Avaliaçäo da resposta de antitoxinas beta e épsilon de Clostridium perfringes induzidas em bovinos e coelhos por seis vacinas comerciais no Brasil / Cattle and rabbits immune response against beta and epsilon Clostridium perfringens toxins induced by six commercial vaccines in Brazil

Avaliou-se a resposta de antitoxinas beta e épsilon de Clostridium perfringens em bovinos vacinados contra clostridioses com seis vacinas disponíveis no mercado. Quarenta e oito bezerros de seis a sete meses de idade foram divididos em oito grupos (T1 a T8) de seis animais cada. Os grupos de número 2 a 7 receberam as vacinas T2 a T7 nos dias 0 e 42 com a dose e via recomendadas pelos fabricantes. Soluçäo salina e toxóide padräo foram usados nos mesmos dias nos grupos 1 e 8 (T1 e T8), respectivamente, como controles negativo e positivo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 42 e 56 pós-vacinaçäo (PV), para titulaçäo de anticorpos no soro. As vacinas e os controles foram também testados em oito coelhos cada, inoculados nos dias 0 e 21 com metade da dose indicada para bovinos. Os coelhos foram sangrados no dia 35 e os soros foram misturados em partes iguais para cada vacina para a tilulaçäo de anticorpos. Os soros dos bovinos foram titulados individualmente contra as toxinas beta e épsilon de C. perfringens pelo método de soroneutralizaçäo em camundongos. A vacina T2 apresentou títulos de anticorpos de 22,6 e 5,6 UI/ml e a vacina T4 11,2 e 7,0 UI/ml, respectivamente, contra toxinas beta e épsilon em coelhos. Os títulos do toxóide padräo (T8) foram 45,2 UI/ml contra ambas as toxinas. Em bovinos, as médias dos títulos de anticorpos contra a toxina beta nos dias 42 e 56 PV com a vacina T2 (1,15 UI/ml e 8,0 UI/ml) foram similares ao toxóide padräo (2,02 e 10,03 UI/ml). A vacina T4 (0,73 e 4,54 UI/ml) teve títulos menores (P<0,05) que o toxóide padräo e similares a T2. Contra a toxina épsilon, o toxóide padräo teve média de título (0,97 UI/ml) no dia 42 que foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) do que T4 (0,15 UI/ml) e similar a T2 (0,42 UI/ml). No dia 56, T2 (4,27 UI/ml) teve títulos significativamente maiores (P<0,05) do que T4 (0,68 UI/ml) e similares ao toxóide padräo (4,98 UI/ml). Em cada tratamento, a resposta aos 56 dias foi superior (P<0,05) em relaçäo aos 42 dias após a primeira vacinaçäo. As outras vacinas e a soluçäo salina näo induziram respostas de antitoxinas beta e épsilon de C. perfringens detectáveis nos soros dos coelhos e dos bovinos. A vacina T2 induziu altos títulos de anticorpos, maiores que aqueles induzidos por T4 e similares ao T8

Avaliação da resposta de antitoxinas beta e épsilon de Clostridium perfringens induzidas em bovinos e coelhos por seis vacinas comerciais no Brasil

The antibody response against beta and epsilon toxins of Clostridium perfringens was evaluated in cattle vaccinated with six commercial clostridial vaccines. Groups of six calves (6-7 months old) were vaccinated with each vaccine (T2 to T7), on days 0 and 42, with the recommended dose and route. Saline solution (T1) and a standard toxoid vaccine (T8) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. On days 0, 42 and 56 post-vaccination (PV), blood samples were collected for antibody titration. Vaccines, as well as controls, were also injected into 8 rabbits each, on days 0 and 21, using half of the dose recommended for cattle. Rabbits were bled on day 35. Rabbit sera were tested as a pool per vaccine and cattle sera were tested individually against beta and epsilon toxins, by the serum neutralization test in mice. The vaccine T2 had antibody titers of 22.6 and 5.6 IU/ml and T4 had 11.2 and 7.0 IU/ml against beta and epsilon toxins in rabbits, respectively. The standard toxoid had a titer of 45.2 IU/ml against both toxins. In cattle, mean antibody titers against beta toxin on days 42 and 56 PV induced by T2 (1.15 and 8.0 IU/ml) were similar to those induced by the standard toxoid (2.02 and 10.3 IU/ml). T4 titers (0.73 and 4.54 IU/ml), were lower (P 0.05) than those obtained with the standard toxoid, but similar to T2 titers. On day 42, the standard toxoid had a mean titer (0.97 IU/ml) against epsilon toxin significantly higher (P 0.05) than that obtained with T4 (0.15 IU/ml) but similar to T2 mean titer (0.42 IU/ml). On day 56, T2 resulted in a significantly higher titer (4.27 IU/ml) (P 0.05) than that induced by T4 (0.68 IU/ml), but similar to the standard control (4.98 IU/ml). The other vaccines, as well as the saline solution, did not elicit antibody responses, neither in rabbits nor in cattle. T2 induced antibody titers against C. perfringens beta and epsilon toxins similar to those induced by the standard toxoid and higher than those induced by T4.

Avaliou-se a resposta de antitoxinas beta e épsilon de Clostridium perfringens em bovinos vacinados contra clostridioses com seis vacinas disponíveis no mercado. Quarenta e oito bezerros de seis a sete meses de idade foram divididos em oito grupos (T1 a T8) de seis animais cada. Os grupos de número 2 a 7 receberam as vacinas T2 a T7 nos dias 0 e 42 com a dose e via recomendadas pelos fabricantes. Solução salina e toxóide padrão foram usados nos mesmos dias nos grupos 1 e 8 (T1 e T8), respectivamente, como controles negativo e positivo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 42 e 56 pós-vacinação (PV), para titulação de anticorpos no soro. As vacinas e os controles foram também testados em oito coelhos cada, inoculados nos dias 0 e 21 com metade da dose indicada para bovinos. Os coelhos foram sangrados no dia 35 e os soros foram misturados em partes iguais para cada vacina para a titulação de anticorpos. Os soros dos bovinos foram titulados individualmente contra as toxinas beta e épsilon de C. perfringens pelo método de soroneutralização em camundongos. A vacina T2 apresentou títulos de anticorpos de 22,6 e 5,6 UI/ml e a vacina T4 11,2 e 7,0 UI/ml, respectivamente, contra toxinas beta e épsilon em coelhos. Os títulos do toxóide padrão (T8) foram 45,2 UI/ml contra ambas as toxinas. Em bovinos, as médias dos títulos de anticorpos contra a toxina beta nos dias 42 e 56 PV com a vacina T2 (1,15 UI/ml e 8,0 UI/ml) foram similares ao toxóide padrão (2,02 e 10,03 UI/ml). A vacina T4 (0,73 e 4,54 UI/ml) teve títulos menores (P 0,05) que o toxóide padrão e similares a T2. Contra a toxina épsilon, o toxóide padrão teve média de título (0,97 UI/ml) no dia 42 que foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) do que T4 (0,15 UI/ml) e similar a T2 (0,42 UI/ml). No dia 56, T2 (4,27 UI/ml) teve títulos significativamente maiores (P 0,05) do que T4 (0,68 UI/ml) e similares ao toxóide padrão (4,98 UI/ml). Em cada tratamento, a resposta aos 56 dias foi superior (P 0,05) em relação aos 42 dias após a primeira vacinação. As outras vacinas e a solução salina não induziram respostas de antitoxinas beta e épsilon de C. perfringens detectáveis nos soros dos coelhos e dos bovinos. A vacina T2 induziu altos títulos de anticorpos, maiores que aqueles induzidos por T4 e similares ao T8.

Protective efficacy of doramectin and ivermectin against Cochliomyia hominivorax.

Two studies were conducted in Brazil using induced infestations of the New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, to investigate: a) the comparative prophylactic efficacy of doramectin and ivermectin at their recommended use levels (200 micrograms kg-1 s.c.), and b) the duration of protection of a single injection of doramectin. In the comparative efficacy study, two groups of six animals each were treated with ivermectin or doramectin. Two hours after treatment, four incisions were made. Each incision was infested with 30 first instar C. hominivorax larvae and their status evaluated daily for 7 days post-treatment (p.t.). Doramectin treatment was 100% effective in prevention of C. hominivorax infestations whereas ivermectin efficacy was incomplete. First instar larvae were eliminated in doramectin-treated calves by 48 h p.t., while in the ivermectin group, C. hominivorax developed in over 29% of the incisions. Healing began in wounds of doramectin-treated animals at 24 h p.t. and was in progress in 100% of all wounds at 2 days p.t., while 50% of ivermectin-treated calves showed incisions with active lesions. In the duration of protection study, 24 calves were allocated to six groups (T1-T6) of four animals each. Three groups (T1, T3 and T5) were treated with saline and three groups (T2, T4 and T6) with doramectin. Animals were infested as described previously according to the following schedule: T1 and T2 at day 14, T3 and T4 at day 21, and T5 and T6 at day 28 p.t. Incisions were evaluated daily for 8 days post-infestation. Screwworm infestations and viable third-instar larvae developed of all incisions of saline-treated calves, while doramectin was 100% effective preventing development of C. hominivorax for 21 days p.t. and showed partial activity at 28 days p.t.

Efficacy of injectable doramectin in the therapy and control of Dermatobia hominis infestations in Latin America.

Three studies were conducted in Latin America, one in Brazil, one in Venezuela and one in Argentina, using a common protocol to investigate the efficacy of a single subcutaneous injection of doramectin at 200 micrograms kg-1 (1 ml per 50 kg) for the treatment and control of Dermatobia hominis infestations in cattle raised under commercial conditions. In each study, two groups of 20 animals each were allocated on the basis of D. hominis nodules present 24 h before treatment to a treated group (T1), or to a control group (T2) which received saline solution at 1 ml per 50 kg of live weight. All cattle were injected in the mid-dorsal cervical region and examined on treatment day and 2, 7, 15 and 30 days post-treatment (p.t.). At each observation day the number of D. hominis nodules was counted and the viability of the larvae inside them was assessed and recorded. Treatment with doramectin was 100% effective in eliminating D. hominis larvae and in controlling the re-establishment of the parasite under field conditions of continuous reinfestation. During the first 48 h p.t., dead larvae of different ages were found outside or partially outside the nodules in animals of the doramectin groups. After 48 h p.t., no live larvae were found inside existing nodules, nor did new nodules develop in animals of the doramectin groups in any of the three studies. When compared with nodule counts in the control group on the same observation day or with parasite burdens on the same animal before treatment, doramectin-treated animals began to eliminate parasitic nodules at 48 h p.t. Efficacy reached 100% at 7 days p.t. and remained at 100% on subsequent observation days (P < 0.05). None of the doramectin-treated animals exhibited any clinical signs of adverse reaction to medication.

Immune response in cattle induced by inactivated rabies vaccine adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide either alone or in combination with avridine.

In a comparative study of two commercial baby hamster kidney rabies vaccines produced in Brazil, the authors were able to demonstrate the following: a) both vaccines provoked a high level of antibody response and protection against challenge in cattle b) in primary vaccination, at least, the addition of avridine (a synthetic lipoidal amine) enhances the immune response in terms of the level and persistence of antibody c) over 90% of cattle vaccinated with either vaccine were protected against experimental challenge one year after revaccination, and the antibody response profile indicated that these vaccines were capable of maintaining antibody titres above protective levels for more than two years after revaccination. On the basis of these results, the authors recommend optional revaccination of young animals (i.e. "primo-vaccinates") at six months of age. Thereafter, annual revaccination should be sufficient to ensure high levels of antibody between vaccination cycles.