Market concentration in industrial and commercial non-hazardous waste valorisation: the case of Chile.

Market concentration among buyers of recycled materials is a phenomenon discussed since the 1980 s by the anti-trust literature. Yet, there is still a lack of studies on simultaneous market concentration on both the supply and demand sides. This is particularly relevant when Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies produce two-sided waste generation and valorisation markets. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the link between market concentration on the generation side and market share on the valorisation side. Specifically, this research addresses the case of valorisation of commercial and industrial non-hazardous waste in Chile. The analysis covers 261 companies that valorised industrial and commercial non-hazardous waste between 2015 and 2019. Being part of the top 10 % of generator companies in Chile is significantly correlated to higher valorisation market share, in a context in which mean market share per company decreased, total tons valorised stagnated, and the country-level valorisation rate diminished.

COVID-19, waste production and municipal recycling programs: Insights from Chile to the global south.

The amount and characterization of municipal and industrial waste generated in numerous cities worldwide have changed dramatically in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, assessing the impact of COVID-19-related policies is important to provide decision-makers with adequate knowledge to respond effectively to future events and create successful policies that respond to specific contexts. This study focuses on Chile, Latin America's second-largest municipal and industrial solid waste producer, with tight quarantine procedures placed to prevent the virus from spreading, and a series of monetary incentives implemented to minimize the economic and social impact of the quarantines. The time series of municipal solid waste (MSW) and recycling in the metropolitan region show a decrease in the amount collected during the initial months of lockdown and a subsequent increase during monetary incentive implementation. The country recovered and exceeded pre-pandemic MSW generation and recycling levels. Furthermore, the lockdown and the withdrawal of retirement funds (WRF) had a varied impact on each municipality in the region. However, WRF had a larger direct impact than a lockdown, indicating that purchasing power has a greater impact than mobility in waste generation and recycling, at least in this region of Chile.

Corrigendum: A Review of the Use of Linear Programming to Optimize Diets, Nutritiously, Economically and Environmentally.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00048.].

Exploring an alternative to the Chilean textile waste: A carbon footprint assessment of a textile recycling process.

Global population growth and rising living standards are increasing apparel consumption. Consequently, the consumption of resources and the generation of textile waste are increasing exponentially. For instance, according to the World Bank, Chile has increased textile imports by 500% in the last 20 years, even though the population has only increased by 26%. This textile import increase has resulted in the clothing desert that has been seen recently in northern Chile because most of the textiles at the end of their useful life will be disposed of in landfills or open dumps. This evidences the urgency of more efficient technologies that reduce the consumption of resources and that value waste on the way to a circular and sustainable economy. Since the textile recycling industry and environmental impact studies are currently in their nascent stages in Chile, the objective of this article is to explore the potential environmental benefits of a textile recycling process and, therefore, the related challenges towards more sustainable options. The considered textile recycling process incorporates mixed waste and is compared with landfills in terms of CO2eq because it represents the conventional treatment of waste and the substitution of products from primary sources. The results show that textile waste landfills emit 423.4 kg CO2eq per ton, while products from primary sources emit an average of 6496.65 kg CO2eq, compared to the textile recycling process that only it emits 1142.12 kg CO2eq per ton, obtaining an average of 5778 kg CO2eq avoided per ton of textile waste, achieving environmental benefits. However, it is necessary to highlight the dependence of this result on the choice of replaced products and the energy matrix. Thus, we assessed the energy matrix, evaluating the positive impact of implementing an energy matrix based on wind or solar energy.

Closing the gap in the municipal solid waste management between metropolitan and regional cities from developing countries: A life cycle assessment approach.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an important challenge in developing and emerging countries, where two realities co-exist. On the one hand, their metropolitan cities exhibit an integrated MSW system with a specialized fleet for the collection and landfills for the final disposal, concentrating on environmental initiatives such as municipal recycling programs. On the other hand, their regional cities show an MSW system based on adapted transports for collection and open dumps for final disposal. Besides, they face other environmental problems due to local conditions. This research proposes a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to close the gap between these two realities. In particular, we study the city of Valdivia (Chile), one of the main regional capitals of South America, which shares similarities with other southern regional cities in the Global South. This city disposes 95% of its MSW in open dumps and presents one of the highest environmental pollution rates in Latin America. We analyze the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy performance of six scenarios, seeking a solution for these problems. The results obtained show that a waste-to-energy scenario would generate savings of GHG emission and particulate matter, reaching 11.3% and 21.8%, respectively. Using our LCA approach, we can provide environmental evidence to highlight the importance of improving MSW management in regional cities, closing the gap with MSW management in metropolitan cities, and contributing to national targets such as United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Nationally-Determined Contributions.

[Computer modeling and simulation of the patient-visit network within a Chilean public health service]. / Modelamiento y simulación computacional de la red de consultas médicas de un servicio público de salud chileno.

OBJECTIVE: To create a computerized model and simulation of the patient visit/ referrals process for a health care services organization within Chile's public health care system. METHODS: The study was performed with a 'system dynamics' focus. Data were collected from the health care service centers, and a referrals model was created. Specialty areas to be modeled were chosen based on the length of their waiting times. Equations were defined for calculating care visits, referrals, and waiting times. Databases were designed and populated with centers' data. The model was programmed and validated through comparisons with actual data. Scenarios were simulated that would reduce patient waiting time by increasing staff hours or improving diagnostic resolution at the primary care and specialty centers, or both. RESULTS: The modeling included 22 centers, 1,451 referral flows, and 12 medical specialty areas, in addition to general medicine. A total of 686,869 registered office visits, referrals, and waiting logs were processed. The validation yielded high determinant coefficients and a 10.43% percentage error regarding actual waiting time logs. CONCLUSIONS: This methodology proved to be useful for modeling a health care network. An auto-referral process was observed where options were available, with opportunities for improvement in diagnostic resolution at the primary health care centers, as well as at the specialty centers. Moderate increases in diagnostic accuracy and office hours would completely eliminate waiting times at the specialty centers.

Modelamiento y simulación computacional de la red de consultas médicas de un servicio público de salud chileno / Computer modeling and simulation of the patient-visit network within a Chilean public health service

Objetivo: Modelizar y simular por computadora la red de atención de consultas médicas de un servicio de salud del sistema público chileno. Métodos: El estudio se realizó bajo el enfoque de la "dinámica de sistemas". Se recolectó información de los establecimientos del servicio de salud y se construyó un modelo de derivaciones. Se determinaron las especialidades a modelizar de acuerdo con la extensión de sus listas de espera. Se definieron las ecuaciones para el cálculo de las atenciones, las derivaciones y la espera. Se diseñaron las bases de datos y se volcó en ellas la información proveniente del servicio. Se programó y validó el modelo, comparándolo con los datos reales. Se simularon escenarios que permitieran reducir la espera mediante el aumento de las horas médicas, el mejoramiento de la capacidad resolutiva en atención primaria y compleja, o ambos. Resultados: Se modelizaron 22 establecimientos, 1 451 flujos de derivaciones y 12 especialidades médicas además de medicina general. Se procesaron 686 869 registros de atenciones, derivaciones y listas de espera. La validación arrojó altos coeficientes de determinación y un error porcentual de 10,43 por ciento respecto de las listas de espera reales. Conclusiones: La metodología mostró su utilidad para modelizar una red asistencial. Se observó un funcionamiento autorreferencial -según la capacidad instalada-, con posibilidades de intervención para mejorar la resolutividad, tanto en los centros de salud primarios como en los centros de especialidades. Un aumento moderado de la capacidad resolutiva y de las horas médicas permitiría la eliminación total de las listas de espera por consulta médica de especialidad.

Objective: To create a computerized model and simulation of the patient visit/ referrals process for a health care services organization within Chile's public health care system. Methods: The study was performed with a "system dynamics" focus. Data were collected from the health care service centers, and a referrals model was created. Specialty areas to be modeled were chosen based on the length of their waiting times. Equations were defined for calculating care visits, referrals, and waiting times. Databases were designed and populated with centers' data. The model was programmed and validated through comparisons with actual data. Scenarios were simulated that would reduce patient waiting time by increasing staff hours or improving diagnostic resolution at the primary care and specialty centers, or both. Results: The modeling included 22 centers, 1 451 referral flows, and 12 medical specialty areas, in addition to general medicine. A total of 686 869 registered office visits, referrals, and waiting logs were processed. The validation yielded high determinant coefficients and a 10.43 percent percentage error regarding actual waiting time logs. Conclusions: This methodology proved to be useful for modeling a health care network. An auto-referral process was observed where options were available, with opportunities for improvement in diagnostic resolution at the primary health care centers, as well as at the specialty centers. Moderate increases in diagnostic accuracy and office hours would completely eliminate waiting times at the specialty centers.