Apparent digestibility and nutritional status of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) under human care.

BACKGROUND: Studing the nutritional needs and dietary habits of primates is essential to ensure their health and well-being. This includes the understanding of the use of nutrients and its correlation with health parameters. METHODS: Diet and nutritional parameters of 13 captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) were assesed. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients were evaluated. Nutritional status was established based on body condition score (BCS) and muscle mass score (MMS). RESULTS: High apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were observed for crude protein and ether extract, but low for minerals and crude fiber. The ADC of EE and CF were related to MMS, and the biochemical parameters did not correlate with the AD coefficients obtained in the group. The nutritional status of the animals remained inadequate in 84.6% of the individuals, suggesting a reformulation of the diet and nutritional management.

Combined use of body condition score, radiography, ultrasonography and computed tomography in body condition evaluation of crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous).

This study aimed to evaluate the application of radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) as auxiliaries in the determination of body fat and musculature in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). Eight animals were evaluated and classified based on the body condition score (BCS) scale. The total cut volume, total visceral volume, total subcutaneous volume, visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume, and total fat volume were measured. The correlation of the BCS with the other data was determined. In the ultrasound, there was a correlation of the vertebral epaxial musculature score (VEMS) with body weight, BCS, muscle mass score (MMS), animal's height, and height at the withers. In the radiographic analysis, the amount of subcutaneous fat obtained in L3 vertebrae did not present a significant correlation with BCS, as opposed to L6. In the tomographic analysis, TFV/L6, VFV/L6, and SFV/L6 correlated with BCS in L3, and only SFV /L6 in L6. When the ratios between fat volumes were correlated, the correlation with BCS occurred only in L6 in the TFV/TBV, SFV/SVC, and VFW variants. Radiography and CT were effective and had a good association with BCS. With the CT it was possible to demonstrate the distribution of total fat at the level of the L3 slice. The ratio of calculations considering the length of the L6 vertebra was more adequate, while at the level of L6 the ratio between the volumes of the compartments was more effective.

Intake and digestibility of two diets for nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus: Linnaeus, 1758) kept under human care

The study aimed to evaluate metabolic parameters, nutrient intake, and absorption oftwo diets formulated forDasypus novemcinctusarmadillos under human care. Werestudied two diets: D1­a diet with dry dog food, ground beef, and boiled chicken eggwith shells; D2­a diet with the same ingredients as D1, with added banana andpapaya. Both are mixed in water. The parameters analyzed were body weight (BW),weight gain (WG), maintenance energy requirement (MER), Lee index, biometrics,body condition score, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and cholesterol fractionsfor eight male armadillos. Dietary intake (DI) and efficiency, nutrient intake,metabolizable energy, and digestibility coefficient for the diets were evaluated in sixmale armadillos. The diet that included fruits showed higher BW, WG, MER, Lee index,and better glucose metabolism. Both diets promoted increases in WG and Lee Index,as well as improvements in glucose metabolism. The diet without fruit improved thelipid profile of the animals. D2 presented the highest DI, better dietary efficiency, andhigher energy intake but also a lower crude fiber intake. However, it showed the bestutilization of gross fiber and all other nutrients. In conclusion, the diets constituted anadequate nutritional option for captive armadillos and can be used in malnutrition andpathological processes recovery. Although both diets were adequate, the nonfruit dietwas preferable due to the improved lipid profile

Food preference of nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, Linnaeus, 1758) under human care

This study aims to evaluate the food preference of nine banded armadillos kept in captivity, exposed to four different diets: Diet 1 (D1) - dry dog food and ground beef; Diet 2 (D2) - dry dog food, ground beef, and chicken eggs; Diet 3 (D3) - dog food, ground beef, bananas, and papaya; Diet 4 (D4) - dog food, ground beef, chicken eggs, banana, and papaya. To this end, an experiment was carried out for five weeks, the first four of which were for preliminary management and the fifth week for data collection. Frequency of consumption, total intake for each diet, and intake ratio were evaluated. The dietary preference was higher for the diets with a higher protein percentage (D1 and D2), mainly D2, which presented increased demand and intake starting on the fourth day of observation. In second day of observation, D1 presented the higher intake ratio, but D2 gradually replaced it. The diet containing the lowest protein rate (D3) was the least favored on all observation days and evaluations. In conclusion, the food preference of ex-situ armadillos seems to be related to the inclusion of greater amounts of protein, particularly that of animal origin, with eggs being the most appreciated ingredient in this study.

Effects of chromium yeast supplementation on productive and metabolic responses of laying hens fed diets containing different energy levels

This study evaluated the effects of chromium yeast (Cr yeast) and two apparent metabolizable energy (AME) levels on productive performance, egg quality, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in laying hens. A total of 192 Bovans White laying hens at 47 weeks of age were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments (six replicates each) in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement: four levels of supplemental Cr (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm as Cr yeast) and two AME levels (2,780 and 2,900 kcal AME kg−1). No significant effect of Cr yeast supplementation on feed intake, egg weight, egg production, intact eggs, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, or egg quality was observed. Egg quality parameters and Cr content in the yolk were not affected by dietary treatments. Plasma glucose and lipid levels were not influenced by either Cr yeast or AME levels used in this study. However, Cr yeast supplementation improved yolk percentage and hepatic glycogen content. The inclusion of Cr yeast at 0.2 and 0.4 ppm induced the highest hepatic glycogen content with the energy levels 2,900 and 2,780 kcal AME kg−1, respectively. Laying hens fed 2,900 kcal AME kg−1 showed the highest abdominal fat. The results observed in the present study support the hypothesis that the lack of positive effects of Cr yeast supplementation on production performance and egg quality may be related to good management practices, as the birds were not subjected to stressful conditions.

Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus(Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desarrollo corporal de una cría de armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto “Lauro de Souza Lima”. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.(AU)

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighing and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de una cría macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. La cría del armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.(AU)

Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus(Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desarrollo corporal de una cría de armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto “Lauro de Souza Lima”. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighing and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de una cría macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. La cría del armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.

Desarrollo corporal de un hijo de armadillo dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de un hijo macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. El hijo de armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighings and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.

Preferência alimentar de uma fêmea e um filhote de Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) em cativeiro / Feeding preference of a female and young Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) in captivity

Em cativeiro, as dietas para Dasypus novemcinctus, em geral, constituem-se de proteína animal misturadas com frutas, verduras e suplemento vitamínico-mineral. Porém, não há estudos relacionados com a preferência alimentar de tatus em cativeiro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preferência alimentar de uma fêmea adulta e de um filhote mantidos em cativeiro, expostos a quatro dietas com origem e porcentagens proteicas diferentes. Desta forma, o experimento foi realizado durante cinco semanas, sendo que as quatro primeiras semanas foi um período de manejo preliminar e a quinta semana foi realizada a coleta dos dados. A preferência alimentar, segundo a frequência de consumo, foi diferente para mãe e filhote, sendo que o filhote apresentou uma maior preferência pela dieta 1 e a mãe procurou igualmente as dietas. Quanto ao consumo, a dieta 1 apresentou maior ingestão. Assim, conclui-se que a preferência alimentar do filhote está em consonância ao requerimento proteico da espécie e a mãe apresentou um comportamento alimentar diverso, relacionado ao seu comportamento de espera de escolha do filhote. (AU)