RESUMEN
Strategic parasite control programmes of ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes requires the knowledge of parasite population dynamics. In natural conditions, ruminants, in particular sheep and goats, are infected by different species of gastrointestinal nematodes. The life cycle of these parasites is influenced by a number of factors which include climatic variations. Therefore, it is important to utilise appropriate methods to identify the parasite population both in the host and from the pasture. In this paper faecal larval cultures and pasture larval counts used for herd health monitoring of nematode infections are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/parasitología , Poaceae/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Animales , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Cabras/parasitología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Larva , Masculino , Nematodos/clasificación , Nematodos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Ovinos/parasitología , Especificidad de la EspecieAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Perros/parasitología , Equinococosis/veterinaria , Echinococcus granulosus/aislamiento & purificación , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Antígenos Helmínticos/análisis , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Equinococosis/epidemiología , Equinococosis/parasitología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Heces/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Italia/epidemiología , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Nematodos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Prevalencia , OvinosRESUMEN
The human risk of infection with larvae of Toxocara canis was estimated in people from the Marche region of Italy. This region includes both urban and rural areas and its inhabitants frequently keep dogs for company, hunting, as guardians or shepherds. T. canis infection was diagnosed in 33.6% out of 295 dogs examined. Nearly half of the dogs (48.4%) living in rural areas were found T. canis positive, compared to about one-quarter of the dogs (26.2%) from urban areas. Analysis by provenance and role revealed the highest infection rate in rural hunting dogs (64.7%) and the lowest in urban companion dogs (22.1%). According to questionnaire data, the peridomestic environment, i.e. gardens and dog pens, is the most important defecation site in both rural and urban areas. Since over 40% of the dogs who defecate in dog pens are infected and 24% of urban and 47% of rural dogs who leave their droppings in the house surroundings harbour the parasite, it is clear that these environments may constitute sites of zoonotic risk. Our analysis of soil samples from 60 farms confirmed the high contamination level, revealing positive soil samples in more than half of the farms. Substantial egg contamination was also found in urban areas, as 3/6 parks examined were Toxocara spp. positive. Finally, our serological findings indicate that human infection actually occurs in the area: 7 out of 428 adults examined (1.6%) had very high levels of antibodies to T. canis antigen, suggesting a previous contact with the Larva migrans of the nematode.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Toxocara canis/aislamiento & purificación , Toxocariasis/epidemiología , Toxocariasis/parasitología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Perros , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Humanos , Italia/epidemiología , Masculino , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Prevalencia , Población Rural , Suelo/parasitología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Isolates of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum have been differentiated into 2 genotypes: genotype 'H', which is associated only with human infections, and genotype 'C', which is associated with both human and animal infections. To date, the analysis of polymorphisms of genes and of the small subunit ribosomal DNA have revealed no heterogeneity within the 2 genotypes. In the present study, a locus containing simple sequence repeats (microsatellites) was PCR amplified and sequenced from 94 C. parvum isolates, which were collected from humans (immunocompetent and immunocompromized individuals, outbreak and single cases) and from several animal hosts in 3 continents. The analysis revealed that genotype 'H' can be further differentiated into 2 subgenotypes, and genotype 'C' can be further differentiated into 4 subgenotypes. The 6 subgenotypes differ in terms of expansions/contractions of the microsatellite repeats and by point mutations. Some subgenotypes showed a wide geographical distribution, whereas others were restricted to specific regions. Therefore, microsatellites are informative markers for more defined studies on the epidemiology, the transmission routes, and the population structure of this parasite.
Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Cryptosporidium parvum/genética , Variación Genética/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Cryptosporidium parvum/química , Cryptosporidium parvum/clasificación , Cartilla de ADN/química , ADN Protozoario/química , ADN Protozoario/aislamiento & purificación , Ciervos/parasitología , Electroforesis en Gel de Agar , Europa (Continente) , Heces/parasitología , Cabras/parasitología , Humanos , Japón , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Ovinos/parasitología , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Mebendazol/uso terapéutico , Éteres Fenílicos/uso terapéutico , Tiocianatos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Perros , Parasitosis Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The efficacies of nitroscanate and mebendazole against nematodes and Dipylidium caninum were compared by the examination of the faeces of 155 dogs. In unweaned puppies nitroscanate acted significantly faster and was significantly more effective than mebendazole against Toxocara canis. In adult dogs, both drugs had a low efficacy against Trichuris vulpis but a similarly good efficacy against other nematodes, with a tendency for nitroscanate to be more effective in reducing the prevalence of Ancylostoma caninum. Nitroscanate reduced the prevalence of D caninum infections considerably more than mebendazole.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Helmintiasis Animal , Mebendazol/uso terapéutico , Éteres Fenílicos/uso terapéutico , Tiocianatos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Infecciones por Cestodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Perros , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Helmintiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Infecciones por Nematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
The epidemiology of Trichostrongylidae infections in three dairy cow groups reared under different conditions and in different habitats was studied with particular emphasis on Ostertagia ostertagi. In cows bred intensively in swampy lowlands (Po River Valley) the prevalence of infection was 43% and the mean intensity 567. In cows bred traditionally (Friuli, Northern-Eastern Italy), the prevalence in permanently housed cows was 24% (mean intensity: 13). In grazing cows, it was 68% (mean intensity: 120). The distribution of parasite numbers (O. ostertagi) per host was studied with the negative binomial model. The observed data were also compared by the method of cumulative relative frequencies. The results suggest that parasitism is also important in cows reared intensively.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Ostertagia/aislamiento & purificación , Ostertagiasis/veterinaria , Abomaso/parasitología , Animales , Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Clima , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Italia/epidemiología , Ostertagiasis/epidemiología , Tricostrongiloidiasis/epidemiología , Tricostrongiloidiasis/veterinariaRESUMEN
The dog nasal mite, Pneumonyssoides caninum, is reported from Italy for the first time. The identification of the mite was based upon the morphology of larvae and adults.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Seno Frontal/parasitología , Ácaros/aislamiento & purificación , Cavidad Nasal/parasitología , Rinitis/veterinaria , Animales , Perros/parasitología , Femenino , Masculino , Ácaros/ultraestructura , Rinitis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The influence of stresses due to transport of beef cattle and their allotment to feedlots on trichostrongylid infection was studied. The greatest increases in worm egg counts and serum pepsinogen levels were seen at 5 h and 30 days after allotment. These apparently resulted from reactivation of arrested larvae which the animals ingested while grazing during late autumn at the breeding farm.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/etiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Estrés Fisiológico/veterinaria , Tricostrongiloidiasis/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Parasitosis Intestinales/etiología , Masculino , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Pepsinógenos/sangre , Estrés Fisiológico/complicaciones , Tricostrongiloidiasis/etiologíaRESUMEN
The results of a parasitological survey carried out on 116 cats found dead in Bologna, Firenze and Milano was reported. The parasites identified were: Toxocara cati (49.1%); Toxascaris leonina (3.4%); Ancylostoma tubaeforme (9.5%); Ollulanus tricuspis (3.4%); Dipylidium caninum (41.4%); Taenia taeniaeformis (11.2%); Mesocestoides lineatus (1.7%); Spirometra sp. (0.9%); Coccidia (12.9%). The autopsies' results were compared with coprological ones in order to assess their reliability.
Asunto(s)
Gatos/parasitología , Animales , Heces/parasitología , ItaliaRESUMEN
The results obtained in a survey on the gastrointestinal helminths of 32 chamois of the Riserva of Valbelviso on the Alpi Orobie are reported. All the animals were infested: the species identified with more frequence were O. circumcinta, M. marshalli, N. filicollis. Of great significance was the diffusion of N. filicollis, compared with other species of this genus, typical of the wild ruminants; Oe. radiatum, never previously observed in chamois, was also found. These results show that the promiscuity of wild and domestic ruminants in the pasture could interfere with the natural focality of the respective gastrointestinal nematodes.