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Atherosclerosis is usually the underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases. With the change in diet structure and living environment, it has become an increasingly serious global health problem, posing a huge challenge to public health. Berberine, also known as flavonidol, is an isoquinoline-type quaternary alkaloid with purgative and detoxifying effects. Berberine and its derivatives have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and atherosclerosis prevention effects, etc. Recent research results showed that berberine and its derivatives can play an important role in atherosclerosis prevention through a hypolipidemic effect, anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activity, improvement of vascular endothelial dysfunction, and regulation of intestinal microbiota. In this review paper, the research progress on the mechanism of action of berberine and its derivatives in the prevention of atherosclerosis was reviewed from the perspectives of a lipid-regulating effect, inhibition of oxidative stress and the inflammatory response, improvement of vascular endothelial dysfunction, and regulation of intestinal microbiota. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for reducing the occurrence of atherosclerosis, improving the clinical symptoms of patients, and further developing berberine-based drugs.
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Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on a rat model of ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by Escherichia coli. Methods:Each rat was administered 1 ml of 1×10 9 enteric invasive E. coli to establish an UC model. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, model, low-dose LD 4-PDT, medium-dose LD 4-PDT, high-dose LD 4-PDT (60, 120, 240 μg/kg), and levofloxacin (LEV) (100 mg/kg) groups, with six rats in each group. The UC model was established in all groups except the control group, which received 0.9% sodium chloride injection once. The first day of E. coli administration was recorded as day 0, and treatment was initiated on day 7 with LD 4 enema, levofloxacin gavage, and alternating enema/gavage for a total of four times. After a 30-minute exposure to each dose, the colon was irradiated using a 650 nm laser PDT system with an energy density of 25 J/cm 2, while the LEV group was not irradiated. The levels of body mass, colon length, intestinal pathological tissue, inflammatory factors interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidative stress factors myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were compared among all groups. Results:The body mass and colon length of the model group were lower than those of the control group. The body mass and colon length of the low, medium, and high -dose LD 4-PDT groups and LEV group were higher than those of the model group. Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited more epithelial cell loss, multiple ulcers, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the mucosa and submucosa, and decreased goblet cells. In contrast, the surface mucosa of colon tissue recovered, goblet cells increased, and ulcer healing was good in the low, medium, and high-dose LD 4-PDT groups and LEV group compared to the model group. Compared to the control group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MPO inflammatory factors were significantly increased in the model group ( all P < 0.001). Compared to the model group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MPO inflammatory factors in colon tissue from the low, medium, and high -dose LD 4-PDT groups and LEV group were significantly decreased ( P < 0.05, P < 0.001). Compared to the control group, MDA levels were increased, while GSH and SOD levels were decreased in the model group. In contrast, MDA levels in the low, medium, and high-dose LD 4-PDT groups were decreased ( P < 0.05, P < 0.001), while GSH and SOD levels were increased compared to the model group. Conclusions:Low-dose LD 4-PDT promotes the healing of colon mucosa, alleviates inflammation, regulates oxidative stress, and improves symptoms of UC.
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This study aims to contribute to the literature and examine the causal relationship between Pakistan's agricultural products export, industrialization, urbanization, transportation, energy consumption, and carbon emissions. For the last four decades, time-series data were used to employ short-run and long-run nexus between the selected variables by analyzing the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). The Granger causality test was analyzed to estimate the causality directions. The unit root test results indicate that all the selected variables are stationary at the level and first difference. The bound test confirmed that all variables are cointegrated at a 1% significance level. Long-run estimates suggest that an increase in energy consumption will increase the export of agricultural products. An increase in urbanization, transportation, and carbon emission resulted in a decrease in agricultural products export in Pakistan. In the short run, an increase in industrialization, transportation, and energy consumption leads to an increase in agricultural products export. Increasing urbanization and carbon emission decrease the agricultural products export of Pakistan. Based on our findings, we recommend sustainable agricultural production, renewable energy consumption, low carbon emission technologies, and a green portfolio for sustainable agricultural products export.
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Desarrollo Económico , Desarrollo Industrial , Carbono , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , PakistánRESUMEN
Objective To investigate the clinical effect of monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside in the treatment of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.Methods From January 2016 to December 2018,142 neonates with intracranial hemorrhage admitted to the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Zhoushan were randomly divided into observation group (71 cases) and control group (71 cases) according to the digital table.The control group was treated with routine treatment,while the observation group was treated with ganglioside needle on the basis of the control group.Both two groups were treated for 14 days.The therapeutic effects,muscle tone recovery time,reflex recovery time and consciousness recovery time were compared.The changes of neurobehavioral assessment score (NABA score),TNF-αt,IL-1β,MMP-2,T IMP-1 and NSE levels before and after treatment were compared.Results The total effective rate of the observation group (92.96％) was higher than that of the control group (77.47％) (x2 =6.762,P ＜ 0.05).The recovery time of muscle tension,reflex and consciousness in the observation group [(7.68 ± 1.29) d,(6.83 ± 1.20) d and (8.34 ± 1.54) d] were shorter than those in the control group [(10.25 ± 2.31) d,(9.17 ±1.86) d and (10.53 ± 1.08) d] (t =8.185,8.908,9.811,all P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the NABA score of the observation group [(40.37 ± 0.65) points] was higher than that of the control group [(37.16 ± 0.93) points] (t =23.838,P ＜ 0.05).The serum levels of TNF-α [(26.37 ± 4.25) pg/L],IL-1β [(16.74 ± 3.24) ng/L],MMP-2 [(78.39 ± 16.57)g/L],TIMP-1 [(179.32 ± 17.65) ng/mL] and NSE [(13.52 ± 2.19) g/L] in the observation group were lower than those in the control group [(53.21 ± 7.39) pg/L,(28.93 ± 5.64) ng/L,(97.42 ±12.63) g/L,(238.63 ± 28) ng/mL and (21.43 ± 2.89) μg/L] (t =26.529,15.792,7.696,14.938,1 8.381,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ganglioside has good therapeutic effect on neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.It can reduce the serum levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,MMP-2,TIMP-1 and NSE,and improve the neurobehavioral function of neonates.
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Bacterial resistance is an increasingly serious problem.Therefore,it is necessary to find new antibacterial drugs.Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic chemicals with low molecular weight,which exhibit many beneficial properties for human health by the interaction of cellular targets,such as the key cell signaling pathways.Flavonoids have been extensively studied as one of the important sources of antimicrobial compounds.At present,antibacterial flavonoids can be divided into two categories.One is the natural,extracted from the plant or microbial secondary metabolites.The other is the product of chemical synthesis,i.e.the derivatives of flavonoids or chalcone.In this paper,the progress of antibacterial flavonoids by natural extraction and chemical synthesis were summarized.
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Bacterial resistance is an increasingly serious problem.Therefore,it is necessary to find new antibacterial drugs.Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic chemicals with low molecular weight,which exhibit many beneficial properties for human health by the interaction of cellular targets,such as the key cell signaling pathways.Flavonoids have been extensively studied as one of the important sources of antimicrobial compounds.At present,antibacterial flavonoids can be divided into two categories.One is the natural,extracted from the plant or microbial secondary metabolites.The other is the product of chemical synthesis,i.e.the derivatives of flavonoids or chalcone.In this paper,the progress of antibacterial flavonoids by natural extraction and chemical synthesis were summarized.
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Objective To study the photodynamic therapeutical efficacy of a novel photosensitizer DTP on sensitive gastric cancer cells (SGC7901) and vincristine-resistant gastric cancer cells (SGC7901/VCR).Methods The P-gp expression on the SGC7901 and SGC7901/VCR cell membrane was indirectly confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.The survival rates of SGC7901 and SGC7901/VCR cells were evaluated by cell counting kit (CCK-8) after photodynamic therapy with DTP.The intracellular DTP uptake levels of two types of cell were determined using a fluorescence spectrophotometer,and the intracellular DTP distributions were observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy.Results The novel photosensitizer DTP has considerable photodynamic cytotoxic effect on SGC7901 and SGC7901/VCR cells.However,this effect on the SGC7901NCR cells was relatively weak (P＜0.05),and could not be enhanced by P-gp inhibitor verapamil or cyclosporine A(P＞0.05).The DTP uptake level in SGC7901 cells was higher than that in SGC7901/VCR cells (P＜0.05),and could not be enhanced by P-gp inhibitor verapamil and cyclosporin A (P＞0.05).It was found that DTP distributed in the lysosomes of SGC7901 cells and in the lysosomes and mitochondria of SGC7901/VCR cells.Conclusions The novel photosensitizer DTP is not the substrate of multidrug transporter P-gp,and its weaker photodynamic cytotoxic effect on SGC7901/VCR cells is independent of the P-gp overexpression on its cell membrane,which may be related to the distribution of intracellular DTP in the two types of cell.
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Objective To understand the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of AIDS between male-male in college students, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control strategies. Methods Using cluster random sampling method, the questionnaire survey including basic situation, the perception of HIV/AIDS of male male actors, sexual behavior and condom use and HIV/AIDS counseling detection, was used to investigate in male students of 8 universities at Beijing fangshan distric. Results A total of 2444 male college students were surveyed, 138 cases with male-male behavior were detected, and the detection rate was 5.65％. The detection rate (18.31％) of the junior college students was statistically higher than that of first-year college students (4.28％) and sophomores (6.52％, P<0.017). The awareness rates of four relevant knowledge about HIV/AIDS for 138 students were 25.36％, 15.22％, 9.42％and 13.77％respectively. The 44.93％male-male in college students had first sexual intercourse were younger than 18 years old. The proportion of students with first time male-male behavior and age <18 years was higher in the first-year college students (58.9％) than that of sophomores and junior college students (30.77％, 26.92％). The incidence rate of bisexuality was 43.48％ in male-male behavior, and 73.91％ was polysexual partners. The correct usage rate of condom was 31.16％. AIDS counseling detection rate was 27.54％. Conclusion The detection rate is higher in students with male-male behavior, and the awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge is lower. A variety of high risk sexual behaviors are prevalent, so it is necessary to strengthen HIV/AIDS education and HIV/AIDS related knowledge for college students.
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Objective To study the radiation protection effect of sugar polyphenols A obtained by structured modification using mouse model of radiation injury induced by 137Cs γ-ray.Methods Total 42 male Kunming mice aged 4-6 weeks were randomly divided into six groups:negative control group (NCG),positive control group (PCG),irradiation control group (ICG) as well as three irradiation experimental groups.The radiation injury model was developed by once whole-body irradiation with 6.0 Gy 137Cs γ-ray.The mice in three experimental groups were fed sugar polyphenols A respectively with doses of 0.05,0.10 and 0.20 g/kg,for 14 d before irradiation,and continuously fed with the drug for 7 d after the irradiation.After that the mice were sacrificed,and the organ index,hematological parameters,spleen colony number,bone marrow DNA content and nucleated cells in bone-marrow were tested to evaluate the effect of sugar polyphenols A.Results Compared with the ICG,the irradiation experimental groups with the sugar polyphenols A doses of 0.05,0.10,0.20 g/kg showed reductions in irradiation injuries of immune system and hematopoietic system,which makes the significant increases of the spleen indexes (Z=-2.364,-3.003 and -2.747,P＜0.05) and the number of endogenous spleen colony (Z=-2.458,-2.141 and-2.206,P＜0.05).In the groups with the doses of 0.05 and 0.2 g/kg,the number of white blood cells were significantly increased (Z=-2.652 and-2.139,P＜0.05).Besides,in the group with the dose of 0.2 g/kg,the level of red blood cells (Z=-2.364,P＜0.05),bone marrow DNA content (Z=-2.492,P＜0.05) and nucleated cells in bone-marrow (Z=-2.492,P＜0.05) were also increased compared with the ICG.Conclusions Sugar polyphenols A has the positive effects on the recovery of immune and hematopoietic function of mice through improving the organ index,endogenous spleen colony number,peripheral white blood cell number,bone marrow DNA content and nucleated cells in bone-marrow,which can reduce the injury induced by ionizing radiation.
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Objective To investigate susceptibility and antibacterial activity of cationic porphyfin derivative mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (CPD-PACT) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,to provide experimental evidence for its high efficiency antibacterial activity.Methods The impacts of culture environments on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were measured by double dilution method.The formation of inhibition zone was determined by diffusion plate method.The postantibiotic effect was analyzed by colony forming units.The viability and morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).Results The inoculum size of bacterial had a certain effect on the MIC.The MIC values increased as the pH of medium rose.When the calf serum content of culture medium increased,the MIC rose in light reaction and dropped in dark reaction.The diameter of inhibition zone mainly depended on the laser energy density,but not the concentration of photosensitizer.Though CPD possessed strong antimicrobial activity and persistent suppression on bacterial growth,the surviving Pseudomonas aeruginosa would soon continue to proliferate after PACT.The fluorescence images captured by CLSM showed that CPD-PACT could destroy the membrane integrity,leak the cytoplasmic component,decrease the bacterial activity and finally lead Pseudomonas aeruginosa to death.Conclusions CPD has strong inhibitory activity and obvious postantibiotic effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa,which is suitable to be developed as an drug candidate for PACT.