Gum-based Nanoparticles Targeting for Colon Rectal Cancer: Latest Research and Patents.

Colorectal disease is the third most prevelant cancer in both men and women, with an expected 106,180 new cases of colon cancer and 44,850 new cases of rectal cancer as per American Cancer Society. Targeted medicine delivery is vital in the treatment of colon disorders because it delivers long-term therapeutic results with little side effects. Natural polymer is biocompatible and biodegradable, which enables safety, improves storage, and physiological stability, it is utilized as drug delivery vehicles and has made great strides in recent years. Chitosan, alginate, pectin, guar gum, dextran, hyaluronic acid, and arabinoxylan are examples of natural polysaccharides that are utilized to create nanoparticles. Natural gums serve two purposes: first, they shield the medicine from stomach and intestinal conditions, allowing it to only be released in the colon. In this review, we introduce the different gum particularly used in nanoparticles formulation, and then discuss recent research and the latest patent in the development of gum-based nanoparticles for the treatment of colon rectal cancer.

A Promising Approach of Dermal Targeting of Antipsoriatic Drugs via Engineered Nanocarriers Drug Delivery Systems for Tackling Psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a complex autoimmune skin condition with a significant genetic component. It causes skin inflammation and is characterized by flaky, silvery reddish spots that can worsen with age. This condition results from an impaired immunological response of T-cells and affects 2-5% of the global population. The severity of the illness determines the choice of treatment. Topical treatments are commonly used to treat psoriasis, but they can have several adverse effects. Biological therapy is another option for treating specific types of psoriasis. Recently, new nanoformulations have revolutionized psoriasis treatment. Various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanostructured lipid nanoparticles, niosomes, and nanoemulsions, have been developed and improved for drug delivery. The use of nanocarriers enhances patient compliance, precise drug delivery, and drug safety. This review aims to suggest new nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for treating psoriasis. It discusses the importance of nanocarriers and compares them to traditional treatments. Anti-psoriatic drugs have also been investigated for cutaneous delivery using nanocarriers. The review also covers various factors that influence dermal targeting. By highlighting several relevant aspects of psoriasis treatment, the review emphasizes the current potential of nanotechnology. Using nanocarriers as a drug delivery technique may be a promising alternative treatment for psoriasis.

Design and Statistical Optimization of Novel Polyelectrolyte Complex Microbeads to Improve Entrapment Efficiency and Release Study of Vildagliptin.

BACKGROUND: The current research focused on the improvement of drug entrapment efficiency and release study of hydrophilic drug through polymer complextation. OBJECTIVE: Ionotropic gelation technique was utilised for the preparation of Polyelectrolyte complex microbeads of Vildagliptin using Sodium alginate and Eudragit RL100 and their performance was optimized by Central composite design. METHODS: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, particle size, Drug Entrapment Efficiency, X-ray diffraction and in vitro drug release at 10hr were chosen for evaluating formulated microbeads. The impact of independent variables like concentration of sodium alginate and eudragit RL100 was examined over dependent responses. RESULTS: The interpretation of XRD, SEM, DSC, and FTIR affirmed no drug excipients interference and confirmed formation of polyelectrolyte complex microbeads. For complex microbeads, the maximum and minimum drug release after 10 hours was obtained as 96.23.5% and 89.45%, respectively. The 32 central composite design was further used to obtain response surface graph and the values for the particle size, DEE and Drug release were retained as 0.197, 76.30 % and 92.15%, respectively for the optimize batch. CONCLUSION: The result suggested the combination of two polymers (Sodium alginate and Eudragit RL100) were suitable for improving the entrapment efficiency of hydrophilic drug (Vildagliptin). The central composite design (CCD) technique is an effective tool for obtaining optimal drug delivery systems of Vildagliptin polyelectrolyte complex microbeads.

Amphotericin B: A drug of choice for Visceral Leishmaniasis.

Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus leishmania. In India, Amphotericin B (AmB) is a first-line medication for treating leishmaniasis. After a large-scale resistance to pentavalent antimony therapy developed in Bihar state, it was rediscovered as an effective treatment for Leishmania donovani infection. AmB which binds to the ergosterol of protozoan cells causes a change in membrane integrity resulting in ions leakage, and ultimately leading to cell death. The treatment effect of liposomal AmB can be seen more quickly than deoxycholate AmB because, it has some toxic effects, but liposomal AmB is significantly less toxic. Evidence from studies suggested that ABLC (Abelcet) and ABCD (Amphotec) are as effective as l-AmB but Liposomal form (Ambisome) is a more widely accepted treatment option than conventional ones. Nevertheless, the world needs some way more efficient antileishmanial drugs that are less toxic and less expensive for people living with parasitic infections caused by Leishmania. So, academics, researchers, and sponsors need to focus on finding such drugs. This review provides a summary of the chemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-target interactions, stability, dose efficacy, and many other characteristics of the AmB and their various formulations. We have also highlighted the clinically significant aspects of PKDL and VL co-infection with HIV/TB.

Complextation of Oppositely Charged Polymer: Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery.

The polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are adaptable constructs shaped by electrostatic interaction between biopolymers with inverse charges. Polyelectrolyte edifices comprise an exceptional class of polymeric mixtures comprising of polyions with inverse charges, which can be charged either cationically or anionically. Significant advancement has been made in the course of recent years towards new medication conveyance frameworks. The subject of broad, essential and applied exploration covers the marvel of interpolymer collaborations and polyelectrolyte complex development. Basically, applied polyelectrolytes raise on the grounds that the advantages of supportability are perceived in the scholarly world and modern examination settings. Polyelectrolytes are a form of polymer that has endless ionizable practical arrangements. Ionized polyelectrolytes in the arrangement can form a complex with an oppositely charged particle called a polyelectrolyte complex. The review article emphasizes on PECs and their classification, characterization, as well as a critical analysis of the current research and applicability in the drug delivery technology.

Modulation of antigen presentation and B cell receptor signaling in B cells of beige mice.

Binding of Ag by B cells leads to signal transduction downstream of the BCR and to delivery of the internalized Ag-BCR complex to lysosomes where the Ag is processed and presented on MHC class II molecules. T cells that recognize the peptide-MHC complexes provide cognate help to B cells in the form of costimulatory signals and cytokines. Recruitment of T cell help shapes the Ab response by facilitating isotype switching and somatic hypermutation, and promoting the generation of memory cells and long-lived plasma cells. We have used the beige (Bg) mouse, which is deficient in endosome biogenesis, to evaluate the effect of potentially altered Ag presentation in shaping the humoral response. We show that movement of the endocytosed Ag-BCR complex to lysosomes is delayed in Bg B cells and leads to relatively poorer stimulation of Ag-specific T cells. Nevertheless, this does not affect Bg B cell activation or proliferation when competing with wild-type B cells for limiting T cell help in vitro. Interestingly, Bg B cells show more prolonged phosphorylation of signaling intermediates after BCR ligation and proliferate better to low levels of BCR cross-linking. Primary Ab responses are similar in both strains, but memory responses and plasma cell frequencies in bone marrow are higher in Bg mice. Further, Bg B cells mount a higher primary Ab response when competing with wild-type cells in vivo. Thus, the intensity and duration of BCR signaling may play a more important part in shaping B cell responses than early Ag presentation for T cell help.