RESUMEN
To assess oxidative stress (OS) induced by endurance exercise, concentrations of serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in 70 Japanese male amateur runners completing a two-day ultra-marathon race. Serum ROS levels were analyzed at three time points: before the race (baseline), after the 1st day race (mid-race), and after the 2nd day race (goal) (post-race). The means (SE) of ROS were 151.4(3.7) (U. CARR.), 168.7(4.4), and 156.8(4.4), respectively. Significant positive trends were noted between age and serum ROS concentrations at the three race points (p<0.05 for all). After adjusting for age, BMI and average monthly running distance, the baseline serum ROS concentrations were positively associated with completion times of the first-day race, in particular (p<0.05), suggesting that the concentrations may predict physical performance. The ROS production increased at mid-race (p<0.05), but the levels returned to baseline levels at post-race, indicating that an antioxidant defense system may develop post-race to reduce OS.
Asunto(s)
Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/sangre , Carrera/fisiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resistencia Física/fisiologíaRESUMEN
We investigated the possible influence of an exhaustive physical exercise on mental stress biomarkers (serotonin, tryptophan, and beta-endorphin) along with dopamine, noradrenaline and free fatty acids in an ultramarathon race in which 45 km was run on the first day and 90 km on the second. We obtained serum samples at 6 different time points during and after the race from 18 Japanese male runners who completed the marathon. Overall changes of serum serotonin and tryptophan concentrations were statistically significant according to ANOVA for repeated measurements (p < 0.05). Serum serotonin levels elevated rapidly on the first day with the post hoc Tukey's test. Tryptophan concentrations inversely decreased during the race, possibly because of utilization for synthesis of serotonin. Levels of beta-endorphin appeared to increase on the first and second days, but were not statistically significant. In conclusion, serum serotonin, tryptophan and beta-endorphin appeared to be used for mental stress markers in physical exercise.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/sangre , Tolerancia al Ejercicio/fisiología , Salud Mental , Carrera/fisiología , Estrés Psicológico/sangre , Análisis de Varianza , Antropometría , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Psicológicas , Serotonina/sangre , Triptófano/sangre , betaendorfina/sangreRESUMEN
Using the urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration, effects of participation in a two-day ultramarathon race period on oxidative DNA damage were investigated in Japanese nonprofessional runners. Before the first day (baseline), after the first day (mid-race) of 40-km running, and after the second day (post-race) of 90 km running, biomaterials were successfully sampled from 95 participants (males, 79; females, 16) who completed the full race. We analyzed urine for 8-OHdG and blood for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and myoglobin, and evaluated fluctuation in the values at three sampling time points. Adjusted baseline urinary 8-OHdG levels (microg/g creatinine) (mean +/- standard deviation) showed no significant differences between males and females, at 2.85 +/- 1.17 and 3.04 +/- 1.56, respectively. In males, mid-race urinary 8-OHdG levels rose to 3.29 +/- 1.15 (p < 0.01), but then returned to 2.73 +/- 1.16 at the post-race time point (p < 0.01). In females, a similar increase to 3.32 +/- 1.47 and subsequent decline to 2.80 +/- 1.47 were noted. In contrast, AST, CPK and myoglobin were increased at both mid- and post-time points and particularly the latter, independent of the sex. Extreme prolonged exercise in a two-day ultramarathon race period causes oxidative DNA damage but antioxidant repair systems are apparently induced to protect against oxidative DNA stress with physical exercise.
Asunto(s)
Daño del ADN/fisiología , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Carrera/fisiología , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxicoguanosina , Adulto , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Creatina Quinasa/sangre , Desoxiguanosina/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mioglobina/sangre , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Factores Sexuales , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the risk of periodontal disease and tooth loss, associated with habits of smoking and alcohol consumption, in a longitudinal study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects were 1332 Japanese males, 30-59 yr of age, who were free from periodontal disease at the baseline check-up, and who underwent a second check-up 4 yr later. Periodontal disease was diagnosed using the community periodontal index score, based on the clinical probing of pocket depth (> or = 4 mm). Smoking and alcohol consumption patterns were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: A dose-response relationship was observed between the amount of smoking and the incidence of periodontal disease in each age group. The overall odds ratios (95% confidence intervals), adjusted for age and alcohol, were 1.51 (0.95-2.22), 1.58 (1.13-2.22) and 2.81 (1.96-4.03), among smokers consuming 1-19, 20 or 21 or more cigarettes per day, respectively, with a significant linear trend (p < 0.0001). A similar association was found between smoking and tooth loss, except for the 50-59-yr-old age group. The adjusted odds ratios were 1.26 (0.60-2.64), 2.01 (1.21-2.32) and 2.06 (1.23-3.48), respectively. A significant linear trend between smoking and tooth loss was also observed (p = 0.01). Ex-smokers showed no significant difference compared with nonsmokers. We also found a significant linear trend between alcohol consumption and tooth loss among 30-39-yr-old subjects, while no relationship was observed between alcohol consumption and periodontal disease. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking was found to be an independent risk factor for periodontal disease and tooth loss. Alcohol consumption was a limited risk factor for tooth loss in the younger age group, but was unrelated to periodontal disease. To prevent periodontal disease and tooth loss, health practitioners need to encourage people to stop smoking or not to start.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Periodontales/epidemiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Periodontales/inducido químicamente , Bolsa Periodontal/inducido químicamente , Bolsa Periodontal/epidemiología , Pérdida de Diente/inducido químicamente , Pérdida de Diente/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in the Western world, and the main risk factor is tobacco smoking. Polymorphisms in metabolic genes may modulate the risk associated with environmental factors. The glutathione S-transferase theta 1 gene (GSTT1) is a particularly attractive candidate for lung cancer susceptibility because of its involvement in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in tobacco smoke and of other chemicals, pesticides, and industrial solvents. The frequency of the GSTT1 null genotype is lower among Caucasians (10-20%) than among Asians (50-60%). The authors present a meta- and a pooled analysis of case-control, genotype-based studies that examined the association between GSTT1 and lung cancer (34 studies, 7,629 cases and 10,087 controls for the meta-analysis; 34 studies, 7,044 cases and 10,000 controls for the pooled analysis). No association was observed between GSTT1 deletion and lung cancer for Caucasians (odds ratio (OR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87, 1.12); for Asians, a positive association was found (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.49). In the pooled analysis, the odds ratios were not significant for either Asians (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.13) or Caucasians (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.21). No significant interaction was observed between GSTT1 and smoking on lung cancer, whereas GSTT1 appeared to modulate occupational-related lung cancer.
Asunto(s)
Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Pueblo Asiatico/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Glutatión Transferasa/fisiología , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etnología , Polimorfismo Genético , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar/efectos adversos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Components of the Japanese diet, which might contribute to the relatively low breast cancer incidence rates in Japan, have not been clarified in detail. Since soybean products are widely consumed in Japan, a case-control study taking account of the menopausal status was conducted using data from the hospital-based epidemiologic research program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC). In total, 167 breast cancer cases were included and 854 women confirmed as free of cancer were recruited as the control group. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. There were reductions in risk of breast cancer associated with high intake of soybean products among premenopausal women. Compared with women in the lowest tertile, the adjusted ORs for top tertile intake of tofu (soybean curd) was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.25-0.95). A significant decrease in premenopausal breast cancer risk was also observed for increasing consumption of isoflavones (OR=0.44; 95% CI, 0.22-0.89 for highest vs lowest tertile; P for trend=0.02). The present study found a statistically inverse association between tofu or isoflavone intake and risk of breast cancer in Japanese premenopausal women, while no statistically significant association was evident with the risk among postmenopausal women.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/prevención & control , Glycine max , Adulto , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Entrevistas como Asunto , Isoflavonas/administración & dosificación , Japón/epidemiología , Menopausia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y CuestionariosAsunto(s)
Dieta Mediterránea , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Japón , Aceite de Oliva , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
The relationship between bowel movement (BM) frequency and the risk of colorectal cancer was examined in a large cohort of 25 731 men and 37 198 women living in 24 communities in Japan. At enrolment, each participant completed a self-administrated questionnaire on BM frequency and laxative use. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox's proportional-hazard model. During the follow-up period (average length 7.6 years), 649 cases of colorectal cancer, including 429 cases of colon cancer, were identified. Among women, subjects who reported a BM every 2-3 days had the lowest risk of developing colorectal (IRR=0.71, 95% CI=0.52-0.97) and colon cancer (IRR=0.70, 95% CI=0.49-1.00), whereas those reporting a BM every 6 days or less had an increased risk of developing colorectal (IRR=2.47, 95% CI=1.01-6.01) and colon cancer (IRR=2.52, 95% CI=0.93-6.82) compared with those reporting >or=1 BM per day. A similar, but nonsignificant, association between the frequency of BM and cancer risk was observed in men. There was no association between colorectal or colon cancer risk and laxative use. Regulating BM frequency might therefore have a role in the prevention of colorectal cancer.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Defecación , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether body size measurements are risk factors for colon cancer death among the Japanese. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A nationwide prospective study, the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study from 1988 to 1999. The present analysis included 43 171 men and 58 775 women aged 40-79 y who respond to a questionnaire on current weight and height, weight around 20 y of age, and other lifestyle factors. Body mass index (BMI) at baseline and 20 y of age (B-BMI and 20-BMI, respectively) were calculated. RESULTS: We identified 127 deaths from colon cancer during the follow-up of 424 698 person-years among men and 122 deaths during the follow-up of 591 787 person-years among women. After adjustments for the lifestyle factors known to modify the risk of colon cancer, weight at baseline showed a significant positive association in women, while no such association was seen in men. There was also a significant trend of increasing risk with the increase in B-BMI among women. Women with B-BMI >/=28 kg/m(2) had a relative risk (RR) of 3.41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.44-8.06) compared with those with BMI of 20-<22 kg/m(2). 20-BMI also presented the same trend of increasing risk as B-BMI. Women with 20-BMI of <22 and B-BMI of >26 kg/m(2), that is, excessive BMI gain, had a high RR of 3.41 (95% CI 1.29-9.02) compared with those with 20-BMI of <22 and B-BMI of <22 kg/m(2). There were no corresponding trends of colon cancer risk for B-BMI, 20-BMI, or BMI change among men. CONCLUSIONS: These study data suggest that obesity and excessive weight gain are associated with the risk of colon cancer death in Japanese women but no such relationship was found in Japanese men.
Asunto(s)
Constitución Corporal , Neoplasias del Colon/mortalidad , Adulto , Anciano , Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Neoplasias del Colon/etiología , Neoplasias del Colon/fisiopatología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/complicaciones , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
To ascertain histological changes in the basal lamina of the bronchial epithelial basement membrane in patients with severe bronchial asthma, an immunohistochemical study was conducted in 43 patients who died of bronchial asthma. Antibodies against laminin, a component of the lamina lucida, were utilized. The results revealed various patterns for immunoreactivity to laminin in the thickened basement membrane layer. We were able to classify these reactivities into four patterns. In Pattern A, laminin reactions branched vertically in relation to the thickened basement membrane layer. In Pattern B, laminin reactions formed lines along the lower margin of the thickened basement membrane layer. In Pattern C, laminin reactions formed lines along the upper margin of the thickened basement membrane layer. Finally, in Pattern D, no laminin reactions were observed. In addition, relationships between immunohistological characteristics of laminin and findings such as epithelial cell shedding, basal cell proliferation and basement membrane layer thickening were investigated. In many Pattern A patients, epithelial cell shedding was observed, but goblet cell hyperplasia and basal cell proliferation were barely detectable. Conversely, in numerous Pattern D patients, epithelial cell shedding was barely seen, but goblet cell hyperplasia and basal cell proliferation were marked. Hence, Patterns A and D were on opposite ends of the spectrum of morphological characteristics associated with severe bronchial asthma. In Patterns B and C, laminin reactions formed lines along the lower and upper margin of the thickened basement membrane layer, respectively. However, no marked differences existed in epithelial cell shedding and basement membrane layer thickening. The present study is thus the first to clarify that laminin reactions in the thickened basement membrane layer vary, and this feature is unique to the bronchi of patients with severe bronchial asthma.
Asunto(s)
Asma/patología , Membrana Basal/química , Laminina/análisis , Adulto , Anciano , Autopsia , Membrana Basal/irrigación sanguínea , Capilares , División Celular , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the influences of age on dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of fatty acids (FAs) in Japanese female dietitians. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In autumn 1996, we estimated dietary FA intakes based on 7 day weighed diet records and analyzed plasma FA concentrations in 79 healthy Japanese female dietitians, and investigated their relationships with age, dividing into three age groups (young (32-42 y), middle-aged (43-50 y) and elderly (51-66 y)). RESULTS: Dietary intakes of total FA, saturated FAs, monounsaturated FAs, n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were significantly highest in the middle-aged group, and lowest in the elderly. Similar trends were observed for dietary intakes of n-6 PUFAs and linoleic acid (18:2n-6), but there were no differences with regard to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) and n-3 highly unsaturated FAs (HUFAs=EPA+22:5n-3+DHA). On the other hand, plasma concentrations of all FAs except for arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) demonstrated positive correlations with age. Moreover, plasma concentrations of EPA in all age groups, DHA in the elderly and n-3 HUFAs in the middle-aged and the elderly were all positively correlated with dietary intakes. CONCLUSIONS: We should take into account the influence of age on dietary habit and lipid metabolism when interpreting associations between dietary FA intakes and plasma FA concentrations.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Envejecimiento/sangre , Registros de Dieta , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The interplay of physical activity and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism in their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) was studied for 120 Japanese girls aged 18-19 years. BMD at distal radius in the group with the VDR genotype at the Apal site of Aa was significantly higher than that in the aa group, but this association disappeared in a group having the habit of physical activity. The Aa genotype gave a higher BMD than the aa genotype only in the group without the habit of physical activity. The habit of physical activity was associated with a higher BMD only in the aa genotype group. The similar interplay was observed in the VDR genotype at the TaqI site. We thus suggest that physical activity and VDR genotypes affect BMD in independent mechanism to give a saturated level of BMD. Higher dietary calcium intake tended to be associated with higher BMD only in the Aa genotype, suggesting that the calcium intake and VDR genotype affect BMD in a synergistic mechanism.
Asunto(s)
Densidad Ósea/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Polimorfismo Genético/fisiología , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Calcio de la Dieta , Recolección de Datos , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Japón , Educación y Entrenamiento Físico/estadística & datos numéricos , Vigilancia de la Población , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) against 28 day weighed diet records (WDRs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The SQFFQ was administered to 106 (21 male and 85 female) Japanese dietitians in Aichi Prefecture in autumn, 1996 and four-season consecutive 7 day WDRs were carried out during 1996-1997. We evaluated validity of intakes of 15 foods and 31 macro- and micro-nutrients based on the SQFFQ against those according to 28 day WDRs among 79 Japanese female dietitians. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of selected foods and nutrients determined by the SQFFQ were generally equivalent to those measured by 28 day WDRs. Pearson's de-attenuated correlation coefficients (CCs) with log-transformation and energy-adjustment between intakes of selected foods and nutrients quantified by the SQFFQ and 28 day WDRs (minimum-median-maximum) ranged from 0.17 (beverages)-0.52 to 0.74 (rice), and Spearman's rank CCs with energy-adjustment ranged from 0.28 (confectionery)-0.42 to 0.68 (rice). Respective Pearson's CCs for intakes of nutrients were 0.28 (PUFAs)-0.51 to 0.73 (magnesium), and Spearman's rank CCs ranged from 0.23 (n-3 PUFAs)-0.45 to 0.71 (magnesium). Favorably higher agreement for intakes of foods/nutrients was achieved along with lower disagreement. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactorily higher relative validity was attained in Japanese female dietitians with the SQFFQ. This calibrated questionnaire seems therefore appropriate for administration to Japanese dietitians to clarify associations between diet and health/disease. SPONSORSHIP: A grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (06454242).
Asunto(s)
Registros de Dieta , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto , Anciano , Calibración , Dietética , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The involvement of beta2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) and beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) in both adipocyte lipolysis and thermogenic activity suggests that polymorphisms in the encoding genes might be linked with interindividual variation in obesity, an important risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. In order to examine the hypothesis that genetic variations in ADRB2 and ADRB3 represent interindividual susceptibility factors for obesity and breast cancer, we conducted a hospital-based, case-control study in the Aichi Cancer Center, Japan. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was given to 200 breast cancer patients and 182 control individuals, and pertinent information on lifestyle, family history and reproduction was collected. ADRB2 and ADRB3 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism assessment. RESULTS: Twenty-five (12.4%) breast cancer patients and 32 (17.6%) control individuals were found to bear a glutamic acid (Glu) allele for the ADRB2 gene (odds ratio [OR] 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38-1.18), and 60 (30.0%) breast cancer patients and 61 (33.5%) control individuals were found to bear an Arg allele for the ADRB3 gene (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.55-1.31). A significantly lower risk was observed in those who carried the Glu ADRB2 allele and who reported first childbirth when they were younger than 25 years (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.13-0.99). CONCLUSION: A potential association may exist between risk of breast cancer and polymorphisms in the ADRB2 and ADRB3 genes; further studies in larger samples and/or in different ethnic groups are warranted to investigate this potential association.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Obesidad/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/genética , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/complicaciones , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of family history (FH) on anthropometric and reproductive risk factors for breast cancer, a case-referent study was conducted using data from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC), Japan. METHODS: In total, 1584 breast cancer cases were included and 15,331 women, confirmed as free of cancer, were recruited as the referents. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined by logistic regression analysis. Separate analyses were performed for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. RESULTS: Height, weight, and current body mass index (BMI) were positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer regardless of FH, while these anthropometric factors did not alter risk in premenopausal women. The impacts of height and weight on postmenopausal breast cancer were more pronounced among FH women. There was little association with reproductive risk factors for premenopausal or postmenopausal breast cancer in FH cases, in clear contrast to the non-FH cases. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest some differences in risk impact of common etiologic factors between familial breast cancer and sporadic cases that may give pointers to further analysis of host-specific factors. They imply that avoidance of obesity after menopause may reduce the risk of breast cancer, regardless of FH.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Posmenopausia , Premenopausia , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Menarquia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to determine by ultrasonographic measurements, an inexpensive and radiation-free technique, the association between bone health and lifestyle factors among a large population of Japanese women. Two hundred and fifty-six pre-menopausal women and 585 post-menopausal women who underwent a voluntary medical check-up for osteoporosis in 1996-1997 were analyzed. There were significant positive correlations between the bone density (designated as the stiffness value) vs the weight, the height and the body mass index of the subjects only in the post-menopausal group. Negative correlations were also found between the bone density vs the age and the years since menopause. Our data using ultrasonographic technique agree well with previous studies using other devices. In both groups, subjects with current or past exercise habits had higher stiffness values. Dietary habits had no effects on the stiffness value. Smoking habits had a trend towards negative effects and alcohol consumption seemed to have a trend towards positive effects on the stiffness value in post-menopausal women, but these effects did not reach statistical significance. Positive effects of current exercise on bone density were maintained after adjustment for past exercise habits. These results support the effectiveness of exercise begun in adulthood. Having a good exercise habit is one of the most effective ways of maintaining good bone health.
Asunto(s)
Densidad Ósea , Huesos/diagnóstico por imagen , Estilo de Vida , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Índice de Masa Corporal , Dieta , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoporosis/prevención & control , Posmenopausia , Premenopausia , Fumar , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Few reports exist comparing virological studies on hepatitis viruses with histopathological studies of autopsy cases other than those of liver clinics. Relations between hepatitis virus-related markers and hepatic histopathology were studied in 1044 autopsy cases (779 men and 265 women) at the Medical Examiner's Office, Tokyo. Heart blood was obtained at the autopsy, and the sera were submitted for virus-marker detection of HBV, HCV, and HGV/GBV-C. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained paraffin sections were used for histological assessment. Histopathologically, 463 cases were determined as so-called normal liver; among them 440 cases (95.0%) were negative for all hepatitis virus-related markers, but HBV-DNA was positive in 13 cases, three cases were positive for HCV-RNA (indicating a healthy carrier rate of HCV-RNA of 4.1%), and seven cases were positive for HGV/GBV-C RNA. The incidence of these three virus-related markers was low in cases with fatty liver and micronodular cirrhosis, but in cases with chronic hepatitis, macronodular cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the incidence of HBV-DNA and HCV-RNA increased with advancing disease. A positive rate of anti-HBs or anti-HBc (HBV-Ab) or both was found between 30 and 50% in all histopathological groups, and no noticeable relations between the positive rate and microscopical changes were detected. The presence of HGV/GBV-C RNA seemed to be unrelated to hepatic inflammation or generalized inflammatory changes or both occurring together. The decadal age incidence of the virus-related markers and their incidence in various hepatic diseases are also reported.
RESUMEN
The incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer are increasing in Japan, as is its proportion among all malignant neoplasms. Thus, primary prevention of this cancer is crucial. Colorectal cancer is caused by interactions between host and environmental factors, with accumulation of gene alterations, such as activation of oncogenes and inactivation of suppressor genes, and generally involves an adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Carcinogenesis progresses with multi-factor, multi-hit and multi-stage mechanisms. According to the report by WCRF/AICR, convincing preventive factors include eating vegetables (not fruit) and physical activity (colon only), while probable risk factors are red meat and alcohol. Possible preventive factors include dietary fiber, starch and carotenoids, whereas possible risk factors include high body mass, fat and heavily cooked meat. Such preventive and risk factors for colorectal cancer are discussed in this review.