RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Severe Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneum) pneumonia has historically been associated with an acute presentation and increased mortality. Using data from patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and severe sepsis, we investigated: (1) the baseline patient characteristics and biomarkers of thrombosis, fibrinolysis, and inflammation in patients with CAP due to S. pneum infection (S. pneum CAP) or CAP due to infection with other or unidentified organisms (non-S. pneum CAP); (2) the behavior of these biomarkers over time and during treatment with drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA, recombinant activated protein C). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the PROWESS (Recombinant Human Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation on Severe Sepsis) trial were retrospectively analyzed by treatment (DrotAA or placebo) in patients with CAP. RESULTS: Patients with S. pneum CAP (n = 157) tended to be younger and had fewer comorbid conditions than patients with non-S. pneum CAP (n = 445). Overall disease severity (median APACHE II scores) was not significantly different between the two groups at baseline. However, there were significant baseline differences in protein C and markers of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. Although thrombosis markers were not different at baseline, D-dimer levels significantly increased from baseline to day 4 in placebo-treated patients with S. pneum compared to those with non-S. pneum. DrotAA treatment was associated with statistically significant improvements in protein C and markers of thrombosis in patients with S. pneum. In addition, the proportion of patients with severe protein C deficiency ( = 40% activity) at baseline was significantly greater in patients with S. pneum than those with non-S. pneum. Among patients with S. pneum and severe protein C deficiency at baseline, a significantly greater proportion of patients were no longer severely protein C deficient after 4 days of DrotAA therapy. CONCLUSION: In this population of patients with severe sepsis, patients with S. pneum CAP had a more severe dysregulation of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation than patients with non-S. pneum CAP; the former also developed significantly elevated levels of markers of thrombosis. Treatment with DrotAA was associated with significant improvements in protein C levels as well as markers of thrombosis. These characteristics may make patients with S. pneum CAP and severe sepsis particularly suited to derive a benefit from therapy with DrotAA.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/complicaciones , Fibrinólisis , Inflamación/diagnóstico , Infecciones Neumocócicas/complicaciones , Neumonía Bacteriana/complicaciones , Sepsis/patología , Trombosis/diagnóstico , Anciano , Biomarcadores , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/patología , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Inflamación/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Placebos/administración & dosificación , Infecciones Neumocócicas/patología , Neumonía Bacteriana/patología , Proteína C/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Trombosis/patologíaRESUMEN
Questions have arisen regarding the risk of developing symptomatic Histoplasma capsulatum infection among patients who undergo transplant-related immunosuppression in areas endemic for histoplasmosis. Our medical center is located in a hyperendemic area for histoplasmosis, where three large outbreaks occurred since 1978. We undertook a retrospective chart review of 137 patients who received allogeneic bone marrow transplant and of 449 patients who received solid organ transplant from January 1994 to December 1996 in order to assess the incidence of active histoplasmosis. Charts were reviewed before and after transplantation for clinical outcomes, H. capsulatum serologies and antigen results, and microbiological and radiological results. After a mean follow-up duration exceeding 16 months, no patient was diagnosed with histoplasmosis. In the absence of an outbreak, histoplasmosis is a rare infection following the immunosuppression of allogeneic bone marrow or solid organ transplantation even in a hyperendemic area. Pre-transplant serologies or chest radiographs consistent with prior infection were not associated with post-transplant histoplasmosis.