Artificial Intelligence Advancements in the Cardiovascular Imaging of Coronary Atherosclerosis.

Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. There has been a myriad of advancements in the field of cardiovascular imaging to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of coronary artery disease. The application of artificial intelligence in medicine, particularly in cardiovascular medicine has erupted in the past decade. This article serves to highlight the highest yield articles within cardiovascular imaging with an emphasis on coronary CT angiography methods for % stenosis evaluation and atherosclerosis quantification for the general cardiologist. The paper finally discusses the evolving paradigm of implementation of artificial intelligence in real world practice.

Brugada pattern in an afebrile patient with acute COVID-19.

COVID-19 has been associated with significant risk for cardiac arrhythmias, particularly in patients with underlying cardiac conditions or prior histories of arrhythmia. It has been shown that a Brugada pattern can be unmasked in febrile patients with COVID-19. Herein we report a unique case of an afebrile patient without known prior history of Brugada presenting with Brugada pattern on ECG.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated constrictive pericarditis.

This report documents a rare case of COVID-19-associated constrictive pericarditis (CP) in the setting of a recent COVID-19 infection. A 55-year-old man with a history of hypertension and gout presented with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia with progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome. His hospital course was complicated by a large pericardial effusion; an emergent bedside transthoracic echocardiography was concerning for cardiac tamponade, so pericardiocentesis was performed. A workup with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed changes consistent with a diagnosis of CP. Viral and idiopathic aetiologies are the most common cause of CP in the developed world, with COVID-19 now a proposed predisposing viral illness. The virus induces systemic inflammation and pericardial changes that can lead to CP physiology. Imaging modalities including echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance play an integral role in confirming the diagnosis.

Outcomes of Acute Conduction Abnormalities Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation With a Balloon Expandable Valve and Predictors of Delayed Conduction System Abnormalities in Follow-up.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an acceptable treatment for severe aortic stenosis in high or intermediate risk patients. Conduction abnormalities are a known complication of TAVI. Most abnormalities occur perioperatively but can develop later. The predictors of delayed conduction abnormalities are unknown. Patients who underwent TAVI at our institution were reviewed. Patients with a pre-existing pacemaker were excluded. Baseline, in-hospital, and 30-day follow-up ECGs were reviewed. Patient and procedural characteristics were analyzed to look for predictors of acute and delayed abnormalities. Ninety-eight patients were included. All valves implanted were balloon expandable, most commonly SAPIEN S3 (78%). Thirty-seven (37.7%) patients developed abnormalities before discharge. Of these patients, 20 (57.1%) had complete resolution at 30-day follow-up. No patients with new conduction abnormalities during hospitalization had additional abnormalities at 30-day follow-up. Five (5.1%) patients developed new conduction abnormalities following discharge. Overall, 22 (22.4%) patients had conduction abnormalities at 30-day follow-up which were not present at baseline. Predilatation (p = 0.003), higher ratios of balloon (p = 0.03) or valve (p = 0.05) size to left ventricular outflow tract, and previous myocardial infarction (p = 0.034) were predictive of acute conduction abnormalities. Baseline right bundle branch block (p = 0.002), longer baseline (p <0.001) and discharge (p = 0.004) QRS duration, moderate, or severe aortic insufficiency (p = 0.002) and atrial fibrillation (p = 0.031) were predictors of new conduction abnormalities after discharge. In conclusion, most new in-hospital conduction abnormalities resolve by 30-day follow-up. In-hospital conduction abnormalities are related to technical aspects of TAVI while delayed conduction abnormalities are related to baseline conduction system disease.

Interleukin-6 Is a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Kidney Disease: Findings from the CRIC Study.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we examined the association between inflammation and AF in 3,762 adults with CKD, enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study. AF was determined at baseline by self-report and electrocardiogram (ECG). Plasma concentrations of interleukin(IL)-1, IL-1 Receptor antagonist, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor-ß, high sensitivity C-Reactive protein, and fibrinogen, measured at baseline. At baseline, 642 subjects had history of AF, but only 44 had AF in ECG recording. During a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, 108 subjects developed new-onset AF. There was no significant association between inflammatory biomarkers and past history of AF. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, laboratory values, echocardiographic variables, and medication use, plasma IL-6 level was significantly associated with presence of AF at baseline (Odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 2.14; P = 0.001) and new-onset AF (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.53; P = 0.03). To summarize, plasma IL-6 level is an independent and consistent predictor of AF in patients with CKD.