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The glymphatic system plays a key role in the clearance of waste from the parenchyma, and its dysfunction has been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, questions remain regarding its complete mechanisms. Here, we report that efflux of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/interstitial fluid (ISF) solutes occurs through a triphasic process that cannot be explained by the current model, but rather hints at the possibility of other, previously undiscovered routes from paravenous spaces to the blood. Using real-time, in vivo observation of efflux, a novel drainage pathway was discovered, in which CSF molecules enter the bloodstream directly through dynamically assembled, trumpet-shaped pores (basolateral Ï<8 µm; apical Ï < 2 µm) on the walls of brain venules. As Zn2+ could facilitate the brain clearance of macromolecular ISF solutes, Zn2+-induced reconstruction of the tight junctions (TJs) in vascular endothelial cells may participate in pore formation. Thus, an updated model for glymphatic clearance of brain metabolites and potential regulation is postulated. In addition, deficient clearance of Aß through these asymmetric venule pores was observed in AD model mice, supporting the notion that impaired brain drainage function contributes to Aß accumulation and pathogenic dilation of the perivascular space in AD.
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BACKGROUND: Progressive spreading of α-synuclein via gut-brain axis has been hypothesized in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the source of seeding-capable α-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has not been fully investigated. Additionally, the mechanism by which the GIT microbiome contributes to PD pathogenesis remains to be characterized. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate whether blood-derived α-synuclein might contribute to PD pathology via a gut-driven pathway and involve GIT microbiota. METHODS: The GIT expression of α-synuclein and the transmission of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from erythrocytes/red blood cells (RBCs), with their cargo α-synuclein, to the GIT were explored with various methods, including radioactive labeling of RBC-EVs and direct analysis of the transfer of α-synuclein protein. The potential role of microbiota on the EVs transmission was further investigated by administering butyrate, the short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota and studying mice with different α-synuclein genotypes. RESULTS: This study demonstrated that RBC-EVs can effectively transport α-synuclein to the GIT in a region-dependent manner, along with variations closely associated with regional differences in the expression of gut-vascular barrier markers. The investigation further revealed that the infiltration of α-synuclein into the GIT was influenced significantly by butyrate and α-synuclein genotypes, which may also affect the GIT microbiome directly. CONCLUSION: By demonstrating the transportation of α-synuclein through RBC-EVs to the GIT, and its potential association with gut-vascular barrier markers and gut microbiome, this work highlights a potential mechanism by which RBC α-synuclein may impact PD initiation and/or progression. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Animales , Ratones , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Eje Cerebro-Intestino , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/patología , ButiratosRESUMEN
RATIONALE: Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), share a distinct pathological feature, that is, a widespread accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. There is a significant clinical unmet need for disease-modifying treatments for synucleinopathies. Recently, a seaweed-derived mixture of oligosaccharides sodium oligomannate, GV-971, was approved for Phase 2 clinical trials for PD. This study aimed to further evaluate the therapeutic effects of GV-971 on synucleinopathies using cellular and animal models and explore its associated molecular mechanisms. METHODS: α-Syn aggregation was assessed, in vitro and ex vivo, by ThT assay. A dopaminergic neuron cell line, Prnp-SNCAA53T mice, and brain slices from PD and DLB patients were used to determine the efficacy of GV-971 in ameliorating α-syn pathology. Measurements of motor functions, including pole, cylinder, and rotarod tests, were conducted on Prnp-SNCAA53T mice 4 weeks after intragastric administration of GV-971 (200 mg day-1 kg-1 ). RESULTS: GV-971 effectively prevented α-syn aggregation and even disassembled pre-aggregated α-syn fibrils, in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, GV-971 was able to rescue α-syn-induced neuronal damage and reduced release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), likely via modulating Alix expression. In the Prnp-SNCAA53T mouse model, when treated at the age of 5 months, GV-971 significantly decreased α-syn deposition in the cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum regions, along with ameliorating the motor dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that GV-971, when administered at a relatively early stage of the disease process, significantly reduced α-syn accumulation and aggregation in Prnp-SNCAA53T mice. Furthermore, GV-971 corrected α-syn-induced inhibition of EVs release in neurons, contributing to neuronal protection. Future studies are needed to further assess GV-971 as a promising disease-modifying therapy for PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Manosa , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Sinucleinopatías , Animales , Humanos , Lactante , Ratones , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Neuronas Dopaminérgicas/metabolismo , Manosa/análogos & derivados , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , Oligosacáridos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Sinucleinopatías/metabolismo , Sinucleinopatías/patologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Morphological abnormalities of erythrocytes/red blood cells (RBCs), e.g., increased acanthocytes, in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been reported previously, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be characterized. In this study, the potential roles of α-synuclein (α-syn), a protein critically involved in PD and highly abundant in RBCs, were studied in PD patients as well as in a PD mouse model. METHODS: Transgenic [PAC-Tg (SNCAA53T), A53T] mice overexpressing A53T mutant α-syn and SNCA knockout mice were employed to characterize the effect of α-syn on RBC morphology. In addition to A53T and SNCA knockout mice, the morphology of RBCs of PD patients was also examined using scanning electron microscopy. The potential roles of α-syn were further investigated in cultured RBCs and mice. RESULTS: Morphological abnormalities of RBCs and increased accumulation of aggregated α-syn on the RBC membrane were observed in PD patients. A similar phenomenon was also observed in A53T mice. Furthermore, while mice lacking α-syn expression showed a lower proportion of acanthocytes, treating RBCs derived from SNCA knockout mice with aggregated α-syn resulted in a higher percentage of acanthocytes. In a follow-up proteomic investigation, several major classes of proteins were identified as α-syn-associated proteins on the RBC membrane, seven of which were calcium-binding proteins. Applying aggregated α-syn to the RBC membrane directly induced extracellular calcium influx along with morphological changes; both observations were adequately reversed by blocking calcium influx. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that α-syn plays a critical role in PD-associated morphological abnormalities of RBCs, at least partially via a process mediated by extracellular calcium influx.
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INTRODUCTION: Objective and accessible markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias are critically needed. METHODS: We identified NMDAR2A, a protein related to synaptic function, as a novel marker of central nervous system (CNS)-derived plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) and developed a flow cytometry-based technology for detecting such plasma EVs readily. The assay was initially tested in our local cross-sectional study to distinguish AD patients from healthy controls (HCs) or from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, followed by a validation study using an independent cohort collected from multiple medical centers (the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative). Cerebrospinal fluid AD molecular signature was used to confirm diagnoses of all AD participants. RESULTS: Likely CNS-derived EVs in plasma were significantly reduced in AD compared to HCs in both cohorts. Integrative models including CNS-derived EV markers and AD markers present on EVs reached area under the curve of 0.915 in discovery cohort and 0.810 in validation cohort. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated that robust and rapid analysis of individual neuron-derived synaptic function-related EVs in peripheral blood may serve as a helpful marker of synaptic dysfunction in AD and dementia.
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OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable and fast assay to quantify the α-synuclein (α-syn)-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) in CSF and to assess their diagnostic potential for Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicenter study was designed, including 170 patients with PD and 131 healthy controls (HCs) with a similar distribution of age and sex recruited from existing center studies at the University of Washington and Oregon Health and Science University. CSF EVs carrying α-syn or aggregated α-syn were quantified using antibodies against total or aggregated α-syn, respectively, and highly specific, sensitive, and rapid assays based on the novel Apogee nanoscale flow cytometry technology. RESULTS: No significant differences in the number and size distribution of total EVs between patients with PD and HCs in CSF were observed. When examining the total α-syn-positive and aggregated α-syn-positive EV subpopulations, the proportions of both among all detected CSF EVs were significantly lower in patients with PD compared to HCs (p < 0.0001). While each EV subpopulation showed better diagnostic sensitivity and specificity than total CSF α-syn measured directly with an immunoassay, a combination of the 2 EV subpopulations demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy that attained clinical relevance (area under curve 0.819, sensitivity 80%, specificity 71%). CONCLUSION: Using newly established, sensitive nanoscale flow cytometry assays, we have demonstrated that total α-syn-positive and aggregated α-syn-positive EVs in CSF may serve as a helpful tool in PD diagnosis. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that total and aggregated α-syn-positive EVs in CSF identify patients with PD.
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Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Nanotecnología/métodos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Anciano , Animales , Estudios Transversales , Vesículas Extracelulares/química , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoensayo/métodos , Masculino , Ratones de la Cepa 129 , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , alfa-Sinucleína/análisisRESUMEN
Peripheral biomarkers indicative of brain pathology are critically needed for early detection of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, using NanoString and digital PCR technologies, we began by screening for alterations in genes associated with PD or atypical Parkinsonism in erythrocytes of PD patients, in which PD-related changes have been reported, and which contain ~ 99% of blood α-synuclein. Erythrocytic CHCHD2 mRNA was significantly reduced even at the early stages of the disease. A significant reduction in protein and/or mRNA expression of CHCHD2 was confirmed in PD brains collected at autopsy as well as in the brains of a PD animal model overexpressing α-synuclein, in addition to seeing a reduction of CHCHD2 in erythrocytes of the same animals. Overexpression of α-synuclein in cellular models of PD also resulted in reduced CHCHD2, via mechanisms likely involving altered subcellular localization of p300 histone acetyltransferase. Finally, the utility of reduced CHCHD2 mRNA as a biomarker for detecting PD, including early-stage PD, was validated in a larger cohort of 205 PD patients and 135 normal controls, with a receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrating > 80% sensitivity and specificity.
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Encéfalo/patología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/sangre , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/genética , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , ARN Mensajero , Factores de Transcripción/sangre , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Autopsia , Biomarcadores , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Estudios de Cohortes , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mutación , Enfermedad de Parkinson/sangre , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , alfa-Sinucleína/sangre , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción p300-CBP/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Microglial function is vital for maintaining the health of the brain, and their activation is an essential component of neurodegeneration. There is significant research on factors that provoke "reactive" or "inflammatory" phenotypes in conditions of injury or disease. One such factor, exposure to the aggregated or oligomeric forms of α-synuclein, an abundant brain protein, plays an essential role in driving microglial activation; including chemotactic migration and production of inflammatory mediators in Lewy body (LB) diseases such as Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, it is increasingly recognized that microglia also undergo changes, dependent on the cellular environment, that promote mainly reconstructive and anti-inflammatory functions, i.e., mostly desirable functions of microglia in a physiological state. What maintains microglia in this physiological state is essentially unknown. METHODS: In this study, using in vitro and in vivo models, we challenged primary microglia or BV2 microglia with LPS + IFN-γ, IL-4 + IL-13, α-synuclein monomer, and α-synuclein oligomer, and examined microglia phenotype and the underlying mechanism by RT-PCR, Western blot, ELISA, IF, IHC, Co-IP. RESULTS: We described a novel physiological function of α-synuclein, in which it modulates microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype by interaction with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and recruitment of the ERK, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathways. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a previously unrecognized function of monomeric α-synuclein that likely gives new insights into the pathogenesis and potential therapies for Lewy body-related diseases and beyond, given the abundance and multiple functions of α-synuclein in brain tissue.
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Polaridad Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Microglía/metabolismo , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/metabolismo , alfa-Sinucleína/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular , Polaridad Celular/fisiología , Células Cultivadas , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Ratones de la Cepa 129 , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/inducido químicamente , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/tratamiento farmacológico , alfa-Sinucleína/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the transmission and accumulation of toxic species of α-synuclein (α-syn). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are believed to play a vital role in the spread of toxic α-syn species. Recently, peripheral α-syn pathology has been investigated, but little attention has been devoted to erythrocytes, which contain abundant α-syn. In this study, we first demonstrated that erythrocyte-derived EVs isolated from Parkinson's disease patients carried elevated levels of oligomeric α-syn, compared to those from healthy controls. Moreover, human erythrocyte-derived EVs, when injected into peripheral blood in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, were found to readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These EVs accumulated in astrocyte endfeet, a component of the BBB, where they impaired glutamate uptake, likely via interaction between excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and oligomeric α-syn. These data suggest that erythrocyte-derived EVs and the oligomeric α-syn carried in them may play critical roles in the progression or even initiation of Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the mechanisms involved are attributable at least in part to dysfunction of astrocytes induced by these EVs. These observations provide new insight into the understanding of the mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease.
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Astrocitos/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Animales , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Homeostasis/fisiología , Humanos , RatonesRESUMEN
Transportation of key proteins via extracellular vesicles has been recently implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, as a new mechanism of disease spreading and a new source of biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles likely to be derived from the brain can be isolated from peripheral blood and have been reported to contain higher levels of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease patients. However, very little is known about extracellular vesicles in multiple system atrophy, a disease that, like Parkinson's disease, involves pathological α-syn aggregation, though the process is centred around oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy. In this study, a novel immunocapture technology was developed to isolate blood CNPase-positive, oligodendrocyte-derived enriched microvesicles (OEMVs), followed by fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis and assessment of α-syn levels contained within the OEMVs. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of OEMVs were significantly lower in multiple system atrophy patients, compared to Parkinson's disease patients and healthy control subjects. It is also noted that the population of OEMVs involved was mainly in the size range closer to that of exosomes, and that the average α-syn concentrations (per vesicle) contained in these OEMVs were not significantly different among the three groups. The phenomenon of reduced OEMVs was again observed in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy and in primary oligodendrocyte cultures, and the mechanism involved was likely related, at least in part, to an α-syn-mediated interference in the interaction between syntaxin 4 and VAMP2, leading to the dysfunction of the SNARE complex. These results suggest that reduced OEMVs could be an important mechanism related to pathological α-syn aggregation in oligodendrocytes, and the OEMVs found in peripheral blood could be further explored for their potential as multiple system atrophy biomarkers.
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Atrofia de Múltiples Sistemas/fisiopatología , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Proteínas SNARE/metabolismo , Anciano , Animales , Secreciones Corporales/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/inmunología , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Exosomas/metabolismo , Exosomas/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuronas/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Proteínas SNARE/fisiología , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently lacks a cure. Because substantial neuronal damage usually occurs before AD is advanced enough for diagnosis, the best hope for disease-modifying AD therapies likely relies on early intervention or even prevention, and targeting multiple pathways implicated in early AD pathogenesis rather than focusing exclusively on excessive production of ß-amyloid (Aß) species. Methods: Coniferaldehyde (CFA), a food flavoring and agonist of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), was selected by multimodal in vitro screening, followed by investigation of several downstream effects potentially involved. Furthermore, in the APP/PS1 AD mouse model, the therapeutic effects of CFA (0.2 mmol kg-1d-1) were tested beginning at 3 months of age. Behavioral phenotypes related to learning and memory capacity, brain pathology and biochemistry, including Aß transport, were assessed at different time intervals. Results: CFA promoted neuron viability and showed potent neuroprotective effects, especially on mitochondrial structure and functions. In addition, CFA greatly enhanced the brain clearance of Aß in both free and extracellular vesicle (EV)-contained Aß forms. In the APP/PS1 mouse model, CFA effectively abolished brain Aß deposits and reduced the level of toxic soluble Aß peptides, thus eliminating AD-like pathological changes in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and preserving learning and memory capacity of the mice. Conclusion: The experimental evidence overall indicated that Nrf2 activation may contribute to the potent anti-AD effects of CFA. With an excellent safety profile, further clinical investigation of coniferaldehyde might bring hope for AD prevention/therapy.
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Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/agonistas , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Acroleína/uso terapéutico , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Neuronas/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Erythrocytes are a major source of peripheral α-synuclein (α-Syn). The goal of the current investigation is to evaluate erythrocytic total, oligomeric/aggregated, and phosphorylated α-Syn species as biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD and healthy control blood samples were collected along with extensive clinical history to determine whether total, phosphorylated, or aggregated α-Syn derived from erythrocytes (the major source of blood α-Syn) are more promising and consistent biomarkers for PD than are free α-Syn species in serum or plasma. METHODS: Using newly developed electrochemiluminescence assays, concentrations of erythrocytic total, aggregated and phosphorylated at Ser129 (pS129) α-Syn, separated into membrane and cytosolic components, were measured in 225 PD patients and 133 healthy controls and analyzed with extensive clinical measures. RESULTS: The total and aggregated α-Syn levels were significantly higher in the membrane fraction of PD patients compared to healthy controls, but without alterations in the cytosolic component. The pS129 level was remarkably higher in PD subjects than in controls in the cytosolic fraction, and to a lesser extent, higher in the membrane fraction. Combining age, erythrocytic membrane aggregated α-Syn, and cytosolic pS129 levels, a model generated by using logistic regression analysis was able to discriminate patients with PD from neurologically normal controls, with a sensitivity and a specificity of 72 and 68%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that total, aggregated and phosphorylated α-Syn levels are altered in PD erythrocytes and peripheral erythrocytic α-Syn is a potential PD biomarker that needs further validation.
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BACKGROUND: Neurodegenerative diseases require characterization based on underlying biology using biochemical biomarkers. Mixed pathology complicates discovery of biomarkers and characterization of cohorts, but inclusion of greater numbers of patients with different, related diseases with frequently co-occurring pathology could allow better accuracy. Combining cohorts collected from different studies would be a more efficient use of resources than recruiting subjects from each population of interest for each study. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of combining existing datasets by controlling pre-analytic variables in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) studies. METHODS: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected and processed from 30 subjects according to both the ADNI and PPMI protocols. Relationships between reported levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) biomarkers in the same subject under each protocol were examined. RESULTS: Protocol-related differences were observed for Aß, but not t-tau or α-syn, and trended different for p-tau and pS129. Values of α-syn differed by platform. Conversion of α-syn values between ADNI and PPMI platforms did not completely eliminate differences in distribution. DISCUSSION: Factors not captured in the pre-analytical sample handling influence reported biomarker values. Assay standardization and better harmonized characterization of cohorts should be included in future studies of CSF biomarkers.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad de Parkinson/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Fragmentos de Péptidos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , FosforilaciónRESUMEN
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and (shedding) microvesicles, are released by nearly all cell types and carry a cargo of proteins and nucleic acids that varies by the cell of origin. They are thought to play critical roles in normal central nervous system (CNS) function and neurological disorders. A recently revealed key characteristic of EVs is that they may travel between the CNS and peripheral circulation. This property has led to intense interest in how EVs might serve as a vehicle for toxic protein clearance and as a readily accessible source of biomarkers for CNS disorders. Furthermore, by bypassing the blood-brain barrier, modified EVs could serve as a unique drug delivery system that targets specific neuronal populations. Further work is necessary to develop and optimize techniques that enable high-yield capture of relevant EV populations, analyze individual EVs and their cargos, and validate preliminary results of EV-derived biomarkers in independent cohorts.
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Encéfalo , Vesículas Extracelulares , Animales , Sistema Nervioso Central , HumanosRESUMEN
Accurate, reliable, and objective biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and related age-associated neurodegenerative disorders are urgently needed to assist in both diagnosis, particularly at early stages, and monitoring of disease progression. Technological advancements in protein detection platforms over the last few decades have resulted in a plethora of reported molecular biomarker candidates for both AD and PD; however, very few of these candidates are developed beyond the discovery phase of the biomarker development pipeline, a reflection of the current bottleneck within the field. In this review, the expanded use of selected reaction monitoring (SRM) targeted mass spectrometry will be discussed in detail as a platform for systematic verification of large panels of protein biomarker candidates prior to costly validation testing. We also advocate for the coupling of discovery-based proteomics with modern targeted MS-based approaches (e.g., SRM) within a single study in future workflows to expedite biomarker development and validation for AD and PD. It is our hope that improving the efficiency within the biomarker development process by use of an SRM pipeline may ultimately hasten the development of biomarkers that both decrease misdiagnosis of AD and PD and ultimately lead to detection at early stages of disease and objective assessment of disease progression. This article is part of the special issue "Proteomics".
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Humanos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Association of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with cerebral glucose hypometabolism, likely due to impairments of insulin signaling, has been reported recently, with encouraging results when additional insulin is provided to AD patients. Here, we tested the potential effects of the anti-diabetic vanadium, vanadyl (IV) acetylacetonate (VAC), on AD in vitro and in vivo models. The experimental results showed that VAC at sub-micromolar concentrations improved the viability of neural cells with or without increased ß-amyloid (Aß) burden; and in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, VAC treatment (0.1 mmol kg-1 d-1) preserved cognitive function and attenuated neuron loss, but did not reduce brain Aß plaques. Further studies revealed that VAC attenuated Aß pathogenesis by (i) activation of the PPARγ-AMPK signal transduction pathway, leading to improved glucose and energy metabolism; (ii) up-regulation of the expression of glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75), thus suppressing p53-mediated neuronal apoptosis under Aß-related stresses; and (iii) decreasing toxic soluble Aß peptides. Overall, our work suggested that vanadyl complexes may have great potential for effective therapeutic treatment of AD.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/prevención & control , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Compuestos Organometálicos/farmacología , Placa Amiloide/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/antagonistas & inhibidores , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Ratones , Compuestos Organometálicos/química , Vanadatos/química , Vanadio/químicaRESUMEN
Plasma total and nervous system derived exosomal (NDE) α-synuclein have been determined as potential biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD). To explore the utility of plasma α-synuclein in the prodromal phase of PD, plasma total and NDE α-synuclein were evaluated in baseline and 2-year follow-up samples from 256 individuals recruited as part of the Parkinson's Associated Risk Syndrome (PARS) study. The results demonstrated that baseline and longitudinal increases in total α-synuclein predicted progression of cognitive decline in hyposmic individuals with dopamine transporter (DAT) binding reduction. On the other hand, a longitudinal decrease in NDE α-synuclein predicted worsening cognitive scores in hyposmic individuals with DAT binding reduction. Finally, in individuals with faster DAT progression, decreasing NDE/total α-synuclein ratio was associated with a larger reduction in DAT from baseline to follow-up. These results suggest that, though underlying mechanisms remain to be defined, alterations in plasma total and NDE α-synuclein concentrations are likely associated with PD progression, especially in the aspect of cognitive impairment, at early stages of the disease.
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Disfunción Cognitiva/sangre , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/sangre , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , alfa-Sinucleína/sangre , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Disfunción Cognitiva/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad de Parkinson/psicología , Proyectos Piloto , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Accurate early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is essential. Using data available from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative study, we identified a multivariate logistic regression model including cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein, olfactory function, age, and gender that achieved a high degree of discrimination between patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy control or scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit participants. Additionally, the model could predict the conversion of scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit to Parkinson's disease, as well as discriminate between normal and impaired subjects with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations. Although further validation is needed, this model may serve as an alternative method to neuroimaging screening in Parkinson's disease studies.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) features a dynamic sequence of amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment. A significant fraction of AD brains also displays Lewy body pathology, suggesting that addition of classically Parkinson's disease-related proteins to the AD biomarker panel may be of value. To determine whether addition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total α-synuclein and its form phosphorylated at S129 (pS129) to the AD biomarker panel [Amyloid-ß1-42 (Aß42), tau, and phosphorylated tau (p-tau181)] improves its performance, we examined CSF samples collected longitudinally up to 7 years as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. From 87 AD, 177 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 104 age-matched healthy controls, 792 baseline and longitudinal CSF samples were tested for total α-synuclein, pS129, Aß42, tau, and p-tau181. pS129, but not total α-synuclein, was weakly associated with diagnosis at baseline when t-tau/Aß42 was included in the statistical model (ß=â0.0026, pâ=â0.041, 95% CI [(0.0001)-(0.005)]). CSF α-synuclein predicted Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ß=â-0.59, pâ=â0.0015, 95% CI [(-0.96)-(-0.23)]), memory (ß=â0.4, pâ=â0.00025, 95% CI [(0.16)-(0.59)]), and executive (0.62,<0.0001, 95% CI [(0.31)-(0.93)]) function composite scores, and progression from MCI to AD (ß=â0.019, pâ=â0.0011, 95% CI [(0.002)-(0.20)]). pS129 was associated with executive function (ß=â-2.55, pâ=â0.0085, 95% CI [(-4.45)-(-0.66)]). Lower values in the mismatch between α-synuclein and p-tau181 predicted faster cognitive decline (ß=â0.64, pâ=â0.0012, 95% CI [(0.48)-(0.84)]). Longitudinal biomarker changes did not differ between groups, and may not reflect AD progression. The α-synuclein-p-tau181-Mismatch could better predict longitudinal cognitive changes than classical AD markers alone, and its pathological correlates should be investigated further.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico , alfa-Sinucleína/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Disfunción Cognitiva/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Estudios Transversales , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Función Ejecutiva , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Trastornos de la Memoria/diagnóstico , Análisis Multivariante , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , FosforilaciónRESUMEN
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes and microvesicles, have attracted attention as potent carriers of intercellular communication throughout the body, including the brain. They transmit biological signals from donor cells to recipient cells, and recent evidence suggests that they may even carry such signals to distant destinations through peripheral circulation. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs contribute to maintaining normal neuronal function, as well as to the pathological development of neurodegenerative diseases. Although some evidence has suggested that EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), moving from the peripheral circulation to the CNS, the mechanisms by which EVs facilitate communication between peripheral tissues and the CNS are not well understood. The BBB is a dynamic interface that regulates molecular trafficking between the peripheral circulation and the CNS. However, there is limited mechanistic understanding of how bloodborne EVs cross the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we focus on current knowledge of trafficking of EVs between the peripheral circulation and the brain. Moreover, we describe hypothetical transport routes by which EVs may cross the BBB based on previous reports. Further investigation is needed to understand the precise mechanisms by which EVs are transported across the BBB.