, we estimated the exposure associated with different energy use patterns during the follow-up period. The ICS had a mean lifespan of 4 years, after which more than half of the stoves were not in use; therefore, the use of open fire increased, particularly among the indigenous communities. ICS use peak was achieved two years after the initial trial, either exclusively or combined with open fire. Yearly household energy use and other variables were used to estimate chronic air pollution exposure. Mean PM2.5 exposure during the follow-up period ranged from 51 to 319 µg/m3; the median was 102 and 146 µg/m3 for mainly ICS and mainly open fire use, respectively. The ICS has a useful period after which it needs maintenance, repair, or replacement. Unfortunately, many programs have not afforded a follow-up component. Exposure to biomass smoke air pollutants can be reduced by using an ICS instead of the traditional open fire. Household energy strategies should ensure equitable access to clean energy options adapted to local needs and preferences with culturally appropriate technology implemented on a sustainable perspective.

Cognitive impairment and hypertension in older adults living in extreme poverty: a cross-sectional study in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that hypertension is a risk factor for cognitive impairment, but whether this association is also present in extremely poor populations in Low Middle Income Countries settings remains to be studied. Understanding other drivers of cognitive impairment in this unique population also merits attention. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis using data from the "Encuesta de Salud y Bienestar del Adulto Mayor", a regional survey conducted in an extremely poor population of people older than 65 years old from 12 Peruvian cities in 2012. The outcome variable was cognitive impairment, determined by a score of ≤7 in the modified Mini-Mental State Examination. The exposure was self-reported hypertension status. Variables such as age, gender, controlled hypertension, education level, occupation, depression and area of living (rural/urban) were included in the adjusted analysis. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Data from 3842 participants was analyzed, 51.8% were older than 70 years, and 45.6% were females. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 1.7% (95% CI 1.3%-2.1%). There was no significant difference on the prevalence of cognitive impairment between the group of individuals with hypertension in comparison with those without hypertension (PR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.33-1.23). CONCLUSIONS: The association described between hypertension and cognitive impairment was not found in a sample of extremely poor Peruvian older adults.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Peruvian primary care setting.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. There are few studies in Latin America, especially in primary care settings. Our objective was to determine the prevalence, stages, and associated factors of CKD in primary care setting. METHODS: We did a retrospective secondary analysis of a database from the Diabetes and Hypertension Primary Care Center of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud) in Lima, Peru. We defined CKD as the presence of eGFR <60 mL/min and/or albuminuria >30 mg/day in 24 h, according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Factors associated with CKD were evaluated with Poisson Regression models; these factors included age, gender, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), hypertension (HTN), body mass index (BMI), and uric acid. Associations were described as crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: We evaluated 1211 patients (women [59%], mean age 65.8 years [SD: 12.7]). Prevalence of CKD was 18%. Using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the prevalence was 9.3% (95% CI 5.3 - 13.3) in patients without HTN or DM2; 20.2% (95% CI 17.6 - 22.8) in patients with HTN, and 23.9% (95% CI 19.4 - 28.4) in patients with DM2. The most common stages were 1 and 2 with 41.5% and 48%, respectively. Factors associated with CKD in the adjusted analysis were: age in years (PR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.04), DM2 (PR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.09 - 10.39), HTN plus DM2 (PR = 3.90, 95% CI 1.54 - 9.88), and uric acid from 5 to <7 mg/dL (PR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.31 - 3.19) and ≥7 mg/dL (PR = 5.19, 95% CI 3.32 - 8.11). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CKD in the primary care setting population was high. CKD is more frequent in the early stages of the disease, and individuals with hypertension, DM2, older age and hyperuricemia have higher prevalence of CKD.

Factores asociados a la incidencia de hipernatremia intrahospitalaria en pacientes adultos de un servicio de medicina de Lima, Perú / Factors associated with hospital-acquired hypernatremia in adult patients in an internal medicine service in Lima, Peru

Objetivos: Identificar las variables asociadas con la hipernatremia en pacientes adultos hospitalizados en el serviciode Medicina de un hospital general de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio modelo de casos y controles depacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de Medicina del Hospital Cayetano Heredia en el año 2013. Se calculó untamaño de muestra de 65 casos y 65 controles para obtener un OR de 3 con una potencia del 80% y una confianza del95%, apareados por época de hospitalización y Score Glasgow...

Objectives: To identify variables associated with hypernatremia in adult patients admitted in an internal medicineservice in a general hospital in Lima, Peru. Methods: Case-control study of patients admitted in the Internal Medicineservice of Hospital Cayetano Heredia during 2013. A sample size of 65 cases and controls, matched by date ofadmission and Glasgow coma scale, to obtain an OR of 3 with 80% power and 95% confidence was estimated...

Supervivencia en terapias de reemplazo renal dentro de un concepto integral de oferta de servicios públicos en el Perú, periodo 2008 y 2012 / Survival in renal replacement therapies within a concept integral offer services in Peru, from 2008 to 2012

Objetivo: Describir la supervivencia y calidad de vida de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCt) en terapias de reemplazo renal (TRR) en un programa de financiación pública bajo una nueva idea de oferta de los servicios en el Perú (SIS). Materiales y Método: Estudio longitudinal de cohorte retrospectivo de pacientes con ERCt incidentes a hemodiálisis (HD), diálisis peritoneal (DP) o trasplante renal (TR) entre el 2008 al 2012 en un programa centinela del SIS. Resultados: Hubo 175 pacientes con TRR. La supervivencia general fue 95,1%; 91,3% y 87,9% al primer, segundo y tercer año respectivamente. El análisis multivariado de Cox mostró como únicas variables que influenciaron la supervivencia al sexo (varones mayor que mujeres) y la edad ( mayores o igual a 60 años, menor supervivencia que menores de 60). La calidad de vida al término del estudio (Karnofsky menores de 60 y/o fallecido vs. Karnofsky mayores o igual a 60 y vivo), estuvo únicamente relacionada a la edad (corte 50 años) y al tipo de TRR. Conclusiones: La sobrevida de estos pacientes es comparable a cualquier serie nacional o extranjera y solo depende de la edad y el sexo. La calidad de vida fue superior en quienes ingresaron con edad menor a 50 años y aquellos sometidos a TR.

Objective: To describe the effect on survival and quality of life of patients with End-stage renal disease (ESRD) in various renal replacement therapies (RRT) admitted to a public financing program in Peru (SIS). Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort longitudinal study of ESRD patients on hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and renal transplantation (RT) between 2008 to 2012, in a SIS program. Results: There were 175 patients starting RRT. Overall survival was 95.1%, 91.3% and 87.9% for first, second and third year respectively. Cox multivariate analysis showed that the only variables that influenced survival were sex (men > women) and age ( ≥ 60 years, lower survival < 60). The quality of life at the end of the study (Karnofsky < 60 and / or deceased vs. Karnofsky ≥ 60 and alive), was only related to age (50 years) and type of RRT. Conclusions: The survival rate of patients in this program funded by the SIS program is comparable to any local or foreign series and only depends on age and sex. The quality of life was higher in those admitted with age <50 years and those undergoing RT.