Multiple resistance to primary pests of grain sorghum hybrids: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and Diceraeus melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

ABSTRACT Plant resistance is an important tactic within the precepts of Integrated Pest Management, and the existence of grain sorghum hybrids with multiple insect resistance could benefit crop management and sustainability. This study evaluated the susceptibility of 30 grain-sorghum hybrids to three major pests, namely, fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, sugarcane borer (SCB) Diatraea saccharalis, and green-belly stink bug (GBS) Diceraeus melacanthus. The hybrids were cultivated and experiments with each insect species were conducted separately in a greenhouse. For FAW, visual injury assessments were performed on plants 7 and 14 days after infestation (DAI). For SCB, insect presence and injury were assessed 40 DAI. For GBS, the plants were evaluated using a damage rating scale 12, 19, and 26 DAI. Cluster analysis allowed separating the grain sorghum hybrids into groups regarding the levels of resistance to each pest. Hybrid BRS373 stood out as moderately resistant to FAW; AG1090, 80G20, BRAVO, BRS373, AG1615, and IG220 were the most promising for SCB; and for GBS, hybrids 50A40, A9735R, JADE, ENFORCER, BUSTER, 50A10, and IG244 were the most nominated. This information will significantly aid sorghum breeding programs focused on developing commercial hybrids that comprise both insect-resistance and high-yield characteristics. However, further research should evaluate potential chemical and morphological plant traits underlying the lower levels of susceptibility to FAW, SCB, and GBS found in the selected sorghum hybrids.

Common bean resistance expression to whitefly in winter and rainy seasons in Brazil

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B is the major pest of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Brazil and other countries. Host plant resistance is one of the cornerstones of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and assessment of cultivars for insect resistance is fundamental to provide farmers options for pest control. This study evaluated common bean resistance to whitefly in the winter and rainy seasons in Jaboticabal, Brazil, and correlated the infestation with climatic factors. The plant part and development period of common bean that are more susceptible to whitefly infestation were also examined for potential use in IPM. Field experiments were carried out using 18 and 19 commercial cultivars in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. Whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults in the upper part and lower part of plants were sampled from 25 to 60 days after emergence (DAE). Cultivars IAC-Una and IAC-Eldorado had less oviposition and the former also showed lower adult infestation in the winter season. In the rainy season, cultivars IAPAR-81 and Guará had a smaller number of eggs, whereas IAC-Centauro was less infested by nymphs. The number of nymphs and adults was similar among cultivars in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. The upper part of plants had a greater number of eggs and adults, while, the lower part harbored larger numbers of nymphs. Common bean was more susceptible to whitefly at 25-32 DAE in both seasons. These results add useful information to IPM of whitefly in common bean.(AU)

Common bean resistance expression to whitefly in winter and rainy seasons in Brazil

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B is the major pest of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Brazil and other countries. Host plant resistance is one of the cornerstones of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and assessment of cultivars for insect resistance is fundamental to provide farmers options for pest control. This study evaluated common bean resistance to whitefly in the winter and rainy seasons in Jaboticabal, Brazil, and correlated the infestation with climatic factors. The plant part and development period of common bean that are more susceptible to whitefly infestation were also examined for potential use in IPM. Field experiments were carried out using 18 and 19 commercial cultivars in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. Whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults in the upper part and lower part of plants were sampled from 25 to 60 days after emergence (DAE). Cultivars IAC-Una and IAC-Eldorado had less oviposition and the former also showed lower adult infestation in the winter season. In the rainy season, cultivars IAPAR-81 and Guará had a smaller number of eggs, whereas IAC-Centauro was less infested by nymphs. The number of nymphs and adults was similar among cultivars in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. The upper part of plants had a greater number of eggs and adults, while, the lower part harbored larger numbers of nymphs. Common bean was more susceptible to whitefly at 25-32 DAE in both seasons. These results add useful information to IPM of whitefly in common bean.

Não preferência para alimentação e antibiose em cultivares de amendoim a Stegasta bosquella (Chambers) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) / Non-preference for feeding and antibiosis in peanut cultivars to Stegasta bosquella (Chambers) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a atratividade, não preferência para alimentação e antibiose em cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto e rasteiro a Stegasta bosquella (Chambers). Avaliaram-se oito cultivares, sendo quatro de hábito de crescimento ereto (IAC Tatu, IAC 22, IAC 8112 e IAC 5) e quatro de hábito rasteiro (IAC Runner 886, IAC 147, IAC 125 e IAC 503). Foram realizados testes de não preferência para alimentação com e sem chance de escolha, utilizando-separes de discos foliares sobrepostos de 1,0 cm de diâmetro, os quais foram dispostos em placas de Petri onde foram liberadas lagartas de terceiro instar de S. bosquella. Avaliou-se a atratividade das lagartas em tempos pré-estabelecidos, além da massa seca consumida. No teste de antibiose, foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos: período e viabilidade larval, de pré-pupa, pupal e total, pesos de lagartas e pupas, razão sexual e longevidade. Nenhuma das cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro apresentaram resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação. Dentre as cultivares de hábito de crescimento ereto, IAC 5 e IAC 22 foram as menos atrativas e consumidas no teste de não preferência para alimentação com chance de escolha, e IAC 5 e IAC 8112 foram as menos atrativas no teste sem chance de escolha. As cultivares de hábito rasteiro IAC 147 e IAC Runner 886 afetaram a...(AU)

This work aimed to evaluate the attractiveness, non-preference for feeding and antibiosis in straight and runner growth habit peanut cultivars to Stegasta bosquella (Chambers). Eight cultivars were evaluated, four of straight growth habit (IAC Tatu, IAC 22, IAC 8112 and IAC 5) and four of runner growth habit (IAC Runner 886, IAC 147, IAC 125 and IAC 503). Free-choice and no-choice feeding tests were performed, using pairs of overlapped leaf discs with 1.0 cm diameter, which were placed in Petri dishes where third instar larvae of S. bosquella were released. The attractiveness to the larvae was assessed in predetermined times, in addition to the dry mass consumed. In the antibiosis assay, the biological parameters were evaluated: period and viability of larvae, pre-pupae, pupae, and total, weight of larvae and pupae, sex ratio and longevity. None of the runner growth habit cultivars exhibited non-preference for feeding-type resistance. Among the straight growth habit cultivars, IAC 5 and IAC 22 were the least attractive and consumed in the free-choice feeding test, and IAC 5 and IAC 8112 were the least attractive in the no-choice test. The runner growth habit cultivars IAC 147 and IAC Runner 886 affected the larval survival of S. bosquella, exhibiting antibiosis-type resistance. For the straight growth habit cultivars, IAC 22 and IAC 8112 affected the larval viability...(AU)

 

Determinação dos tipos de resistência a Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em genótipos de soja / Determination of the resistance types to Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean genotypes

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os tipos de resistência de genótipos de soja a Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) em laboratório. Os genótipos de soja testados foram: IAC 100 (padrão resistente), BR16 (padrão suscetível), Dowling, PI 227687, PI 274454, IGRA RA 626 RR, PI 227682, BRSGO 8360, IGRA RA 516 RR e P 98Y11 RR. Foram realizados testes de não preferência para alimentação com e sem chance de escolha utilizando-se duas lagartas recém-eclodidas por genótipo ou uma lagarta de 3º instar por genótipo em ambos os testes. Avaliou-se a atratividade das lagartas em diferentes intervalos de tempo, e ao término dos experimentos, quantificou-se a área foliar consumida. No teste de antibiose, lagartas recém-eclodidas foram individualizadas em placas de Petri, onde foram fornecidos folíolos dos genótipos durante toda a fase larval, e os seguintes parâmetros biológicos foram avaliados: período e viabilidade de larvas, pupas e total (larvas + pupas), peso de lagartas e de pupas, razão sexual e longevidade dos adultos. Em geral, nos testes de preferência para alimentação, não se verificaram diferenças significativas no consumo foliar entre os genótipos. No ensaio de antibiose, os genótipos PI 227687, PI 227682 e IAC 100 proporcionaram 100% de mortalidade larval e os menores pesos de lagartas, variando entre 37,65 a 85,56 mg. Os genótipos de soja testados não...(AU)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the resistance types in soybean genotypes to Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) in laboratory. Soybean genotypes assessed were as follows: IAC 100 (resistance standard), BR16 (susceptible standard), Dowling, PI 227687, PI 274454, IGRA RA 626 RR, PI 227682, BRSGO 8360, IGRA RA 516 RR and P 98Y11 RR. Free-choice and no-choice feeding non-preference tests were done using two newly-hatched larvae per genotype or one third-instar larva per genotype in both tests. Larvae attractiveness was evaluated in different times, and at the end of the experiments the leaf area consumed was quantified. In the antibiosis test, newly-hatched larvae were individualized into Petri dishes, where leaflets of the genotypes were offered over the larval stage, and the following biological parameters were assessed: period and viability of larvae, pupae and overall (larvae + pupae), weight of larvae and pupae, sex ratio and adults longevity. Overall, in the feeding preference tests, significant differences were not found in leaf consumption among the genotypes. In the antibiosis assay, genotypes PI 227687, PI 227682 and IAC 100 caused 100% larval mortality and the lowest weight of larvae, ranging between 37.65 and 85.56 mg. All soybean genotypes evaluated do not exhibit feeding non-preference type resistance to S. cosmioides, and PI 227687, PI 227682 and...(AU)

Determinação dos tipos de resistência a Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em genótipos de soja / Determination of the resistance types to Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean genotypes

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os tipos de resistência de genótipos de soja a Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) em laboratório. Os genótipos de soja testados foram: IAC 100 (padrão resistente), BR16 (padrão suscetível), Dowling, PI 227687, PI 274454, IGRA RA 626 RR, PI 227682, BRSGO 8360, IGRA RA 516 RR e P 98Y11 RR. Foram realizados testes de não preferência para alimentação com e sem chance de escolha utilizando-se duas lagartas recém-eclodidas por genótipo ou uma lagarta de 3º instar por genótipo em ambos os testes. Avaliou-se a atratividade das lagartas em diferentes intervalos de tempo, e ao término dos experimentos, quantificou-se a área foliar consumida. No teste de antibiose, lagartas recém-eclodidas foram individualizadas em placas de Petri, onde foram fornecidos folíolos dos genótipos durante toda a fase larval, e os seguintes parâmetros biológicos foram avaliados: período e viabilidade de larvas, pupas e total (larvas + pupas), peso de lagartas e de pupas, razão sexual e longevidade dos adultos. Em geral, nos testes de preferência para alimentação, não se verificaram diferenças significativas no consumo foliar entre os genótipos. No ensaio de antibiose, os genótipos PI 227687, PI 227682 e IAC 100 proporcionaram 100% de mortalidade larval e os menores pesos de lagartas, variando entre 37,65 a 85,56 mg. Os genótipos de soja testados não...

The aim of this work was to evaluate the resistance types in soybean genotypes to Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) in laboratory. Soybean genotypes assessed were as follows: IAC 100 (resistance standard), BR16 (susceptible standard), Dowling, PI 227687, PI 274454, IGRA RA 626 RR, PI 227682, BRSGO 8360, IGRA RA 516 RR and P 98Y11 RR. Free-choice and no-choice feeding non-preference tests were done using two newly-hatched larvae per genotype or one third-instar larva per genotype in both tests. Larvae attractiveness was evaluated in different times, and at the end of the experiments the leaf area consumed was quantified. In the antibiosis test, newly-hatched larvae were individualized into Petri dishes, where leaflets of the genotypes were offered over the larval stage, and the following biological parameters were assessed: period and viability of larvae, pupae and overall (larvae + pupae), weight of larvae and pupae, sex ratio and adults longevity. Overall, in the feeding preference tests, significant differences were not found in leaf consumption among the genotypes. In the antibiosis assay, genotypes PI 227687, PI 227682 and IAC 100 caused 100% larval mortality and the lowest weight of larvae, ranging between 37.65 and 85.56 mg. All soybean genotypes evaluated do not exhibit feeding non-preference type resistance to S. cosmioides, and PI 227687, PI 227682 and...

Não preferência para alimentação e antibiose em cultivares de amendoim a Stegasta bosquella (Chambers) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) / Non-preference for feeding and antibiosis in peanut cultivars to Stegasta bosquella (Chambers) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a atratividade, não preferência para alimentação e antibiose em cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto e rasteiro a Stegasta bosquella (Chambers). Avaliaram-se oito cultivares, sendo quatro de hábito de crescimento ereto (IAC Tatu, IAC 22, IAC 8112 e IAC 5) e quatro de hábito rasteiro (IAC Runner 886, IAC 147, IAC 125 e IAC 503). Foram realizados testes de não preferência para alimentação com e sem chance de escolha, utilizando-separes de discos foliares sobrepostos de 1,0 cm de diâmetro, os quais foram dispostos em placas de Petri onde foram liberadas lagartas de terceiro instar de S. bosquella. Avaliou-se a atratividade das lagartas em tempos pré-estabelecidos, além da massa seca consumida. No teste de antibiose, foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos: período e viabilidade larval, de pré-pupa, pupal e total, pesos de lagartas e pupas, razão sexual e longevidade. Nenhuma das cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro apresentaram resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação. Dentre as cultivares de hábito de crescimento ereto, IAC 5 e IAC 22 foram as menos atrativas e consumidas no teste de não preferência para alimentação com chance de escolha, e IAC 5 e IAC 8112 foram as menos atrativas no teste sem chance de escolha. As cultivares de hábito rasteiro IAC 147 e IAC Runner 886 afetaram a...

This work aimed to evaluate the attractiveness, non-preference for feeding and antibiosis in straight and runner growth habit peanut cultivars to Stegasta bosquella (Chambers). Eight cultivars were evaluated, four of straight growth habit (IAC Tatu, IAC 22, IAC 8112 and IAC 5) and four of runner growth habit (IAC Runner 886, IAC 147, IAC 125 and IAC 503). Free-choice and no-choice feeding tests were performed, using pairs of overlapped leaf discs with 1.0 cm diameter, which were placed in Petri dishes where third instar larvae of S. bosquella were released. The attractiveness to the larvae was assessed in predetermined times, in addition to the dry mass consumed. In the antibiosis assay, the biological parameters were evaluated: period and viability of larvae, pre-pupae, pupae, and total, weight of larvae and pupae, sex ratio and longevity. None of the runner growth habit cultivars exhibited non-preference for feeding-type resistance. Among the straight growth habit cultivars, IAC 5 and IAC 22 were the least attractive and consumed in the free-choice feeding test, and IAC 5 and IAC 8112 were the least attractive in the no-choice test. The runner growth habit cultivars IAC 147 and IAC Runner 886 affected the larval survival of S. bosquella, exhibiting antibiosis-type resistance. For the straight growth habit cultivars, IAC 22 and IAC 8112 affected the larval viability...

Efeito de cultivares de repolho e doses de extrato aquoso de nim na alimentação e biologia de Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: plutellidae) / Effect of cabbage cultivars and doses of aqueous extrat of neem on feeding and biology of Plutella xylostella (linnaeus) (lepidoptera: plutellidae)

Avaliaram-se os efeitos isolados e associados das cultivares de repolho Ruby Ball e Chato de Quintal e o extrato aquoso de amêndoas de frutos de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) nas concentrações de 5 e 10% sobre a atratividade, alimentação e desenvolvimento de Plutella xylostella (L.). No teste de não preferência para alimentação com chance de escolha, discos foliares de cada tratamento foram dispostos em placas de Petri onde foram liberadas três lagartas/tratamento, enquanto no teste sem chance de escolha duas lagartas foram colocadas em placas de Petri contendo um disco foliar em cada placa. No teste de biologia, lagartas recém-eclodidas foram transferidas para placas de Petri, na proporção de uma por placa, onde foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos: mortalidade larval após 1, 3 e 5 dias; mortalidade pupal; mortalidade total; peso de lagartas com seis dias de idade; peso de pupas com 24 horas de idade; e longevidade de adultos. A cultivar Ruby Ball apresentou menor atratividade às lagartas no teste com chance de escolha. O extrato de nim em ambas as concentrações foi considerado repelente no teste com chance de escolha. Não houve diferença na massa foliar seca consumida pelas larvas, nos testes com e sem chance de escolha. Também não foi observada diferença na mortalidade larval, pupal e total entre as cultivares. Ambas as doses do extrato de nim foram igualmente eficientes na mortalidade da traça-das-crucíferas. Não houve diferença do peso de lagartas e pupas e da longevidade dos adultos de P. xylostella entre as cultivares.

The isolated and associated effects of cabbage cultivars Ruby Ball and Chato de Quintal and aqueous extract of seeds of fruits of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) were evaluated in the concentrations of 5 and 10% on Plutella xylostella (L.) attractiveness, feeding and development. In free-choice no-preference for feeding test, leaf discs of each treatment were placed in Petri dishes where three caterpillars/treatment were released while in no-choice test two caterpillars were placed in Petri dishes with one leaf disc in each dish. In the biology test, neonate larvae were transferred to Petri dishes in the proportion of one per dish, whereas the biological parameters were evaluated: larvae mortality after 1, 3 and 5 days; pupae mortality; total mortality; six day-old larvae weight; 24 hour-old pupae; and adult longevity. Cultivar Ruby Ball showed lower attractiveness to the caterpillars in free-choice test. Neem extract in both concentrations was repellent to the caterpillars in free-choice test. There were no differences in the dry mass consumed by the caterpillars in free-choice and no-choice tests. There were no differences in larval, pupal and total mortality between the cultivars. Both doses of neem extract were equally efficient in the mortality of the diamondback moth. There were no differences in caterpillars and pupae weight and in the longevity of the adults of P. xyostella between the cultivars.