Toxicidad, actividad antioxidante in vitro e hipoglicemiante in vitro e in vivo del extracto acuoso de Juglans neotropica Diels (nogal peruano) / Toxicity, in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vitro / in vivo hypoglicemiant activity of Juglans neotropica Diels (Peruvian walnut) aqueous extract

Objetivos: Evaluar la toxicidad, actividad antioxidante e hipoglicemiante del extracto acuoso liofilizado de Juglans neotropica Diels "nogal peruano". Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una caracterización fitoquímica mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. La toxicidad fue medida en larvas de Artemia salina. La actividad antioxidante fue medida usando el test de 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). La actividad hipoglicemiante in vitro fue evaluada mediante la prueba de inhibición de α-glucosidasa; e in vivo mediante el uso de 36 ratas albinas divididas en cuatro grupos de acuerdo a la dosis suministrada (Glibenclamida 10 mg/kg, J.neotropica 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg y 500 mg/kg).Resultados: Dentro de los fitoconstituyentes se encontraron compuestos piranos, carbohidratos y fenoles. Con respecto a la letalidad, se encontró una CL50 de 3108 ug/mL. La mayor actividad antioxidante con el test de DPPH fue encontrada en la concentración de 20 mg/mL (86.68 ± 0.71%) con una IC50: (3.8 ± 0.31 mg/mL). La concentración de 2000 ug/mL y 1750 ug/mL mostraron la mejor actividad inhibitoria de la α-glucosidasa (IC50: 399.39 ug/mL). Se observó que había diferencia significativa (p<0.05) al comparar el grupo glibenclamida con la dosis de Juglans neotropica D 250 mg/kg (CIC: 0.95; IC95%: 0.59-0.99) y 500 mg/kg. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso liofilizado de Juglans neotropica Diels "nogal peruano" no es tóxico, tiene buena capacidad antioxidante y actividad hipoglicemiante in vitro e in vivo a unas concentraciones de 2000 ug/mL y 250 mg/kg, respectivamente.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, mutagenicity, and Microtox® acute toxicity testing of Peruvian crude oil and oil-contaminated water and sediment.

The oil industry is a major source of contamination in Peru, and wastewater and sediments containing oil include harmful substances that may have acute and chronic effects. This study determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations by GC/MS, mutagenicity using TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains with and without metabolic activation in the Muta-ChromoPlate™ test, and Microtox® 5-min EC50 values of Peruvian crude oil, and water and sediment pore water from the vicinity of San José de Saramuro on the Marañón River and Villa Trompeteros on the Corrientes River in Loreto, Peru. The highest total PAH concentration in both areas was found in water (Saramuro = 210.15 µg/ml, Trompeteros = 204.66 µg/ml). Total PAH concentrations in water from San José de Saramuro ranged from 9.90 to 210.15 µg/ml (mean = 66.48 µg/ml), while sediment pore water concentrations ranged from 2.19 to 70.41 µg/ml (mean = 24.33 µg/ml). All water samples tested from Saramuro and Trompeteros sites, and one out of four sediment pore water samples from Trompeteros, were found to be mutagenic (P < 0.001). One sediment pore water sample in Saramuro was determined to have a measurable toxicity (Microtox EC50 = 335.1 mg/l), and in Trompeteros, the EC50 in water and sediment pore water ranged from 25.67 to 133.86 mg/l. Peruvian crude oil was mutagenic using the TA98 strain with metabolic activation, and the EC50 was 17.18 mg/l. The two areas sampled had very high PAH concentrations that were most likely associated with oil activities, but did not lead to acute toxic effects. However, since most of the samples were mutagenic, it is thought that there is a greater potential for chronic effects.

Modificações no óleo da castanha do Pará (Bertholletia excelsa) / Modification in the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) oil

Óleo da castanha do Pará (Bertholletia excelsa), extraído por prensagem das sementes a frio, foi submetido às modificações de fracionamento, hidrogenação, interesterificação e misturas com as gorduras obtidas na hidrogenação. Na hidrogenação o óleo foi submetido a três reações em reator Parr de 1 L, catalisador de níquel (Pricatt 9920-06 - Unichema), e sob as seguintes condições: 175ºC, 3 atm, 60 min (GH1), 150ºC, 1 atm, 30 min (GH2) e 125ºC, 1 atm, 30 min (GH3). O teor de acido esteárico aumentou de 11,6 por cento (óleo original) a 56,7 por cento, 16,3 por cento e 15,3 por cento em GH1, GH2 e GH3, respectivamente. O ácido oléico, representando 34,5 por cento no óleo original descresceu em GH1 a 25,9 por cento e aumentou em GH2 e GH3 a 59,9 por cento e 53,8 por cento, respectivamente...