Evaluation of trace element levels in muscles, liver and gonad of fish species from São Francisco River of the Paraná Brazilian state by using SR-TXRF technique.

This study is focused on the analysis of an accumulation of inorganic elements in muscles, liver and gonad of seven fish species from São Francisco River located in the Paraná state of Brazil. Concentrations of the elements were determined using the SR-TXRF technique. In the muscles of fish species, negative length dependent relationships were observed for chromium and zinc ion absorption. The obtained results showed that accumulated Cr ions values are above the limits defined in the Brazilian legislative norm on food.

Inhibition effect on the Allium cepa L. root growth when using hexavalent chromium-doped river waters.

The effect of Cr(6+) on Allium cepa root length was studied using both clean and polluted river waters. Seven series of Cr(6+)-doped polluted and non-polluted river waters were used to grow onions. Chromium concentration (Cr(6+)) of 4.2 mg L(-1)(EC(50) value), doped in clean river water caused a 50% reduction of root length, while in organically polluted samples similar root growth inhibition occurred at 12.0 mg Cr(6+) L(-1). The results suggested that there was a dislocation to higher values in toxic chromium concentration in polluted river water due to the eutrophization level of river water.

Infection and inflammation in dialysis patients: impact on laboratory parameters and anemia. Case study of the anemic patient.

Infection and inflammation trigger an acute-phase response that can precipitate the development of mild to moderate anemia. In many cases, changes in hematological parameters may be the initial sign of an occult infectious or inflammatory disorder. In dialysis patients, the decrease in erythropoiesis attributed to these conditions is often additive--aggravating the preexisting anemia associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Nephrology nurses are in a unique position to conduct regular physical assessments and laboratory evaluations to proactively detect infection or inflammation and limit the short- and long-term impact of these conditions.