Pathological fracture induced by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in a horse limb.

Halicephalobus gingivalis is a free-living nematode that occasionally causes infections in horses. We report a rare case of limb fracture of horse caused by infection with H. gingivalis. An 8-year-old mare was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras with claudication grade 5 of the right hind limb, that had been started 3 months ago. The patient had aseptic arthritis in the tarsal joint and edema that extended to the quartile. The radiographic examination showed punctate osteolysis with exacerbation of bone trabeculation along the calcaneus, talus, proximal epiphysis of the third metatarsal and distal epiphysis of the tibia. Treatment for arthritis was initiated, and the animal showed a slight improvement in limb function. However, 21 days after hospitalization, due to a comminuted fracture of the tibia, it was euthanized. At necropsy, yellowish masses were found from the metatarsal to the tibia, and around the tarsal bones and joint. Similar masses were also found in the left kidney. Numerous nematodes compatible with H. gingivalis were identified. This is the first description of a pathological fracture caused by H. gingivalis infection in an equine limb.

Eficácia in sílico do florfenicol no tratamento de pododermatite infecciosa por Fusobacterium necrophorum em ovelhas / In sílico efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of Fusobacterium necrophorum infectious pododermatitis in sheep

Objetivou-se comparar o efeito in silico do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg em ovinos pelas vias intravenosa (IV) e intramuscular (IM), usando a modelagem PK/PD. Realizou-se uma simulação de Monte Carlo com base nos dados de concentração plasmática de um estudo publicado anteriormente. Calculou-se a área sob a curva (ASC) e as taxas de eficácia do florfenicol para os efeitos bacteriostático, bactericida e de erradicação bacteriológica. A dose de 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrou efeitos de erradicação de 100, 93 e 0% para CIM de 0,5, 1 e acima, respectivamente. O efeito bacteriostático foi de 99 e 90% para CIM de 4 e 2 µg/ml, enquanto o bactericida foi de 14% para CIM de 2 µg/ml. A dose de 30 mg/Kg IV apresentou 100% de erradicação para CIM de 1 µg/mL e 100% de efeito bactericida para CIM de 2 µg/mL. Há 100% de efeito bacteriostático em CIM de 4 µg/ml. As doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg IM mostraram 100% de erradicação para CIM até 1 µg/mL e 0% para CIM maiores. O efeito bacteriostático foi mantido em 100% para uma CIM de 4 µg/mL em ambas as doses. Este estudo mostra o efeito de erradicação bacteriológica do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg, IV e IM. Recomenda-se que seja feito um estudo de eficácia in vivo com a dose de 30mg/Kg IM em ovinos infectados por F. necrophorum com MIC superior a 2 µg/mL.

We aimed to compare the in silico effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg in sheep by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes, using PK/PD modeling. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation based on plasma concentration data from a previously published study. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and the efficacy rates of florfenicol to bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacteriological eradication effects. The dose of 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrated 100, 93, and 0% eradication effects for MICs of 0.5, 1, and above, respectively. The bacteriostatic effect was 99 and 90% for MIC of 4 and 2 µg/ml, while the bactericide was 14% for MIC of 2 µg/ml. The 30 mg/Kg IV dose showed 100% eradication for MIC of 1 µg/mL and 100% bactericidal effect for MIC of 2 µg/mL. There is a 100% of bacteriostatic effect at MIC of 4 µg/ml. Doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg IM showed 100% eradication for MIC up to 1 µg/mL and 0% for MIC above. The bacteriostatic effect was maintained at 100% for a MIC of 4 µg/mL at both doses. This study shows the bacteriological eradication effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg, IV, and IM. Therefore, we recommend an in vivo efficacy study with a dose of 30mg/Kg IM in sheep infected with F. necrophorum with MIC greater than two µg/mL.

Eficácia do florfenicol no tratamento de pododermatite infecciosa por Fusobacterium necrophorum em ovelhas

This study aims to compare the dose of 20 and 30 mg/kg of florfenicol, intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM) in sheep.  The Monte Carlo simulation was performed using the area under the curve (AUC) data obtained from a previously published study. AUC and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were evaluated to determine the efficacy rates of florfenicol. At dose of 20 mg/kg IV, florfenicol demonstrated 100, 93 and 0% eradication for MICs of 0.5, 1 and above 1 µg/mL, respectively. The bacteriostatic effect was 99 and 90% for MICs of 4 and 2 µg/mL, while the bactericidal effect was 14% for MIC of 2 µg/mL. The 30 mg/Kg IV dose, demonstrated 100% eradication for MIC 1 µg/mL and 100% bactericidal effect for MIC 2 µg/mL. The bacteriostatic effect remained at 100% for MIC 4 µg/mL. The doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg IM, showed 100% eradication for MIC of 1 µg/mL and 0% for higher MIC. The bacteriostatic effect remained at 100% for MIC 4 µg/mL for both doses. This study demonstrated that the doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg, IV, and IM, show high efficacy rates for Fusobacterium necrophorum strains with MICs up to 1 µg/mL.

Objetivou-se comparar o efeito in silico do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg em ovinos pelas vias intravenosa (IV) e intramuscular (IM), usando a modelagem PK/PD. Realizou-se uma simulação de Monte Carlo com base nos dados de concentração plasmática de um estudo publicado anteriormente. Calculou-se a área sob a curva (ASC) e as taxas de eficácia do florfenicol para os efeitos bacteriostático, bactericida e de erradicação bacteriológica. A dose de 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrou efeitos de erradicação de 100, 93 e 0% para CIM de 0,5, 1 e acima, respectivamente. O efeito bacteriostático foi de 99 e 90% para CIM de 4 e 2 µg/ml, enquanto o bactericida foi de 14% para CIM de 2 µg/ml. A dose de 30 mg/Kg IV apresentou 100% de erradicação para CIM de 1 µg/mL e 100% de efeito bactericida para CIM de 2 µg/mL. Há 100% de efeito bacteriostático em CIM de 4 µg/ml. As doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg IM mostraram 100% de erradicação para CIM até 1 µg/mL e 0% para CIM maiores. O efeito bacteriostático foi mantido em 100% para uma CIM de 4 µg/mL em ambas as doses. Este estudo mostra o efeito de erradicação bacteriológica do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg, IV e IM. Recomenda-se que seja feito um estudo de eficácia in vivo com a dose de 30mg/Kg IM em ovinos infectados por F. necrophorum com MIC superior a 2 µg/mL.

Sarcoide em equinos - tratamento com associação de Aciclovir e excisão cirúrgica / Equine sarcoids - treatment with a combination of Acyclovir and surgical excision

Background: Sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors among horses, causing serious lesions due to their different shapes, sizes, degree of invasiveness and distribution on the body. The pathogenesis of sarcoids is multifactorial, with genetic, viral and environmental involvement, making their treatment complex. The aggressiveness and high rate of recurrence of sarcoids makes it difficult to use an effective treatment, which is why there are several therapeutic routes described in the literature. Aiming to describe and expand sarcoid treatments, this paper reports on the use of acyclovir in the treatment of this type of tumor. Cases: Four horses sent to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras - UFLA were diagnosed and treated for sarcoids. Case 1. Lesions on the right ear, region of the masseter muscle of the right side of the face, neck, vulva and medial aspect of the left pelvic limb. Case 2. Lesion in the left groin region. Case 3. Lesions on the face, masseter muscle region on the left side, mandibular region and right ear pinna. Case 4. Lesion in the lateral region of the left pelvic limb, close to the tarsometatarsal joint. All horses had a diagnosis of sarcoid, which was confirmed by histopathological examination of material collected after surgical excision. Macroscopically, the neoplastic lesions were classified as fibroblastic, verrucous and nodular. The tumors exhibited irregular surfaces, keratinization, and a firm consistency. Their surfaces were alopecic, slightly rough, some of them were ulcerated, and their color ranged from greyish to rosy and reddish. All the tumor masses were surgically excised from the 4 horses, and one sarcoid was treated by thermal cauterization with liquid nitrogen due to the lesion's depth and size. In most cases, the sarcoid removal sites were closed with sutures. Only 2 lesions were not sutured due to the impossibility of bringing the edges of tissue close together, or due to proximity to the tarsometatarsal joint. The surgical wounds were cleaned twice a day with sterile saline solution followed by the topical application of Acyclovir. One of the animals received complementary therapy with Cimetidine. Discussion: The equines recovered completely from their sarcoid treatment, and no recurrences were reported a year later. Thus, the combination of treatments employed for the extirpation of sarcoids proved to have greater chances of success. First, all the tumors were surgically removed with the largest possible margins of safety in order to ensure the elimination of neoplastic cells. In the postoperative period, all the animals received topical treatment of the lesions with acyclovir after surgical resection of the tumors. The drug aided the complete healing of post-surgical wounds, and healing time varied according to the size and depth of the lesion. One tumor was treated with liquid nitrogen after surgical excision of the sarcoid. Another horse was treated with cimetidine over a 3-month period after surgical excision of the neoplasm in order to reduce the sarcoid and prevent its evolution. Surgical excision of the sarcoid associated with topical application of acyclovir ointment showed satisfactory results. Moreover, the combination of surgical excision and administration of liquid nitrogen on the lesion and topical application of acyclovir ointment in the postoperative period also provided good results. Given the complexity of sarcoid treatment and the high recurrence rate of these tumors, the use of combined treatments should be taken into account.

Effect of supplementation with core homeopathic on the serum immunological profile of pregnant ewes and lambs / Efeito da suplementação com complexo homeopático no perfil imunológico sérico de ovelhas gestantes e cordeiros

Few information is available about the optimal period for colostrum absorption in the bowel of newborn lambs. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of using supplementation with commercial core homeopathic during pregnancy and early lactation on 18 pregnant Santa Inês ewes presenting body condition score ≥ 2.5. Pregnant animals were randomly divided in two groups; one was used as control (control group) and the other was supplemented on a daily basis with 30 g of homeopathic product with Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 per animal, mixed to the concentrate during pregnancy and early lactation (treatment group). The Total Protein (TP) and globulin (GLB) values found in ewes and lambs belonging to the treatment group were higher than and different from those recorded for the control group. The serum albumin (ALB) concentration did not differ between groups of ewes but was different in lambs. TP and GLB evolution in lambs and ewes throughout the seven experimental days showed the animals in the treatment group trend to present higher TP and GLB values in all experimental periods; supplemented animals showed trend to progressive increase in both variables until day 3; whereas non-supplemented animals showed such trend until day 2 (when they reached their peak). The commercial core homeopathic to the animals during pregnancy and early lactation resulted in higher TP and GLB concentrations in the serum samples collected from ewes and lambs.(AU)

Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre o período ideal para a absorção do colostro no intestino de neonatos ovinos. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da suplementação com complexo homeopático comercial durante a gestação e início da lactação em 18 ovelhas Santa Inês gestantes com escore de condição corporal ≥ 2,5. Os animais gestantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos; um controle (grupo controle) e outro suplementado diariamente com 30 g de produto homeopático com Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 por animal, misturado ao concentrado durante a gestação e início da lactação (grupo tratamento). Os valores de Proteína Total (PT) e globulina (GLB) encontrados em ovelhas e cordeiros pertencentes ao grupo tratamento foram superiores e dife-rentes dos registrados para o grupo controle. A concentração de albumina sérica (ALB) não diferiu entre os grupos de ovelhas, mas foi diferente nos cordeiros. A evolução de PT e GLB em cordeiros e ovelhas ao longo dos 7 dias experimentais demons-trou que os animais do grupo tratamento tendem a apresentar maiores valores de PT e GLB em todo o período experimen-tal; os animais suplementados apresentaram tendência de aumento progressivo em ambas as variáveis até o dia 3; enquanto os animais não suplementados mostraram tal tendência até o dia 2 (quando atingiram o pico). O núcleo homeopático comercial fornecido para os animais durante a gestação e início da lactação resultou em maiores concentrações de PT e GLB nas amos-tras de soro coletadas de ovelhas e cordeiros.(AU)

Effect of supplementation with core homeopathic on the serum immunological profile of pregnant ewes and lambs / Efeito da suplementação com complexo homeopático no perfil imunológico sérico de ovelhas gestantes e cordeiros

Few information is available about the optimal period for colostrum absorption in the bowel of newborn lambs. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of using supplementation with commercial core homeopathic during pregnancy and early lactation on 18 pregnant Santa Inês ewes presenting body condition score ≥ 2.5. Pregnant animals were randomly divided in two groups; one was used as control (control group) and the other was supplemented on a daily basis with 30 g of homeopathic product with Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 per animal, mixed to the concentrate during pregnancy and early lactation (treatment group). The Total Protein (TP) and globulin (GLB) values found in ewes and lambs belonging to the treatment group were higher than and different from those recorded for the control group. The serum albumin (ALB) concentration did not differ between groups of ewes but was different in lambs. TP and GLB evolution in lambs and ewes throughout the seven experimental days showed the animals in the treatment group trend to present higher TP and GLB values in all experimental periods; supplemented animals showed trend to progressive increase in both variables until day 3; whereas non-supplemented animals showed such trend until day 2 (when they reached their peak). The commercial core homeopathic to the animals during pregnancy and early lactation resulted in higher TP and GLB concentrations in the serum samples collected from ewes and lambs.

Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre o período ideal para a absorção do colostro no intestino de neonatos ovinos. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da suplementação com complexo homeopático comercial durante a gestação e início da lactação em 18 ovelhas Santa Inês gestantes com escore de condição corporal ≥ 2,5. Os animais gestantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos; um controle (grupo controle) e outro suplementado diariamente com 30 g de produto homeopático com Natrum muriaticum 10-60, Calcium carbonicum 10-30, Silicea terra 10-400 and Hypothalamus 10-30 por animal, misturado ao concentrado durante a gestação e início da lactação (grupo tratamento). Os valores de Proteína Total (PT) e globulina (GLB) encontrados em ovelhas e cordeiros pertencentes ao grupo tratamento foram superiores e dife-rentes dos registrados para o grupo controle. A concentração de albumina sérica (ALB) não diferiu entre os grupos de ovelhas, mas foi diferente nos cordeiros. A evolução de PT e GLB em cordeiros e ovelhas ao longo dos 7 dias experimentais demons-trou que os animais do grupo tratamento tendem a apresentar maiores valores de PT e GLB em todo o período experimen-tal; os animais suplementados apresentaram tendência de aumento progressivo em ambas as variáveis até o dia 3; enquanto os animais não suplementados mostraram tal tendência até o dia 2 (quando atingiram o pico). O núcleo homeopático comercial fornecido para os animais durante a gestação e início da lactação resultou em maiores concentrações de PT e GLB nas amos-tras de soro coletadas de ovelhas e cordeiros.

Melhoria da eficácia do florfenicol no tratamento de pneumonia caprina causada por Pasteurella multocida e Mannheimia haemolytica / Improving the effectiveness of florfenicol in the treatment of caprine pneumonia by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica

O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a eficácia do tratamento do florfenicol na dose tradicional de 20mg/kg, administrado por via intramuscular e intravenosa, no tratamento de pneumonia por Pasteurella multocida e Mannheimia haemolytica, utilizando o modelamento farmacocinético/farmacodinâmico (PK/PD). Para isso, foi realizada uma simulação de Monte Carlo dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos e farmacodinâmicos, em seguida, efetuou-se o modelamento PK/PD para determinar as taxas de eficácia no tratamento dessa infecção bacteriana, segundo o valor da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) das bactérias, considerando o intervalo de 0,125 - 4µg/mL. Pela via intramuscular, a probabilidade de se atingir o índice de erradicação bacteriológica foi de 100%, com a CIM de até 0,25µg/mL, efeito bactericida de 100% com CIM até 0,5µg/mL e efeito bacteriostático de 100% com CIM até 1µg/mL. Já pela via intravenosa, a probabilidade de erradicação bacteriológica foi de 100% com CIM até 0,5µg/mL e efeito bacteriostático com probabilidades de 100% e 83% com CIMs de 2 e 4µg/mL, respectivamente. O tratamento com florfenicol na dose de 20mg/kg, via intramuscular, diminuiu de forma significativa para infecções causadas por microrganismos com CIM superior a 0,5µg/mL, porém, pela via intravenosa, os efeitos antibacterianos foram eficientes para CIMs maiores, como as de 2 e 4µg/mL (p < 0.01). Este estudo evidencia a necessidade de se incorporar no protocolo terapêutico o isolamento bacteriológico e levar em consideração a via de administração para que haja a otimização da dose tradicional, a fim de evitar falhas na terapia antimicrobiana, potencializando uma resistência microbiana.

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment of florfenicol in the traditional dose of 20mg/kg administered intramuscularly and intravenously, in the treatment of pneumonia by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica, using pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic modeling (PK/PD). A Monte Carlo simulation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters was carried out, and then the PK / PD modeling was performed to determine the efficacy rates in the treatment of this bacterial infection, according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the bacteria, considering the range of 0.125 - 4µg/mL. Through the intramuscular route, the probability of reaching the bacteriological eradication rate was 100%, with the MIC up to 0.25µg/mL; bactericidal effect of 100% with MIC up to 0.5µg/mL and bacteriostatic effect of 100% with MIC up to 1µg/mL. Intravenously, the probability of bacteriological eradication was 100% with MIC up to 0.5µg/mL and bacteriostatic effect with probabilities of 100% and 83% with MICs of 2 and 4µg/mL, respectively. Treatment with florfenicol at a dose of 20mg/kg, intramuscularly, decreased significantly for infections caused by microorganisms with MIC greater than 0.5µg/mL, however, intravenously the antibacterial effects were efficient for MICs larger than those of 2 and 4µg/mL (p < 0.01). This study highlights the need to incorporate bacteriological isolation into the therapeutic protocol and take into account the route of administration in order to optimize the traditional dose in order to avoid flaws in antimicrobial therapy, enhancing microbial resistance.

Prepubic tendon rupture in Santa Inês ewe: case report / Desmorrexia pré-púbica em ovelha Santa Inês: relato de caso

Prepubic tendon rupture may lead to the loss of pelvic floor support. A four-year-old Santa Inês ewe had been reported suffering from apathy, progressive weight loss throughout ten days, and prolonged pregnancy. Physical exams showed an excessive pendulous abdomen, a mild ventral edema between the udder and the umbilical scar (xiphoid region). Also, the udder was cranially displaced and with hematomas. Other symptoms noticed were walking reluctance, pelvic asymmetry, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The urinalysis findings indicated the presence of ketone bodies. The ultrasound examination confirmed the presence of fetuses with normal development, and a potential rupture of the abdominal muscles was excluded. Eight days following its hospitalization, labor induction was carried out using dexamethasone (20mg, IM, single application). She went into labor three days after the initial dose of corticosteroid. The ewe had difficulty expelling the lambs, making their traction necessary. Although the animal has recovered from its injuries, the clinical picture shows prepubic tendon rupture, and in order to prevent future complications, the ewe is not going to breed anymore. The report of this case works as an alert to the possibility of the occurrence of this affection in ewes and demonstrates the need of parturition assistance in animals with this condition, which can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and ultrasound examination.(AU)

A ruptura do tendão pré-púbico resulta na perda do suporte do assoalho abdominal do animal. Uma ovelha, prenhe, da raça Santa Inês, de quatro anos, foi atendida com apatia e emagrecimento progressivo há dez dias e prolongamento da gestação. Ao exame clínico, verificou-se abdômen demasiadamente penduloso, discreto edema ventral entre o úbere e a região xifóide, úbere penduloso e com feridas, dificuldade de locomoção, assimetria de pelve, taquicardia e taquipneia. Detectou-se, na urinálise presença de corpos cetônicos. Foi confirmada à ultrassonografia, a viabilidade dos fetos. O parto foi induzido após oito dias de internação. Após três dias da aplicação do corticoide a ovelha entrou em trabalho de parto, sendo necessárias manobras obstétricas para retirada dos fetos, pois a mesma não apresentava contrações abdominais. O paciente se recuperou, mas como o quadro clínico era compatível com ruptura do tendão prépúbico, foi recomendado a retirada do animal da reprodução para evitar problemas futuros à ovelha e aos cordeiros. Conclui-se que o acompanhamento gestacional é indispensável para animais com esta afecção e que mediante avaliação clínica e ultrassonografia, pode-se chegar ao diagnóstico dessa afecção.(AU)

Prepubic tendon rupture in Santa Inês ewe: case report / Desmorrexia pré-púbica em ovelha Santa Inês: relato de caso

Prepubic tendon rupture may lead to the loss of pelvic floor support. A four-year-old Santa Inês ewe had been reported suffering from apathy, progressive weight loss throughout ten days, and prolonged pregnancy. Physical exams showed an excessive pendulous abdomen, a mild ventral edema between the udder and the umbilical scar (xiphoid region). Also, the udder was cranially displaced and with hematomas. Other symptoms noticed were walking reluctance, pelvic asymmetry, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The urinalysis findings indicated the presence of ketone bodies. The ultrasound examination confirmed the presence of fetuses with normal development, and a potential rupture of the abdominal muscles was excluded. Eight days following its hospitalization, labor induction was carried out using dexamethasone (20mg, IM, single application). She went into labor three days after the initial dose of corticosteroid. The ewe had difficulty expelling the lambs, making their traction necessary. Although the animal has recovered from its injuries, the clinical picture shows prepubic tendon rupture, and in order to prevent future complications, the ewe is not going to breed anymore. The report of this case works as an alert to the possibility of the occurrence of this affection in ewes and demonstrates the need of parturition assistance in animals with this condition, which can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and ultrasound examination.

A ruptura do tendão pré-púbico resulta na perda do suporte do assoalho abdominal do animal. Uma ovelha, prenhe, da raça Santa Inês, de quatro anos, foi atendida com apatia e emagrecimento progressivo há dez dias e prolongamento da gestação. Ao exame clínico, verificou-se abdômen demasiadamente penduloso, discreto edema ventral entre o úbere e a região xifóide, úbere penduloso e com feridas, dificuldade de locomoção, assimetria de pelve, taquicardia e taquipneia. Detectou-se, na urinálise presença de corpos cetônicos. Foi confirmada à ultrassonografia, a viabilidade dos fetos. O parto foi induzido após oito dias de internação. Após três dias da aplicação do corticoide a ovelha entrou em trabalho de parto, sendo necessárias manobras obstétricas para retirada dos fetos, pois a mesma não apresentava contrações abdominais. O paciente se recuperou, mas como o quadro clínico era compatível com ruptura do tendão prépúbico, foi recomendado a retirada do animal da reprodução para evitar problemas futuros à ovelha e aos cordeiros. Conclui-se que o acompanhamento gestacional é indispensável para animais com esta afecção e que mediante avaliação clínica e ultrassonografia, pode-se chegar ao diagnóstico dessa afecção.

Glossite por Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli em um equino / Glossitis by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli in an equine

Background: Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equulisubsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen,and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existinglesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis,infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathologicalaspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case: A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, theanimal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity.Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dentalprocedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented withsialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks,and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue andgums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, andculture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance.These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized...(AU)

Glossite por Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli em um equino / Glossitis by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli in an equine

Background: Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equulisubsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen,and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existinglesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis,infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathologicalaspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case: A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, theanimal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity.Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dentalprocedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented withsialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks,and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue andgums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, andculture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance.These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized...

The use of fluconazole associated with surgical excision in the treatment of equine cutaneous pythiosis / Uso do flucozanol associado à excisão cirúrgica no tratamento da pitiose cutânea equina

Cutaneous pythiosis is an important disease affecting horses raised in regions with a hot climate and water stagnation, occurring throughout all regions of Brazil. The disease progresses rapidly, and treatment for chronic lesions is challenging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of fluconazole after surgical excision and electrocauterization of cutaneous lesions in horses naturally infected with Pythium insidiosum. We treated 10 horses with cutaneous pythiosis, whose diagnoses were confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. After surgical debridement of lesion, animals received fluconazole orally for 21 days, in combination with topical treatment for the wounds. After 7 days of therapy, there was decreased serosanguineous secretion and no kunkers in the wounds in all horses. All lesions healed completely after therapy, and there were no recurrences 10 months after discharge. When associated with surgical excision, oral fluconazole therapy was an effective treatment in clinical cases of equine cutaneous pythiosis.(AU)

Pitiose cutânea é uma enfermidade importante que acomete equinos criados em regiões de clima quente e com presença de água estagnada, sendo reportada em todas as regiões do Brasil. Possui evolução rápida e o tratamento de lesões crônicas ainda é considerado um desafio. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação da eficácia do fluconazol após a excisão cirúrgica e termocauterização de feridas cutâneas de equinos naturalmente infectados por Pythium insidiosum. Para o estudo foram utilizados 10 equinos com pitiose cutânea, com diagnóstico confirmado por meio da avaliação histopatológica e da imuno-histoquímica. Após o desbridamento cirúrgico da lesão, os animais receberam fluconazol por via oral durante 21 dias, associado a tratamento tópico da ferida. Em todos os casos, após sete dias do início da terapia foi possível evidenciar diminuição da secreção serosanguinolenta, assim como ausência de kunkers na ferida. Todos os animais tiveram cicatrização completa das lesões após a terapia e não houve recidiva após dez meses da alta médica. A terapia com fluconazol administrado por via oral demonstrou ser um tratamento eficaz quando associado à excisão cirúrgica em casos clínicos de pitiose cutânea equina.(AU)

The use of fluconazole associated with surgical excision in the treatment of equine cutaneous pythiosis / Uso do flucozanol associado à excisão cirúrgica no tratamento da pitiose cutânea equina

Cutaneous pythiosis is an important disease affecting horses raised in regions with a hot climate and water stagnation, occurring throughout all regions of Brazil. The disease progresses rapidly, and treatment for chronic lesions is challenging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of fluconazole after surgical excision and electrocauterization of cutaneous lesions in horses naturally infected with Pythium insidiosum. We treated 10 horses with cutaneous pythiosis, whose diagnoses were confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. After surgical debridement of lesion, animals received fluconazole orally for 21 days, in combination with topical treatment for the wounds. After 7 days of therapy, there was decreased serosanguineous secretion and no kunkers in the wounds in all horses. All lesions healed completely after therapy, and there were no recurrences 10 months after discharge. When associated with surgical excision, oral fluconazole therapy was an effective treatment in clinical cases of equine cutaneous pythiosis.

Pitiose cutânea é uma enfermidade importante que acomete equinos criados em regiões de clima quente e com presença de água estagnada, sendo reportada em todas as regiões do Brasil. Possui evolução rápida e o tratamento de lesões crônicas ainda é considerado um desafio. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação da eficácia do fluconazol após a excisão cirúrgica e termocauterização de feridas cutâneas de equinos naturalmente infectados por Pythium insidiosum. Para o estudo foram utilizados 10 equinos com pitiose cutânea, com diagnóstico confirmado por meio da avaliação histopatológica e da imuno-histoquímica. Após o desbridamento cirúrgico da lesão, os animais receberam fluconazol por via oral durante 21 dias, associado a tratamento tópico da ferida. Em todos os casos, após sete dias do início da terapia foi possível evidenciar diminuição da secreção serosanguinolenta, assim como ausência de kunkers na ferida. Todos os animais tiveram cicatrização completa das lesões após a terapia e não houve recidiva após dez meses da alta médica. A terapia com fluconazol administrado por via oral demonstrou ser um tratamento eficaz quando associado à excisão cirúrgica em casos clínicos de pitiose cutânea equina.

Effect Of Gallium Arsenide Low-Level Laser Therapy On The Inflammatory Phase Of Skin Wound Healing In Rats

The use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has shown promising results for the inflammatory modulation of tissue repair. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of gallium arsenide (GaAs) LLLT in skin wound healing via (1) measurement of the temperature on the surface of the skin wound; (2) white blood cell count; and (3) histopathological examination. Skin lesions were induced on the dorsum of 20 Wistar rats, after which the animals were divided into two groups: a treatment group, subjected to GaAs LLLT, and a control group. Thermography was performed daily in all of the study animals until the end of the experiment. On the fourth day after lesion induction, whole blood was collected (white blood cell count), animals were euthanized, and skin lesions were biopsied (histopathological examination). There were no differences in the number of leukocytes and in the histopathological evaluations between the groups; however, the thermography analysis indicated an increase in temperature in the treated group. The anti-inflammatory activity of GaAs LLLT was not confirmed. The increase in temperature on the surface of the skin lesions after LLLT requires further elucidation because this result could not be justified by the direct action of LLLT.

Effect Of Gallium Arsenide Low-Level Laser Therapy On The Inflammatory Phase Of Skin Wound Healing In Rats

The use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has shown promising results for the inflammatory modulation of tissue repair. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of gallium arsenide (GaAs) LLLT in skin wound healing via (1) measurement of the temperature on the surface of the skin wound; (2) white blood cell count; and (3) histopathological examination. Skin lesions were induced on the dorsum of 20 Wistar rats, after which the animals were divided into two groups: a treatment group, subjected to GaAs LLLT, and a control group. Thermography was performed daily in all of the study animals until the end of the experiment. On the fourth day after lesion induction, whole blood was collected (white blood cell count), animals were euthanized, and skin lesions were biopsied (histopathological examination). There were no differences in the number of leukocytes and in the histopathological evaluations between the groups; however, the thermography analysis indicated an increase in temperature in the treated group. The anti-inflammatory activity of GaAs LLLT was not confirmed. The increase in temperature on the surface of the skin lesions after LLLT requires further elucidation because this result could not be justified by the direct action of LLLT.(AU)

Abscesso abdominal pós-castração em equino: relato de caso / Post-castration abdominal abscess in horses: case report

A castração é o procedimento cirúrgico mais realizado na prática da medicina equina, mesmo com os contínuos avanços ainda são comuns complicações no pós-operatório. A funiculite é um exemplo de complicação, embora infrequente é possível a ascensão do processo infeccioso do cordão espermático para o abdômen resultando em quadros de peritonite ou formação de abscessos. Descreve-se um caso de formação de abscesso abdominal após realização de orquiectomia a campo. O equino foi atendido com claudicação do membro pélvico direito e histórico de castração há oito meses. Ao exame físico, foi observado aumento de volume sobre o anel inguinal externo direito, á palpação transretal e avaliação ultrassonográfica foi notado a presença de massa firme de aproximadamente 15 centímetros de diâmetro sobre o anel inguinal interno direito. O animal foi medicado com antibiótico de amplo espectro, também foi instituída compressa com água morna e aplicação tópica de pomada rubefaciente. Após cinco dias de terapia, houve drenagem de conteúdo purulento espontâneo por fístula que foi ampliada manualmente para a realização de curativos diários com solução antisséptica. Após 30 dias do início da terapia houve completa regressão do aumento de volume abdominal e cicatrização da ferida. Dez meses após a alta, o animal não tinha qualquer sinal de claudicação ou aumento de volume na região inguinal e voltou às atividades físicas normais.(AU)

Castration is the most common surgery performed in the practice of equine medicine, even with continuous advances complications are still common after surgery. The funiculitis is an example of complication, although infrequent is possible the rise of the spermatic cord infection to the abdomen resulting in peritonitis or abscess formation. We report a case of abdominal abscess formation after orchiectomy undergoing in the field. The horse was referred with claudication of the right hindlimb and castration history of eight months ago. On physical examination an increased volume was observed on the right external inguinal ring, on transrectal palpation and ultrasonography were noted the presence of solid mass of approximately 15 cm diameter on the right internal inguinal ring. The animal was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic, it was also established compress with warm water and topical rubefacient ointment. After five days of treatment, there was spontaneous drainage of purulent content from a fistula which was manually extended to perform daily dressings with antiseptic solution. After 30 days of onset of therapy there was complete regression of abdominal swelling and wound healing. Ten months after discharge the animal had no lameness signal or swelling in the inguinal region and back to normal physical activities.(AU)

Abscesso abdominal pós-castração em equino: relato de caso / Post-castration abdominal abscess in horses: case report

A castração é o procedimento cirúrgico mais realizado na prática da medicina equina, mesmo com os contínuos avanços ainda são comuns complicações no pós-operatório. A funiculite é um exemplo de complicação, embora infrequente é possível a ascensão do processo infeccioso do cordão espermático para o abdômen resultando em quadros de peritonite ou formação de abscessos. Descreve-se um caso de formação de abscesso abdominal após realização de orquiectomia a campo. O equino foi atendido com claudicação do membro pélvico direito e histórico de castração há oito meses. Ao exame físico, foi observado aumento de volume sobre o anel inguinal externo direito, á palpação transretal e avaliação ultrassonográfica foi notado a presença de massa firme de aproximadamente 15 centímetros de diâmetro sobre o anel inguinal interno direito. O animal foi medicado com antibiótico de amplo espectro, também foi instituída compressa com água morna e aplicação tópica de pomada rubefaciente. Após cinco dias de terapia, houve drenagem de conteúdo purulento espontâneo por fístula que foi ampliada manualmente para a realização de curativos diários com solução antisséptica. Após 30 dias do início da terapia houve completa regressão do aumento de volume abdominal e cicatrização da ferida. Dez meses após a alta, o animal não tinha qualquer sinal de claudicação ou aumento de volume na região inguinal e voltou às atividades físicas normais.

Treatment of phytiosis in gestation mare using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin b and dimethyl sulfoxide / Tratamento de pitiose em égua gestante utilizando perfusão regional intravenosa com anfotericina b e dimetilsulfóxido

Equine cutaneous pythiosis (ECP) is a disease described throughout the Brazilian territory, however there is little information regarding the medical treatment and surgery in pregnant mares. We describe a case of ECP in a mare with nine months of gestation with a history of trauma to the left pelvic limb that evolved into ulcerative granulomatous lesion with presence of kunkers. Surgical excision was performed, followed by cauterization and intravenous regional perfusion (IRP) with 50 mg amphotericin B (10 mL) solution diluted in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (6 mL DMSO in 44 ml of Ringers lactate). 14 days after the surgery, a new IRP was performed. The diagnosis of ECP was confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. The mare gave birth to a healthy foal two months after the surgery and was discharged after complete epithelization of the wound.(AU)

Pitiose cutânea equina (PCE) é uma enfermidade descrita em todo território brasileiro, no entanto são escassas as informações quanto ao tratamento e procedimento cirúrgico em éguas gestantes. Descreve-se um caso de PCE em uma égua com nove meses de gestação com histórico de trauma no membro pélvico esquerdo que evoluiu para lesão ulcerativa granulomatosa com presença de kunkers. Foi realizada excisão cirúrgica, seguida da cauterização e perfusão regional intravenosa (PRI) com 50 mg de anfotericina B (10 ml) diluído em  solução dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) 10% (6 ml DMSO em 44 ml de Ringer com Lactato). Após 14 dias da intervenção cirúrgica, nova PRI foi realizada. O diagnóstico de PCE foi confirmado através da avaliação histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica. A égua pariu um potro saudável após dois meses da intervenção cirúrgica e recebeu alta após a completa epitelização da ferida.(AU)

Tratamento de pitiose em égua gestante utilizando perfusão regional intravenosa com anfotericina b e dimetilsulfóxido / Treatment of phytiosis in gestation mare using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin b and dimethyl sulfoxide

Pitiose cutânea equina (PCE) é uma enfermidade descrita em todo território brasileiro, no entanto, são escassas as informações quanto ao tratamento e procedimento cirúrgico em éguas gestantes. Descreve-se um caso de PCE em uma égua com nove meses de gestação com histórico de trauma no membro pélvico esquerdo que evoluiu para lesão ulcerativa granulomatosa com presença de "kunkers". Foi realizada excisão cirúrgica, seguida da cauterização e perfusão regional intravenosa (PRI) com 50 mg de anfotericina B (10 ml) diluído em solução dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) 10% (6 ml DMSO em 44 ml de Ringer com Lactato). Após 14 dias da intervenção cirúrgica, nova PRI foi realizada. O diagnóstico de PCE foi confirmado através da avaliação histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica. A égua pariu um potro saudável após dois meses da intervenção cirúrgica e recebeu alta após a completa epitelização da ferida.

Equine cutaneous pythiosis (ECP) is a disease described throughout the Brazilian territory, however there is little information regarding the medical treatment and surgery in pregnant mares. We describe a case of ECP in a mare with nine months of gestation with a history of trauma to the left pelvic limb that evolved into ulcerative granulomatous lesion with presence of "kunkers". Surgical excision was performed, followed by cauterization and intravenous regional perfusion (IRP) with 50 mg amphotericin B (10 mL) solution diluted in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (6 mL DMSO in 44 ml of Ringer's lactate). 14 days after the surgery, a new IRP was performed. The diagnosis of ECP was confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. The mare gave birth to a healthy foal two months after the surgery and was discharged after complete epithelization of the wound.

Actinobacilose em bovino secundária a descorna cosmética: relato de caso / Bovine actinobacillosis secondary to cosmetic dehorning: case report / Actinobacilosis bovina secundaria descuerne estético: relato del caso

A actinobacilose bovina ou "língua de pau" é uma enfermidade esporádica que resulta na glossite granulomatosa dos animais acometidos. A enfermidade comumente é secundária a traumas da cavidade oral pela ingestão de alimentos grosseiros, embora também há relatos de actinobacilose atípica após a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Relata-se a doença em uma novilha da raça girolanda, 15 meses de idade, apresentando sialorréia, protrusão e edema da língua após 20 dias de submetida ao procedimento de descorna cosmética. O diagnóstico foi baseado no histórico clínico e nos achados de cultura bacteriana com isolamento de Actinobacillus lignieresii. O animal foi submetido ao tratamento com antimicrobiano de amplo espectro, além de lavagem bucal com solução antisséptica até completa resolução do quadro clínico.

The bovine actinobacillosis or "wooden tongue" is a sporadic disease that results in granulomatous glossitis of affected animals. The disease is commonly secondary to trauma of the oral cavity by the ingestion of stemmy forage. However there are also reports of atypical actinobacillosis after surgical procedures. It is reported a heifer of Girolanda breed, 15 months old, presenting drooling, tongue protrusion, tongue edema after undergoing the dehorning procedure. The diagnosis was based on clinical history and on bacterial culture for Actinobacillus lignieresii. The animal was subjected to therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotic plus mouthwash with antiseptic solution until complete resolution of the clinical status.

Actinobacilosis bovina o "lengua de madera" es una enfermedad esporádica que se traduce en glositis granulomatosa de los animales afectados. La enfermedad es comúnmente secundaria a trauma de la cavidad oral por la ingestión de forraje, sin embargo también hay informes de atípica actinobacilosis después de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Se informa de una novilla de raza girolanda, 15 meses de edad, con sialorrea, protuberancia y edema de lengua, edema después de 20 días de haber sido sometido al procedimiento de descuerne cosmética. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica y los hallazgos en el cultivo bacteriano como Actinobacillus lignieresii. El animal se sometió a terapia con antibióticos de amplio espectro más enjuague bucal con solución antiséptica hasta la resolución completa del cuadro clínico.