In vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of extracts of Persea willdenovii Kosterm (Lauraceae).

This study describes the effects of extracts and fractions of Persea willdenovii leaves against goat gastrointestinal nematodes and their cytotoxicity on Vero cells. The in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities of the crude ethanolic, hexane, ethyl acetate (EAE), butanolic and residual hydroethanolic extracts were assessed through the inhibition of egg hatching and larval motility assays. The most active extract (EAE) was then fractionated by chromatography in an open column containing silica gel, to furnish six fractions (Fr1-Fr6), which were also tested. The cytotoxicity of active extracts and fractions was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. The EAE and two fractions (Fr1 and Fr2) showed inhibitory activity in the egg hatching of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in a concentration-dependent manner. The effective concentrations for 50% inhibition (EC50) of egg hatching were 2.3, 0.12 and 2.94 mg/ml for EAE, Fr1 and Fr2, respectively. All extracts and fractions were not effective in inhibiting 50% of motility of infective larvae. EAE and Fr2 had IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentration) of 4.95 and 2.66 mg/ml, respectively. Fr1 showed a slight cytotoxic effect (cellular inviability <30%) only after 48 h of treatment (MTT test). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed the presence of six fatty acid ethyl esters, a fatty acid methyl ester and a long-chain ketone in the most active fraction. These constituents identified in P. willdenovii can be related to the high ovicidal activity and relatively non-toxic effect of the extracts.

Língua azul em ovinos: uma revisão / Bluetongue in sheep: a review

A língua azul (LA) é uma doença viral, que foi reconhecida e descrita há mais de 100 anos na África doSul, destaca-se entre as enfermidades que acometem ruminantes. LA é uma doença infecciosa, não contagiosa,de notificação obrigatória segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, e sua ocorrência impõe restrições àmovimentação internacional dos animais e a seus produtos. A enfermidade é ocasionada pelo vírus da línguaazul (VLA), que é o protótipo do gênero Orbivirus, da família Reoviridae, transmitida principalmente pelo vetorhematófago do gênero Culicoides. Tem distribuição mundial e possui vários sorotipos. A infecção geralmente seapresenta de forma inaparente em bovinos e caprinos, porém os ovinos, dependendo da raça, podem apresentar aforma aguda da doença. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo coletar e gerar informação para auxiliar nocombate à língua azul, cuja escassez de informações da distribuição e dispersão no Brasil tem contribuído para afalta de medidas de combate e controle eficazes.

Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease which was described more than 100 years ago in South Africa, and isone of the most important ruminant diseases worldwide. It is an infectious, non-contagious, notifiable disease,according to the World Organization for Animal Health, and its occurrence leads to restrictions on theinternational movement of animals and their products. The infection is caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV),which is the prototype of the genus Orbivirus, of the Reoviridae family, primarily transmitted by ahematophagous vector of the genus Culicoides. It has a worldwide distribution and several serotypes. Theinfection is usually unapparent in cattle and goats, but sheep, depending on the breed, can display the acuteform of disease. This paper aims to collect and generate information to assist in the fight against Bluetonguewhere lack of information about distribution and dispersion in Brazil has contributed to a lack of measures toeffectively combat and control the disease.

Língua azul em ovinos: uma revisão / Bluetongue in sheep: a review

A língua azul (LA) é uma doença viral, que foi reconhecida e descrita há mais de 100 anos na África doSul, destaca-se entre as enfermidades que acometem ruminantes. LA é uma doença infecciosa, não contagiosa,de notificação obrigatória segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, e sua ocorrência impõe restrições àmovimentação internacional dos animais e a seus produtos. A enfermidade é ocasionada pelo vírus da línguaazul (VLA), que é o protótipo do gênero Orbivirus, da família Reoviridae, transmitida principalmente pelo vetorhematófago do gênero Culicoides. Tem distribuição mundial e possui vários sorotipos. A infecção geralmente seapresenta de forma inaparente em bovinos e caprinos, porém os ovinos, dependendo da raça, podem apresentar aforma aguda da doença. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo coletar e gerar informação para auxiliar nocombate à língua azul, cuja escassez de informações da distribuição e dispersão no Brasil tem contribuído para afalta de medidas de combate e controle eficazes.(AU)

Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease which was described more than 100 years ago in South Africa, and isone of the most important ruminant diseases worldwide. It is an infectious, non-contagious, notifiable disease,according to the World Organization for Animal Health, and its occurrence leads to restrictions on theinternational movement of animals and their products. The infection is caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV),which is the prototype of the genus Orbivirus, of the Reoviridae family, primarily transmitted by ahematophagous vector of the genus Culicoides. It has a worldwide distribution and several serotypes. Theinfection is usually unapparent in cattle and goats, but sheep, depending on the breed, can display the acuteform of disease. This paper aims to collect and generate information to assist in the fight against Bluetonguewhere lack of information about distribution and dispersion in Brazil has contributed to a lack of measures toeffectively combat and control the disease.(AU)

Frequency of antibodies against Besnoitia besnoiti in Brazilian cattle.

Besnoitia besnoiti is a cyst-forming parasite that has been associated with economic losses in Africa and Europe. Besnoitiosis is considered as a re-emergent disease in the European continent. It is unknown whether cattle are exposed to B. besnoiti in the Americas, thus the aim of this study was to serologically investigate antibodies against B. besnoiti in a total of 2014 cattle serum samples from two states from Brazil. All samples were evaluated by IFAT and part of the positive sera was tested by Western blot (WB) using tachyzoites extracts under non-reducing condition. A total of 3.48% (70/2014) of the tested sera reacted positively by IFAT with titers of 200 (85.7%), 400 (10%) and 800 (4.3%). When 47 positive samples were assessed by WB a range of antigens from 7 to 206 kDa was recognized by the IFAT-positive sera. The results are suggestive of exposure of Brazilian cattle to B. besnoiti due to the titers (≥ 200) observed for some sera using IFAT. However, the antigens recognized by the IFAT-positive animals did not completely match with the WB patterns previously described by other working groups. It is possible that Brazilian cattle are exposed to B. besnoiti strains with different antigenic composition of those described in the European and African continent. Further studies are needed to confirm the presence of B. besnoiti or other Besnoitia species in Brazilian cattle.

Combination of monoclonal antibodies improves immunohistochemical diagnosis of Neospora caninum.

Histological analysis is commonly used for a conclusive diagnosis of neosporosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal (mAb) and polyclonal (pAb) antibodies can improve diagnosis; however, the use of pAb may induce cross-reactivity with other related parasites. The aims of this study were to compare the performance of mAbs and their combinations with that of pAb in IHC and evaluate the usefulness of mAb to identify Neospora caninum infection in aborted bovine fetal tissues. For this purpose, mAbs targeting NcSRS2 (4.15.15) or NcGRA7 (4.11.5 and 1/24-12) and one pAb collected from a rabbit inoculated with N. caninum tachyzoites were tested by IHC. Artificial standardized tissue sections were prepared as positive controls using homogenized bovine brain spiked with cultured tachyzoites of N. caninum. The numbers of labeled parasites were counted in each positive control section. In addition, four equal proportional combinations of the mAbs were also analyzed in the IHC. Finally, the pAb and the best combination of mAbs obtained in the positive control experiments were tested with tissue sections of naturally-infected cattle. To confirm analytical specificity, mAbs and a pAb were tested with Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia besnoiti positive control slides and tissues sections from naturally infected cattle containing Sarcocystis spp. and B. besnoiti antigens. The mAb 4.15.15 detected 57% of the total parasites in sections while 4.11.5 and 1/24-12 were able to detect 49% and 41%, respectively. For the mAb combinations (I: 1/24-12+4.11.5, II: 1/24-12+4.15.15, III: 4.15.15+4.11.5, IV: 1/24-12+4.11.5+4.15.15), the detection capacity was 32.4%, 79.4%, 66.6% and 60.7% for each combination, respectively. The best mAb combination (1/24-12 and 4.15.15) and the pAb serum detected 100% (18/18) of naturally-infected animals. Sarcocystis spp. or B. besnoiti were not detected by mAb combinations in IHC, however the pAb cross-reacted with Sarcocystis spp. cysts. These results confirm the usefulness of mAb application in IHC to N. caninum.

Molecular frequency and isolation of cyst-forming coccidia from free ranging chickens in Bahia State, Brazil.

The Toxoplasmatinae parasites Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Hammondia spp. have carnivores as definitive hosts that shed the parasite oocysts in their feces. Birds that feed directly from the soil, such as chickens, are exposed to infection and may serve as indicators of the presence of the parasite in the environment and as a source of infection for other animals. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of infection by these parasites in free ranging chickens, to test whether chickens are intermediate hosts of Hammondia spp., and to isolate N. caninum from chickens. One hundred chickens, which were raised in contact to cattle and dogs, were bought in five towns located in Bahia, Brazil. Blood and tissues (brain and heart) were used for serology, molecular tests and bioassay in mice for parasite isolation. T. gondii DNA was detected in 29 chickens, and N. caninum DNA was observed in six animals. Hammondia spp. DNA was not detected in tissues from any chicken. Tissues from eight N. caninum seropositive chickens were bioassayed in interferon-gamma gene knockout mice, but the mice did not become infected; T. gondii was isolated from six of 14 seropositive chickens after bioassay in outbreed Swiss mice. The authors concluded that: chickens seem to be better hosts for T. gondii when compared to N. caninum, based on the molecular and bioassay results; Hammondia spp. probably does not infect chickens or is rarely found in this animal species.

Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum.

Neospora caninum naturally infects many mammal species, but has not previously been demonstrated in birds. We examined sera for N. caninum antibodies from 200 outdoor chickens and from 200 chickens confined indoors in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Seroprevalence was greater in outdoor chickens (23.5% versus 1.5%, P<0.001). PCR testing for N. caninum was positive in six of 10 seropositive chickens. Amplicons from two of these were sequenced and had 97-98% nucleotide identity with N. caninum. This finding extends the list of intermediate hosts of N. caninum to include birds and may have important epidemiological consequences.

Proteinograma de caprinos da raça Pardo-Alpina infectados naturalmente por parasitos gastrintestinais / Proteinogram of Alpine goat naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites

The proteinogram of six 12 month-old Alpine goats, intensively raised and naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites, was evaluated. Blood and feces samples of each animal were monthly collected. Total serum protein and their fractions were determined by agarose gel eletrophoresis, using Tris buffer, pH 9.2. The identified protein fractions were albumin, alfa-globulin, beta1-globulin, beta2-globulin and gama-globulin, whose average and standard deviation (g/dl) were, respectively: 2.35±0.39, 0.69±0.36, 0.70±0.08, 0.48±0.08 and 1.52±0.41. It was not observed significative correlation (P>0.05), according to the Spearman non-parametric test, either between the Strongyloides eggs count per gram of feces or the Haemonchus spp. larval count per gram of feces and the fraction electrophorectly variable.

Proteinograma de caprinos da raça Pardo-Alpina infectados naturalmente por parasitos gastrintestinais / Proteinogram of Alpine goat naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites

The proteinogram of six 12 month-old Alpine goats, intensively raised and naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites, was evaluated. Blood and feces samples of each animal were monthly collected. Total serum protein and their fractions were determined by agarose gel eletrophoresis, using Tris buffer, pH 9.2. The identified protein fractions were albumin, alfa-globulin, beta1-globulin, beta2-globulin and gama-globulin, whose average and standard deviation (g/dl) were, respectively: 2.35±0.39, 0.69±0.36, 0.70±0.08, 0.48±0.08 and 1.52±0.41. It was not observed significative correlation (P>0.05), according to the Spearman non-parametric test, either between the Strongyloides eggs count per gram of feces or the Haemonchus spp. larval count per gram of feces and the fraction electrophorectly variable.(AU)