Antiproliferative Effects of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Solanum xenthocarpum (L.) on Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Solanum xanthocarpum, a perennial herb native to India, contains steroidal glycoalkaloids with notable anticancer properties. This study investigated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum on human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Phytochemical screening and LC-HRMS analysis confirmed presence of various primary and secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdate assays. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant potential with EC50 values of 60.10 ± 0.88 µg/mL (DPPH) and 392.29 ± 3.93 µg/mL (ABTS). Cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated via morphological analysis, MTT assays, and IC50 determination (24.19 ± 0.56 µg/L). Apoptosis was confirmed using dual staining techniques (AO/EB, Hoechst 33342/PI, DAPI), revealing condensed nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, as indicated by Rhodamine staining. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were observed using H2-DCF-DA staining. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 127.78 ± 3.547 mg GAE/g and 98.06 ± 4.289 mg QE/g, respectively. These findings suggest that the methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum possesses strong antioxidant and anticancer activities, indicating its potential role in cancer treatment. Further studies are warranted to explore its bioactive compounds for developing novel anticancer therapies.

Association Between Clinical Severity, Neuroimaging, and Electroencephalographic Findings in Children with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis.

BACKGROUND: Children diagnosed with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) display a range of neuroimaging abnormalities during different stages of the disease, but their exact clinical significance remains unclear. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, our objective was to examine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in the brains of patients aged 18 years or younger with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. We aimed to correlate these MRI abnormalities with clinical severity, sociodemographic variables, electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities, and cerebrospinal anti-measles antibody titers. RESULTS: The study included 112 cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (mean age at onset: 8.9 ± 2.6 years). MRI analysis at the time of presentation revealed the following abnormalities: subcortical white matter signal changes (n = 95), periventricular white matter signal changes (n = 76), splenium of corpus callosum involvement (n = 39), diffuse corpus callosum involvement (n = 27), cerebral atrophy (n = 35), basal ganglia involvement (n = 10), and brain stem involvement (n = 2). Notably, subcortical white matter involvement, periventricular white matter involvement, diffuse corpus callosum involvement, and basal ganglia involvement were more prevalent in patients with stage III and IV subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (P < .05 for all). Cerebral atrophy was also significantly more common in patients with stage III compared to those with stage IV subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (P < .0001). However, no substantial positive or negative associations were found between MRI findings and EEG abnormalities, other sociodemographic/clinical variables, and cerebrospinal fluid measles-specific antibody titers (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Early in the disease progression of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, the temporoparietal and parietooccipital regions of the subcortical white matter are affected. Neuroimaging abnormalities exhibit a stronger association with Jabbour's clinical staging, but do not show significant associations with other clinical, sociodemographic, and EEG features.

Structure-Based Virtual Screening Identifying Novel FOXM1 Inhibitors as the Lead Compounds for Glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly heterogeneous brain tumor with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as a critical factor in GBM resistance and management, contributing to tumor growth, heterogeneity, and immunosuppression. The transcription factor FOXM1 has been identified as a key player in the progression, spread, and therapy resistance of various cancers, including GBM. OBJECTIVE: In this research, the objective was to perform structure-based in silico screening with the aim of identifying natural compounds proficient in targeting the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the FOXM1 protein. METHODS: In this study, in silico tools were employed for screening a hundred naturally occurring compounds capable of targeting the FOXM1 protein. Through molecular docking analysis and pharmacokinetic profiling, five compounds were found to be promising candidates for extensive interaction with the FOXM1 protein. Further, these compounds were validated for the stability of the FOXM1-natural compound complex using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. RESULTS: Four compounds, such as Withaferin A, Bryophyllin A, Silybin B, Sanguinarine and Troglitazone (control compound), emerged as promising candidates with substantial interactions with FOXM1, suggesting their potential as a protein inhibitor based on molecular docking investigations. After MD simulation analysis, the FOXM1- Bryophyllin A complex was found to maintain the highest stability, and the other three ligands had moderate but comparable binding affinities over a period of 100 ns. CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable insights into four promising FOXM1 inhibitors that have the ability to induce senescence in GBM stem cells. These findings contribute to the development of structure-based designing strategies for FOXM1 inhibitors and innovative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Glioblastoma.

Computational exploration of FOXM1 inhibitors for glioblastoma: an integrated virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation study.

In this study, a comprehensive investigation of a set of phytochemicals to identify potential inhibitors for the Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) was conducted. FOXM1 is overexpressed in glioblastoma (GBM) cells and plays a crucial role in cell cycle progression, proliferation, and invasion. FOXM1 inhibitors have shown promising results in preclinical studies, and ongoing clinical trials are assessing their efficacy in GBM patients. However, there are limited studies on the identification of novel compounds against this attractive therapeutic target. To address this, the NPACT database containing 1,574 phytochemicals was used, employing a hierarchical multistep docking approach, followed by an estimation of relative binding free energy. By fixing user-defined XP-dock and MM-GBSA cut-off scores of -6.096 and -37.881 kcal/mol, the chemical space was further narrowed. Through exhaustive analysis of molecular binding interactions and various pharmacokinetics profiles, we identified four compounds, namely NPACT00002, NPACT01454, NPACT00856, and NPACT01417, as potential FOXM1 inhibitors. To assess the stability of protein-ligand binding in dynamic conditions, 100 ns Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations studies were performed. Furthermore, Molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area solvation (MM-GBSA) based binding free energy estimations of the entire simulation trajectories revealed a strong binding affinity of all identified compounds towards FOXM1, surpassing that of the control drug Troglitazone. Based on extensively studied multistep docking approaches, we propose that these molecules hold promise as FOXM1 inhibitors for potential therapeutic applications in GBM. However, experimental validation will be necessary to confirm their efficacy as targeted therapies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Glutamatergic neurotransmission: A potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive disorders.

In the mammalian brain, glutamate is regarded to be the primary excitatory neurotransmitter due to its widespread distribution and wide range of metabolic functions. Glutamate plays key roles in regulating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and neuron survival in the brain. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, neurotransmitters, neurotensin, neurosteroids, and others co-ordinately formulate a complex glutamatergic network in the brain that maintains optimal excitatory neurotransmission. Cognitive activities are potentially synchronized by the glutamatergic activities in the brain via restoring synaptic plasticity. Dysfunctional glutamate receptors and other glutamatergic components are responsible for the aberrant glutamatergic activity in the brain that cause cognitive impairments, loss of synaptic plasticity, and neuronal damage. Thus, controlling the brain's glutamatergic transmission and modifying glutamate receptor function could be a potential therapeutic strategy for cognitive disorders. Certain drugs that regulate glutamate receptor activities have shown therapeutic promise in improving cognitive functions in preclinical and clinical studies. However, several issues regarding precise functional information of glutamatergic activity are yet to be comprehensively understood. The present article discusses the scope of developing glutamatergic systems as prospective pharmacotherapeutic targets to treat cognitive disorders. Special attention has been given to recent developments, challenges, and future prospects.

Molecular mechanism(s) of regulations of cancer stem cell in brain cancer propagation.

Brain tumors are most often diagnosed with solid neoplasms and are the primary reason for cancer-related deaths in both children and adults worldwide. With recent developments in the progression of novel targeted chemotherapies, the prognosis of malignant glioma remains dismal. However, the high recurrence rate and high mortality rate remain unresolved and are closely linked to the biological features of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Research on tumor biology has reached a new age with more understanding of CSC features. CSCs, a subpopulation of whole tumor cells, are now regarded as candidate therapeutic targets. Therefore, in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, recognizing the biological properties of CSCs is of considerable significance. Here, we have discussed the concept of CSCs and their significant role in brain cancer growth and propagation. We have also discussed personalized therapeutic development and immunotherapies for brain cancer by specifically targeting CSCs.

Understanding the mechanism of the SARS CoV-2 coinfection with other respiratory viruses

Coinfections have a potential role in increased morbidity and mortality rates during pandemics. Our investigation is aimed at evaluating the viral coinfection prevalence in COVID-19 patients. Rapid diagnostic tests are tools with a paramount impact both on improving patient care. Particularly in the case of respiratory infections, it is of great importance to quickly confirm/exclude the involvement of pathogens. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with changes in respiratory virus infections worldwide, which have differed between virus types. In this paper, we systematically searched the percentage of coinfection of various respiratory viruses in COVID-19-positive samples. We included patients of all ages, in all settings. The main outcome was the proportion of patients with viral coinfection. By describing the differences in changes between viral species across different geographies over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may better understand the complex factors involved in the community cocirculation of respiratory viruses.

Fostering mesenchymal stem cell therapy to halt cytokine storm in COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been threatening the globe since the end of November 2019. The disease revealed cracks in the health care system as health care providers across the world were left without guidelines on definitive usage of pharmaceutical agents or vaccines. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. Individuals with underlying systemic disorders have reported complications, such as cytokine storms, when infected with the virus. As the number of positive cases and the death toll across the globe continue to rise, various researchers have turned to cell based therapy using stem cells to combat COVID-19. The field of stem cells and regenerative medicine has provided a paradigm shift in treating a disease with minimally invasive techniques that provides maximal clinical and functional outcome for patients. With the available evidence of immunomodulatory and immune-privilege actions, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can repair, regenerate and remodulate the native homeostasis of pulmonary parenchyma with improved pulmonary compliance. This article revolves around the usage of novel MSCs therapy for combating COVID-19.

Nuclear factor-kappa ß as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder with worldwide prevalence. Its clinical manifestation involves the presence of extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). NFTs occur in brain tissues as a result of both Aß agglomeration and Tau phosphorylation. Although there is no known cure for AD, research into possible cures and treatment options continues using cell-cultures and model animals/organisms. The nuclear factor-kappa ß (NF-κß) plays an active role in the progression of AD. Impairment to this signaling module triggers undesirable phenotypic changes such as neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, oxidative stress related complications, and apoptotic cell death. These imbalances further lead to homeostatic abnormalities in the brain or in initial stages of AD essentially pushing normal neurons toward the degeneration process. Interestingly, the role of NF-κß signaling associated receptor-interacting protein kinase is currently observed in apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and has been reported in brains. Conversely, the NF-κß signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in normal brain functioning. This pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining synaptic plasticity and balancing between learning and memory. Since any impairment in the pathways associated with NF-κß signaling causes altered neuronal dynamics, neurotherapeutics using compounds including, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against such abnormalities offer possibilities to rectify aberrant excitatory neuronal activity in AD. In this review, we have provided an extensive overview of the crucial role of NF-κß signaling in normal brain homeostasis. We have also thoroughly outlined several established pathomechanisms associated with NF-κß pathways in AD, along with their respective therapeutic approaches.