Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for high spatial resolution time-of-flight MR angiography of the intracranial arteries at 3.0 T.

PURPOSE: 1) To evaluate feasibility of sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for high spatial resolution intracranial 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography at 3.0 T using a 1024 imaging matrix and 2) to compare image quality and diagnostic yield with 3.0 T TOF MRA without SENSE. METHODS: In a prospective study TOF MR angiography of the circle of Willis was performed with SENSE in 24 patients on a clinical whole body 3.0 T MR system (Intera, Philips Medical Systems, NL). In the SENSE protocol (S-MRA), a SENSE factor of 2.5 was used to shorten acquisition time and to increase the anatomic coverage (5:12 min.; 150 slices). A matrix of 832 x 572 was acquired and reconstructed to 1024 yielding a non-zerofilled voxel size of 0.30 x 0.44 x 1.00 mm(3) (0.13 mm(3)). Two readers were asked to review the images regarding the presence of vascular disease, and to rate, in consensus, the quality of the angiograms on a 5-point scale (5 = excellent through 1 = non-diagnostic). Results were compared with the results in 15 subjects who underwent intracranial TOF MRA at 3.0 T without SENSE (NS-MRA: acquisition time, 7:57 min.; 100 slices). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) served as standard of reference in the 4/24 patients in whom vascular disease was identified. RESULTS: S-MRA at 3.0 T was judged to provide image quality that was adequate for diagnosis or better in 24/24. Median score of image quality of S-MRA and NS-MRA were 5 and 5, respectively. In the 4 patients with DSA correlation, a total of 8 pathologic findings (7 steno-occlusive diseases, 1 aneurysm) were correctly identified on S-MRA. CONCLUSION: The use of SENSE for intracranial TOF MRA at very high imaging matrix is feasible at 3.0 T. Compared to the imaging technique without SENSE, it allows TOF MRA with substantially reduced acquisition time, and with substantially increased anatomic coverage while maintaining image quality of NS-MRA.

The congenital duplication cyst: a rare differential diagnosis of retrosternal pain and dysphagia in a young patient.

Congenital cysts are malformations developing from the endoderm and mesoderm of the digestive and respiratory system in the early weeks of gestation. Unilocular or multilocular dysontogenic cysts are most commonly thoracically located adjacent to the trachea and bronchus and the development of an oesophageal duplication cyst in the oesophageal wall is extremely rare. The duplication cyst in the adult is usually asymptomatic and an incidental diagnosis. Potential symptoms include dysphagia and retrosternal pain. Next to endoscopy and computer tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography is mandatory for a distinguished and accurate preoperative evaluation. Transthoracic excision is crucial for definitive diagnosis and inhibition of complications.

Three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with respiratory triggering in the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis: comparison with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of respiratory-triggered three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (3D-MRCP) for the detection of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and to compare the specific findings of magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in patients with PSC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The MRCP findings were evaluated in 150 patients with clinical symptoms (progressive fatigue, pruritus followed by icterus) and/or elevated values for alkaline phosphatase and serum aspartate transaminase, and occasionally an elevated serum concentration of bilirubin as a sign of cholestasis, who were consecutively referred for magnetic resonance imaging. Two observers independently classified bile duct abnormalities and established the MRCP diagnosis in a consensus reading. The results of MRCP were compared with the definitive diagnosis, which was based on the clinical history and laboratory and histological data, as well as on endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) findings. In a second step, the observers compared the delineation of the biliary system and morphological findings using MRCP and ERCP in patients with confirmed PSC. RESULTS: Diagnostic examinations were obtained in 146 of the 150 MRCPs (97 %). The diagnosis of PSC was confirmed by clinical data and ERCP in 34 of these 150 patients (23 %). The sensitivity and specificity of MRCP for diagnosing PSC were 88 % (29 of 33) and 99 % (108 of 109), respectively. MRCP and ERCP yielded similar scores for the delineation of the biliary system (P = 0.2) in patients with PSC. However, different bile duct abnormalities leading to the diagnosis of PSC were depicted by MRCP and ERCP; more bile duct stenoses and pruning were seen with ERCP and more skip dilatation with MRCP (P < 10(-4)). CONCLUSION: In patients with PSC, MRCP is a highly sensitive method and its diagnostic accuracy is comparable to that of ERCP.

[Locoregional chemoperfusion with mitoxantrone for palliative therapy in bleeding bladder cancer compared with embolization]. / Lokoregionäre Chemoperfusion mit Mitoxantron zur palliativen Therapie blutender Blasenkarzinome im Vergleich zur Embolisation.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of intraarterial chemoperfusion (CP) with mitoxantrone in patients with bleeding bladder cancer; comparison with the results of intraarterial embolization therapy (ET). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with urinary bladder cancer and intractable bladder hemorrhage were treated with intraarterial (i.a.) CP (15 patients) using Mitoxantron 820 mg/m2/1-2 h) and i.a. ET (15 patients) using Histoacryl or Ethibloc. Bleeding control rate, recurrence of hemorrhage, survival rate and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: Complete control of the hemorrhage was achieved in 14/15 and 12/15 of the patients with CP and ET, respectively. Hemorrhage stopped in CP patients after an interval of (4 to 15) 10 days, and within 24 hours in ET patients. Recurrence of hemorrhage was observed in 3/14 of CP and 4/13 of ET patients. The survival rate was 4-5 months in both groups. Complications were observed in ET patients only (7/22). Posttherapeutic pain occurred significantly more often in ET patients (20/22) than in CP patients (6/31 versus 20/22). CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial chemoperfusion using Mitoxantron is an effective therapy in patients with intractable urinary bladder hemorrhage. Due to the delayed effect in CP, ET should be used in patients with life-threatening bleeding.

Nonsurgical fluoroscopically guided dacryocystoplasty of common canalicular obstructions.

PURPOSE: To assess dacryocystoplasty in the treatment of epiphora due to obstructions of the common canaliculus. METHODS: Twenty patients with severe epiphora due to partial (n = 16) or complete (n = 4) obstruction of the common canaliculus underwent fluoroscopically guided dacryocystoplasty. In all cases of incomplete obstruction balloon dilation was performed. Stent implantation was attempted in cases with complete obstruction. Dacryocystography and clinical follow-up was performed at intervals of 1 week, and 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after the procedure. The mean follow-up was 6 months (range 3-18 months). RESULTS: Balloon dilation was technically successfully performed in all patients with incomplete obstructions (n = 16). In three of four patients with complete obstruction stent implantation was performed successfully. Subsequent to failure of stent implantation in one of these patients balloon dilation was performed instead. The long-term primary patency rate in patients with incomplete obstructions was 88% (n = 14/16). In three of four cases with complete obstruction long-term patency was achieved during follow-up. Severe complications, infections, or punctal splitting were not observed. CONCLUSION: Fluoroscopically guided balloon dacryocystoplasty is a feasible nonsurgical therapy in canalicular obstructions with good clinical results that may be used as an alternative to surgical procedures. In patients with complete obstructions stent placement is possible but further investigations are needed to assess the procedural and long-term results.

Dacryoliths: nonsurgical fluoroscopically guided treatment during dacryocystoplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate dacryocystoplasty with fluoroscopically guided nonsurgical removal of dacryoliths in the treatment of dacryolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with severe epiphora due to partial (n = 8) or complete (n = 2) obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct system associated with dacryolithiasis underwent fluoroscopically guided removal of dacryoliths during dacryocystoplasty. Balloon dilation was performed initially to widen the nasolacrimal duct obstructions and to fragment dacryoliths. This was followed by forced irrigation with saline solution through the canaliculi. In patients with incomplete dacryolith washout, a 6.3-F sheath was advanced in a retrograde fashion into the nasolacrimal sac, and forced irrigation was repeated with aspiration of the fragments through the sheath. In two patients with therapy-resistant dacryoliths, additional fragmentation of the concrements was performed with a gooseneck snare. RESULTS: Removal of dacryoliths was technically successful in all patients (complete removal, n = 6; partial removal, n = 4). During a follow-up period of up to 18 months, complete resolution of epiphora was achieved in five patients, and five patients showed partial resolution of their symptoms. CONCLUSION: Fluoroscopically guided removal of dacryoliths during dacryocystoplasty is a feasible nonsurgical therapy with good clinical results and may be used as an alternative to dacryocystorhinostomy.

[3D-TSE MR cholangiopancreatography with breath triggering to clarify unclear hepatopathies in children]. / 3D-TSE MR-Cholangiopankreatikographie mit Atemtriggerung zur Abklärung von unklaren Hepatopathien bei Kindern.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of 3D-TSE MR-cholangiography with respiratory triggering in the work up of hepatopathies in infants and young children. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 16 infants (4-16 years) with increased transaminases, two with recurrent pancreatitis, were examined at 1.5 T (ACS-NT II, Philips Medical Systems) using a 3D-TSE MRCP with respiratory triggering in addition to a regular MRI of the liver. The MRCP was compared to ERCP. Two radiologists and one gastroenterologist evaluated the technical quality, visualization of the pancreaticobiliary system, and the diagnostic value of the examinations. RESULTS: Technically feasible were 14/16 MRCPs and 13/16 ERCPs. Two MRCP were not of diagnostic value due to motion artifacts and in three ERCP cannulation of the papilla was not possible. 14/16 ERCP required general anaesthesia, while MRCP needed i.v. sedation in two patients only. Extrahepatic ducts/cystic duct/pancreatic duct were visualized in 14/12/8 patients using MRCP, and in 13/10/3 patients using ERCP, both without adverse effects or complications. Intrahepatic ducts were better delineated with MRCP. In 10 patients with histologically proven periportal fibrosis (n = 7) and liver fibrosis (n = 1) or antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies and associated inflammatory bowel disease, MRCP and ERCP revealed pathological results. CONCLUSION: MRCP using a 3D-TSE sequence with respiratory triggering is a good non-invasive technique for delineation of the biliary tract in infants and young children for the work up to hepatopathies.

[TIPSS: technical and clinical results after 4 years]. / TIPSS: Technische und klinische Ergebnisse nach 4 Jahren.

PURPOSE: Retrospective analysis of the technical and clinical results after transjugular portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) procedure. METHOD: Between 1992 and 1996 we tried to establish a TIPSS in 90 patients. The indications were: recurrent variceal haemorrhage (n = 74), refractory ascites (n = 12), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) (n = 4). Due to advanced liver cirrhosis 16 patients suffered of severe renal dysfunction (HRS). 57 patients had ascites. RESULTS: TIPSS implantation was technically successful in 96.7% (1992-1994: 5.1%, 1995-1996: 100%) of the patients. Complications occurred in 14.9% (1992-1994: 25.6%, 1995-1996: 6.3%). TIPSS-associated mortality was 2.3% (1992-1994: 5.1%, 1995-1996: 0%). 76.1% of the patients required reinterventions. 85.3% of reinterventions were necessary in the first year after TIPSS placement. The survival rate without reintervention was 28%, 21% and 9% for Child A, B, and C patients, respectively. Recurrent variceal haemorrhage occurred in 12.7%. De novo hepatic encephalopathy developed in 13.8%. Ascites improved in 79.2% and renal function in 75% of the patients. CONCLUSION: TIPSS is an effective method to treat recurrent variceal haemorrhage, refractory ascites and HRS. Complication and mortality rate depend on the investigator's experience and on the technique used.

[Does angiographic localization of bleeding affect the management and mortality in gastrointestinal hemorrhage of unknown origin?]. / Beeinflusst die angiographische Blutungslokalisation den klinischen Verlauf und die Mortalität bei unklarer gastrointestinaler Blutung?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of angiography on patient management and mortality in patients with GIB of unknown origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 88 angiographies were performed in 74 patients with GIB of unknown origin (18 upper gastrointestinal tract [GIT]), 35 lower GIT. 21 unknown localisation) and were evaluated retrospectively in regard to the influence on patient management and clinical outcome. RESULTS: After unsuccessful endoscopic diagnosis, angiography shows a sensitivity of 60% in the acute phase of GIB. Once the GIB had stopped the sensitivity was 14%. Following angiographic localisation, patients were more commonly treated surgically (71% vs. 44.5%) and subsequently had a lower rate of persistent or recurring bleeding (15% vs. 37.5%) as well as a lower event related mortality (10.5% vs. 25%). Patients with angiographic localisation of the bleeding site had a better outcome than patients with unsuccessful bleeding localisation, with regard to both surgical (85% vs. 62.5%) and conservative (100% vs. 85%) treatment. CONCLUSION: Angiographic localisation should be attempted in all cases of unknown GI-bleeding after endoscopic methods have been unsuccessful or ambiguous, because such a procedure has a positive effect on patient management and outcome. Moreover, angiography also offers therapeutic options.

[The diagnosis of intra-abdominal hemorrhages with CO2 as the contrast medium]. / Diagnostik intraabdomineller Blutungen mit CO2 als Kontrastmittel.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as contrast medium for detection of intraabdominal haemorrhage. METHOD: We performed in 5 patients 7 DSA examinations (one with upper and three with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, one traumatic spleen rupture) using an iodinated contrast-medium and CO2 for the localisation of haemorrhage. RESULTS: With iodinated contrast medium it was possible to localise the haemorrhage in three of 5 patients. With CO2 the localisation was possible in all cases. There were no side effects. CONCLUSION: CO2 is useful for detection of intraabdominal bleeding. Even in cases with negative angiographic results with iodinated contrast medium, CO2 may enable localisation of the bleeding vessel. Because of this, we use CO2 and iodinated contrast media in all cases of intraabdominal haemorrhage. Further studies are required.

[CO2 cholangiography]. / CO2-Cholangiographie.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the benefit of carbon dioxide (CO2) as contrast medium to reduce intraductal manipulations in biliary drainage. METHOD: In 8 patients with biliary occlusion demonstrated by cholangiography with iodinated contrast medium, percutaneous CO2 cholangiography was performed by manual injection of 30-50 ml CO2 using the same approach. Capability of CO2 to pass the obstruction and delineate distal parts of the common bile duct was evaluated. RESULTS: In 5 of 8 patients CO2 visualised additional segments of the occluded bile duct. In 4 patients the poststenotic bile duct was demonstrated with CO2. In one patient 2 cm of the obstructed duct segment was visualised. The intrahepatic duct system could not be examined sufficiently by CO2 administration. CONCLUSION: Because of its low viscosity, CO2 is a useful contrast medium to visualise the extrahepatic biliary system before performing an external-internal biliary drainage in biliary obstruction. Unnecessary intraductal manipulations may be reduced.

[Temporary vena cave filter: critical comments]. / Temporäre Kavafilter: Kritische Anmerkungen.

PURPOSE: Retrospective evaluation of the reasons for complications caused by the placement of temporary vena cava filters. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of 9 complications in 6 implanted temporary (2 anthéor TC-, 4 Filcard RF 02-Filter) and 6 retrievable vena cava filters (1 Dil-, 5 FCP 2002-Filter). RESULTS: We observed 7 filter thromboses and two severe infections. 5 filter thromboses occurred in temporary filters, two filter thromboses and two infections occurred in facultative temporary filters. CONCLUSION: The main complications of temporary vena cava filters, like filter thrombosis and infection, were associated with the fixation mechanism of the filter. Our results indicate that facultative temporary vena cava filters without a permanent percutaneous retrieval system seem to be the safer system.

[Percutaneous removal of displaced metal stents in TIPS]. / Perkutane Entfernung von fehlliegenden Metallstents bei TIPS.

PURPOSE: Basing on our experience with three dislocated or displaced stents (one Wallstent, two Plamaz stents) during or after TIPS-procedure, we describe our technique to reposition or remove the stents. METHOD: The stents were moved back into the inferior vena cava by means of a balloon catheter, an alligator forceps, or an Amplatz gooseneck snare. They were secured against further dislocation by a central guidewire. After insertion of a balloon catheter into each dislocated stent, they were coaxially grasped with an Amplatz gooseneck snare. Stent diameter was reduced by forceful closure of the snare, and then the stent was either relocated or removed. CONCLUSION: To prevent further stent migration it is necessary to remove the stent via a guidewire. By using a balloon catheter and a coaxially inserted Amplatz gooseneck snare, reduction of the outer stent diameter is possible even in Plamaz stents, facilitating their relocation or removal.