[Provoking endogenous psychoses]. / Provozierung endogener Psychosen.

For six forms of endogenous psychosis, causal agencies were sought to establish endogenous, physical, and mental provocation. Endocrine causes were found most frequently, 17.5%, in mixed bipolar disorders, followed by cycloid psychoses, 8.5%, which in this respect appear to be closer to the mixed bipolar psychoses, than the unipolar forms at 4.4%. Among the physical causes, the difference in affective psychoses is not particularly great. Cycloid psychoses head the list at 9%. Among the mental causes, pure phase psychoses account for the greatest number, 12.7%, by a wide margin. The three unsystematic forms of schizophrenia revealed a slender link with their causes. Clear distinctions among the causes of the six forms were thus demonstrated.

[External difficulties and their management in catamnestic studies (home visits)]. / Aussere Schwierigkeiten und ihre Uberwindung bei katamnestischen Untersuchungen (Hausbesuche).

It is reported on som difficulties arising an attempt to trace former children whom we wanted to follow-up. On the one hand there were individuals who had been treated in childhood in our hospital many years ago, on the other hand some individuals concerned had been cared in a long stay-nursery during their first years of life. Furthermore, we traced adult patients to follow-up them and also visited some of their relatives in their homes. It is described how much persistent and time-consuming efforts had to be made to trace the probands and their relatives, for they, frequently, had altered their names and their addresses. However, the visits to the individuals' homes were worth while. Only in this way we were enabled to satisfactorily carry out the tasks, we had set to ourselves.

[Determination of similarity and dissimilarity of endogenous psychoses in monozygotic twins based on a differential diagnosis]. / Beurteilung der Ahnlichkeit und Unähnlichkeit endogener Psychosen bei eineiigen Zwillingen auf der Grundlage einer differenzierten Diagnostik

The frequently published opinion that endogenous psychoses in monozygotic twins often show a marked lack of similarity could not be confirmed by the results of studies performed by the author and his associates. In general, differenting diagnosis allows the particular syndrome, on which the establishment of the respective diagnosis is based, to be nearly always observed in either partner. On the other hand, changes of mood, which are accessory symptoms, often show a different picture which may perhaps be regarded as being due to the fact that monozygotic twins often differ in their respective temperaments. The course and severity of the disease also usually show considerable differences which may in part be due to additional affections.

[Pattern of familial psychoses--systematic and unsystematic schizophrenia and cycloid psychoses]. / Verlauf und psychose in der verwandtschaft bei den systematischen und unsystematischen Schizophrenien und den zykloiden Psychosen

604 cases were examined, 309 of which were systematic schizophrenics, 191 were unsystematic schizophrenics and 104 cycloid psychotics. With the systematic schizophrenics the average period spent in hospital amounted to 16.9 years, with the unsystematic schizophrenics 13.8 years, with the cycloid psychotics 8.2 years. The systematic schizophrenics were discharged from hospital on average 1.5 times, the unsystematic 2.3 times, the cycloid psychotics 4.1 times. Of the systematic schizophrenics, 37.5% were never discharged after their first admittance to hospital, of the unsystematic 25.7%, of the cycloid psychotics 9.6%. Bipolar fluctuations were detected in 1.6% of the systematic schizophrenics, 49.7% of the unsystematic and 78.8% of the cycloid psychotics. 15.9% of the systematic schizophrenics had occurrences of psychoses in their family compared to 50.8% of the unsystematic and 22.1% of the cycloid psychotics. The systematic schizophrenics had 17.5% of their family ill, the unsystematic 69.6%, the cycloid psychotics 25.0%. Of the parents of the systematic schizophrenics 2.3% were ill, of the parents of the unsystematic schizophrenics 11.6%, of the parents of the cycloid psychotics 5.0%. Of the brothers and sisters of the systematic schizophrenics 2.4% were ill, of the unsystematic schizophrenics 10.9%, of the cycloid psychotics 3.0%. These variations in the pattern and occurrence of psychoses in the family seem to prove that the three groups of endogenous psychoses are genetically separable. There are also differentiating features inside the groups. Periodic catatonia in particular is characterized by the great number of psychotics in the family.