Synergistic cytotoxicity of histone deacetylase and poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors and decitabine in pancreatic cancer cells: Implications for novel therapy.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can modulate the acetylation status of proteins, influencing the genomic instability exhibited by cancer cells. Poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have a direct effect on protein poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation, which is important for DNA repair. Decitabine is a nucleoside cytidine analogue, which when phosphorylated gets incorporated into the growing DNA strand, inhibiting methylation and inducing DNA damage by inactivating and trapping DNA methyltransferase on the DNA, thereby activating transcriptionally silenced DNA loci. We explored various combinations of HDACi and PARPi +/- decitabine (hypomethylating agent) in pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and PL45 (wild-type BRCA1 and BRCA2) and Capan-1 (mutated BRCA2). The combination of HDACi (panobinostat or vorinostat) with PARPi (talazoparib or olaparib) resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity in all cell lines tested. The addition of decitabine further increased the synergistic cytotoxicity noted with HDACi and PARPi, triggering apoptosis (evidenced by increased cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP1). The 3-drug combination treatments (vorinostat, talazoparib, and decitabine; vorinostat, olaparib, and decitabine; panobinostat, talazoparib, and decitabine; panobinostat, olaparib, and decitabine) induced more DNA damage (increased phosphorylation of histone 2AX) than the individual drugs and impaired the DNA repair pathways (decreased levels of ATM, BRCA1, and ATRX proteins). The 3-drug combinations also altered the epigenetic regulation of gene expression (NuRD complex subunits, reduced levels). This is the first study to demonstrate synergistic interactions between the aforementioned agents in pancreatic cancer cell lines and provides preclinical data to design individualized therapeutic approaches with the potential to improve pancreatic cancer treatment outcomes.

In vitro evaluation of the percutaneous absorption of progesterone in anhydrous permeation-enhancing base using the Franz skin finite dose model and mass spectrometry.

Progesterone is used for hormone replacement therapy through various routes of administration. This study was conducted to (a) evaluate the stability of progesterone in a proprietary anhydrous permeation-enhancing base (APEB) and the efficiency of its skin permeation, and (b) determine the appropriateness of mass spectrometry as a method of analysis for permeated progesterone. Using a proven stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method, the compounded hormone (100 mg progesterone/g APEB gel) was determined to be physically and chemically stable at room temperature for six months. Skin permeation analysis using the Franz skin finite dose model and mass spectrometry imaging showed an optical density of 1699 for the permeated progesterone compounded in APEB and 550 for the permeated progesterone in a water containing VBC, which is a statistically significant different (P = 0.029). The study suggests that APEB can be used as a compounding base for effective skin permeation of progesterone, and mass spectrometry is a reliable method for visualization and quantitative analysis of permeated progesterone.

ABT199/venetoclax synergism with thiotepa enhances the cytotoxicity of fludarabine, cladribine and busulfan in AML cells.

ABT199/venetoclax, an inhibitor of the pro-survival BCL-2 protein, has improved AML treatment. Its efficacy in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), when combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs, has not been thoroughly investigated. The present study demonstrates the synergistic cytotoxicity of ABT199/venetoclax with the DNA alkylator thiotepa (Thio) in AML cells. Cleavage of Caspase 3, PARP1 and HSP90, as well as increased Annexin V positivity, suggest potent activation of apoptosis by this two-drug combination; increased levels of γ-H2AX, P-CHK1 (S317), P-CHK2 (S19) and P-SMC1 (S957) indicate an enhanced DNA damage response. Likewise, the increased level of P-SAPK/JNK (T183/Y185) and decreased P-PI3Kp85 (Y458) suggest enhanced activation of stress signaling pathways. These molecular readouts were synergistically enhanced when ABT199/venetoclax and Thio were combined with fludarabine, cladribine and busulfan. The five-drug combination decreased the levels of BCL-2, BCL-xL and MCL-1, suggesting its potential clinical relevance in overcoming ABT199/venetoclax resistance. Moreover, this combination is active against P53-negative and FLT3-ITD-positive cell lines. Enhanced activation of apoptosis was observed in leukemia patient-derived cell samples exposed to the five-drug combination, suggesting a clinical relevance. The results provide a rationale for clinical trials using these two- and five-drug combinations as part of a conditioning regimen for AML patients undergoing HSCT.

Evaluation of the in vitro human skin percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen in topical anhydrous and aqueous gels.

BACKGROUND: Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of acute and chronic pain associated with inflammatory conditions. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen 10% formulated in proprietary anhydrous and aqueous gels using the Franz skin finite dose model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anhydrous gel was initially characterized for cytotoxicity using EpiDerm skin tissue model by cell proliferation assay and Western blot analysis. The Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography method for measuring ketoprofen was validated and the stability of ketoprofen 10% in the anhydrous gel formulation was evaluated at 5°C and 25°C for 181 days. The percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen was determined using donated human skin. The tissue sections were mounted within Franz diffusion cells. A variable finite dose of each ketoprofen formulation in either anhydrous or aqueous gel was applied to the skin sections and receptor solutions were collected at various time points. RESULTS: Cell proliferation assay showed minimal cell death when EpiDerm skin tissue was exposed to the anhydrous gel for 24 h; the levels of protein markers of cell proliferation were not affected after 17-h exposure. Ketoprofen was stable in the anhydrous gel when stored at 5°C and 25°C. When compounded in the anhydrous and aqueous gels, ketoprofen had mean flux rate of 2.22 and 2.50 µg/cm2 /h, respectively, after 48 h. The drug was distributed to the epidermis and dermis sections of the skin. Both the anhydrous and aqueous gels facilitated the percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen without statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: The anhydrous gel can be used as a base to facilitate the transdermal delivery of ketoprofen. Although the anhydrous and aqueous gels can deliver a similar amount of ketoprofen, the anhydrous gel (water activity below 0.6) allows for extended default beyond-use-date of compounding preparations.

Evaluation of a compounding phospholipid base for the percutaneous absorption of high molecular weight drugs using the Franz finite dose model.

BACKGROUND: Permeation-enhancing compounding bases are aimed to facilitate the penetration of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) across the skin barrier. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the percutaneous absorption of radiolabeled human insulin (14 C-isototpe) when incorporated in a proprietary phospholipid base designed to deliver APIs with high molecular weights (HMW). The aim was not to claim the transdermal delivery of insulin with potential therapeutic applications in diabetes but, instead, to evaluate the ability of the compounding phospholipid base to deliver HMW drugs. METHODS: The percutaneous absorption of 14 C-insulin was determined using human torso skin and the Franz skin finite dose model. Two topical test formulations were prepared for in vitro evaluation: insulin 1% in phospholipid base (standard) and insulin 1% in phospholipid base HMW. The rate of percutaneous absorption (mean flux) and the distribution of 14 C-insulin through the skin were evaluated for both topical test formulations. A two-way ANOVA was used to determine statistical differences. RESULTS: The 14 C-insulin was distributed into the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis. Mean flux values showed a rapid penetration upon application and the maximum flux was achieved at 30 min, followed by a slow decline. Subsequently, a slower decline was observed for the topical test formulation including the phospholipid base HMW. CONCLUSION: The phospholipid base HMW facilitates the percutaneous absorption of HMW drugs across human cadaver skin and, therefore, it may potentially be a useful option for compounding pharmacists and practitioners when considering the skin for the percutaneous delivery of large drugs.

Eltrombopag improves platelet engraftment after haploidentical bone marrow transplantation: Results of a Phase II study.

Slow platelet recovery frequently occurs after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) with bone marrow graft and post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PCy)-based graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Improved platelet recovery may reduce the need for transfusions and improve outcomes. We investigated the safety and efficacy of eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, at enhancing platelet recovery post-haplo-HSCT. The prospective study included patients ≥18 years of age who received haplo-HSCT with bone marrow graft and PCy. Patients received eltrombopag 300 mg/day starting on Day +5. The primary objective was to estimate platelet engraftment (>50 000/µL by Day 60). In a post hoc analysis, they were compared to a contemporary matched control group who did not receive eltrombopag. One hundred ten patients were included in the analysis (30 eltrombopag and 80 control). Seventy-three percent and 50% of patients in the eltrombopag group and control group, respectively, attained >50 000/µL platelet count by Day 60 (p = .043). No eltrombopag-related grade ≥4 adverse events were observed. Median time to platelet recovery (>20 000/µL) was 29 days with eltrombopag and 31 days for controls (p = .022), while its cumulative incidence was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78%-100%) with eltrombopag versus 67.5% (95% CI: 57%-78%) for controls (p = .014). Number of platelet transfusions received, overall survival, progression-free survival, GVHD rate, relapse rate, and non-relapse mortality were similar between groups. Overall, eltrombopag is safe and improves platelet recovery in patients undergoing haplo-HSCT with bone marrow graft and PCy.

Safety and efficacy of a new high-dose regimen of panobinostat, gemcitabine, busulfan, and melphalan for 1st or 2nd salvage ASCT for refractory/relapsed or high-risk myeloma: Matched-pair comparisons with concurrent control cohorts.

Improvement of autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) for myeloma is needed. Building on our prior work, we prospectively evaluated panobinostat and gemcitabine/busulfan/melphalan (GemBuMel) with ASCT in this population. Patients aged 18-65 years with relapsed/refractory or high-risk myeloma and adequate end-organ function were eligible. Treatment included panobinostat (20 mg/day, days -9 to -2) and GemBuMel (days -8 to -2). Patients were enrolled in 1st (ASCT-1) or 2nd ASCT (ASCT-2) cohorts. We compared their outcomes with all our other concurrent ASCT patients who met eligibility criteria but received melphalan or BuMel off study, matched for age, prior therapy lines, high-risk cytogenetics, and response at ASCT. We enrolled 80 patients, 48 and 32 in the ASCT-1 and ASCT-2 cohorts, respectively; in these two cohorts, high-risk cytogenetics were noted in 33 and 15 patients, respectively; unresponsive disease in 12 and 11 patients, respectively, after a median of 2 and 3 therapy lines, respectively. Transplant-related mortality (TRM) occurred in two ASCT-2 patients. One-year PFS rates were 69% (ASCT-1) and 72% (ASCT-2); 1-year OS rates were 79% (ASCT-1) and 84% (ASCT-2). Minimal residual disease negativity improved after ASCT-1 (8.5%-23%, p < .0001) and ASCT-2 (34%-55%, p = .02), which correlated with improved outcomes. Trial patients and controls (N = 371) had similar TRM and post-ASCT maintenance. Trial patients had better PFS after either a 1st (p = .02) or a 2nd ASCT (p = .04) than matched-paired control patients. In conclusion, panobinostat/GemBuMel is effective for relapsed/refractory or high-risk myeloma patients, with better PFS than concurrent matched controls receiving melphalan or BuMel.

Synergistic cytotoxicity of fludarabine, clofarabine, busulfan, vorinostat and olaparib in AML cells.

Combinations of nucleoside analog(s) and DNA alkylating agent(s) are used for cancer treatment as components of pre-transplant regimens used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Their efficacies are enhanced by combining drugs with different mechanisms of action, which also allows a reduction in the individual drug dosages and thus potentially in toxicity to the patient. We hypothesized that addition of SAHA and olaparib, an HDAC- and a PARP-inhibitor, respectively, to the established combination of fludarabine, clofarabine and busulfan would enhance AML cell cytotoxicity. Exposure of the AML cell lines KBM3/Bu2506, MV4-11, MOLM14 and OCI-AML3 to the 5-drug combination resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity with combination indexes < 1. Increased protein acetylation and decreased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation were observed, as expected. Activation of apoptosis was suggested by cleavage of Caspase 3 and PARP1, DNA fragmentation, increased reactive oxygen species, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. The reduction in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation was independent of caspase activation. Several proteins involved in DNA damage response and repair were downregulated, which may be contributing factors for the observed synergism. The increased phosphorylation of DNAPKcs suggests inhibition of its kinase activity and diminution of its role in DNA repair. A similar synergism was observed in patient-derived cell samples. These findings will be important in designing clinical trials using these drug combinations as pre-transplant conditioning regimens for AML patients.

Cytotoxicity of Medicinal Mushrooms Oudemansiella canarii and Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Against Hematologic Malignant Cells via Activation of Apoptosis-Related Markers.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and despite of the of the availability of the advanced chemical treatments, development of effective and safe alternatives derived from natural resources are still of high interest. Mushroom is one of the important resources of pharmacologically active cytotoxic compounds. In this paper, we report the cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of Oudemansiella canarii (Jungh.) Höhn. and Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. against nine hematologic malignant cells and describe their molecular mechanisms. Cell lines were exposed to varying concentrations of mushroom extracts for 48 h and the cell proliferation and apoptosis parameters were determined. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the extract-induced changes in the level of apoptosis-related proteins in cancer cell lines and patient-derived mononuclear cells. Results revealed that O. canarii and G. lucidum extracts exhibited cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 26.8-66.0 ppm and 48.1-78.4 ppm, respectively, in all the cancer cell lines used. Mushroom extracts inhibited cell proliferation by 57.3-72.5% (O. canarii) and 44.2-67.4% (G. lucidum), which correlates to the activation of apoptosis as indicated by increased annexin V positivity, cells in sub G0/G1 phase and production of reactive oxygen species, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis showed increase in the level of apoptotic markers (cleaved PARP1, cleaved caspase 3 and phosphorylation of histone 2AX) and activation of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) signaling pathway. The extract-activated apoptosis was also observed in mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of leukemia and lymphoma patients. In conclusion, activation of pro-apoptotic markers is one of the major mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of O. canarii and G. lucidum extracts against hematologic malignant cells.

HDAC inhibitors suppress protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and DNA repair protein levels and phosphorylation status in hematologic cancer cells: implications for their use in combination with PARP inhibitors and chemotherapeutic drugs.

The therapeutic efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors is attributed to their ability to remodel chromatin, normalize dysregulated gene expression, and inhibit repair of damaged DNA. Studies on the interactions of HDACi with PARP inhibitors in hematologic cancers are limited, especially when combined with chemotherapeutic agents. Exposure of hematologic cancer cell lines and patient-derived cell samples to various HDACi resulted in a significant caspase-independent inhibition of protein PARylation, mainly catalyzed by PARP1. HDACi affected the expression of PARP1 at the transcription and/or post-translation levels in a cell line-dependent manner. HDACi-mediated inhibition of PARylation correlated with decreased levels and phosphorylation of major proteins involved in DNA repair. Combination of HDAC and PARP1 inhibitors provided synergistic cytotoxicity, which was further enhanced when combined with a chemotherapeutic regimen containing gemcitabine, busulfan and melphalan as observed in lymphoma cell lines. Our results indicate that the anti-tumor efficacy of HDACi is partly due to down-regulation of PARylation, which negatively affects the status of DNA repair proteins. This repair inhibition, combined with the high levels of oxidative and DNA replication stress characteristic of cancer cells, could have conferred these hematologic cancer cells not only with a high sensitivity to HDACi but also with a heightened dependence on PARP and therefore with extreme sensitivity to combined HDACi/PARPi treatment and, by extension, to their combination with conventional DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. The observed synergism of these drugs could have a major significance in improving treatment of these cancers.

Evaluation of an Anhydrous Permeation-Enhancing Vehicle for Percutaneous Absorption of Hormones.

The efficiency and safety of hormone delivery through the skin partly depend on the appropriate choice of vehicle and the type of formulation. The present study reports the skin cytotoxicity, irritancy, and safety of a newly developed anhydrous permeation-enhancing base (APEB) and the percutaneous absorption of progesterone, testosterone, estriol, and estradiol in APEB formulations. Using the human skin EpiDerm model, cell death was not observed after 4 h of exposure to APEB and was 48% after 24 h, indicating its mild to non-irritating property. APEB did not change the expression level of skin cell proliferation markers including PCNA, MCL-1, iNOS, and NFκB proteins, and apoptosis was minimal after 8-h exposure. The in vivo skin irritation and sensitization evaluation of APEB using a Human Repeat Insult Patch Test showed no adverse reaction of any kind during the course of the study. These results indicate the safety of APEB on skin tissues. The hormone percutaneous absorption was performed using human cadaver abdomen skin tissues and the Franz diffusion system, and hormone concentrations were determined by ELISA. Absorption was observed as early as 2 h of application and accumulated after 24 h to 2851 ± 66 ng/cm2, 2338 ± 594 ng/cm2, 55 ± 25 ng/cm2, and 341 ± 122 ng/cm2 for progesterone, testosterone, estriol, and estradiol, respectively. A steady flux rate of absorption of the hormones was observed within 24 h of application. These results suggest that APEB can be used as a vehicle to deliver these hormones through the skin and into the bloodstream for hormone replacement therapy.

A randomized phase III study of pretransplant conditioning for AML/MDS with fludarabine and once daily IV busulfan ± clofarabine in allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Pretransplant conditioning with Fludarabine (Flu)-Busulfan (Bu) is safe, but clofarabine (Clo) has improved antileukemic activity. Hypothesis: Flu+Clo-Bu (FCB) yields superior progression-free survival (PFS) after allogeneic transplantation. We randomized 250 AML/MDS patients aged 3-70, Karnofsky Score ≥80, with matched donors, to FCB (n = 120) or Flu-Bu (n = 130), stratifying complete remission (CR) vs. No CR, (NCR). HCT-CI scores varied, from 0 to 10. All evaluable patients engrafted. Median follow-up was 66 months (interquartile range: 58-80). Three-year relapse incidence (RI), 25% with FCB, vs. 39% with Flu-Bu (p = 0.018), offset by higher non-relapse mortality, 22.6% (95%CI: 16-30.2%) vs. 12.3% (95%CI: 6.5-19%). Three-year PFS was 52% (95%CI: 44-62%) (FCB), vs. 48% (95%CI: 41-58%) (Flu-Bu). FCB benefited CR patients less, NCR patients age ≤ 60 had 3-year 34% RI (95%CI: 19-49%) (FCB) vs. 56% (95%CI: 38-70%) after Flu-Bu (p = 0.037). NCR patients >60 years had 3-year RI 10.0% (FCB), vs. 56.0%, after Flu-Bu (p = 0.003). Bayesian regression analysis including treatment-covariate interactions showed FCB superiority in NCR patients with low HCT-CI (0-2). Serious adverse event profiles were similar for the regimens. Conditioning with FCB did not improve PFS overall, but improved disease control in NCR patients, mandating confirmatory trials. Remission status and HCT-CI should be considered when using FCB.

Vorinostat Combined with Busulfan, Fludarabine, and Clofarabine Conditioning Regimen for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Acute Leukemia: Long-Term Study Outcomes.

Conditioning regimens play a major role in determining disease outcomes following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The use of i.v. busulfan (Bu) as part of conditioning chemotherapy has been shown to be effective in controlling disease relapse; however, disease relapse remains a major cause of death following allo-HSCT. This study was conducted to determine the long-term outcomes of vorinostat with i.v. Bu plus dual nucleoside analogs clofarabine (Clo) and fludarabine (Flu) in the conditioning regimen for patients undergoing allo-HSCT. This was a rapid dose escalation phase I/II study designed to determine whether the addition of vorinostat would improve the efficacy of standard i.v. Bu/Flu/Clo conditioning regimen. This report presents the long-term disease outcomes of this combination in 68 patients with high-risk leukemia, including 31 (46%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 37 (54%) with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Fifty-eight patients (85%) were in morphologic complete remission at time of transplantation, and 38 (56%) received a matched unrelated donor graft. Over the median follow-up of 37.6 months, 29 of the 68 patients died (43%), and the nonrelapse mortality (NRM) rate was 22% (n = 15). The median overall survival and median NRM were not reached. Nineteen patients (28%) experienced disease progression. The median progression-free survival was 36.8 months. Thirty-seven patients (57%) developed grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and 20 patients (31%) developed chronic GVHD. Our results suggest a lack of benefit from adding a short course of vorinostat to i.v. Bu/Flu/Clo conditioning regimens for leukemia patients undergoing allo- HSCT.

ABT199/venetoclax potentiates the cytotoxicity of alkylating agents and fludarabine in acute myeloid leukemia cells.

The antineoplastic activity of pre-transplant regimens in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a critical factor for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. There is an urgent need to identify novel approaches without jeopardizing patient safety. We hypothesized that combination of drugs with different mechanisms of action would provide better cytotoxicity. We, therefore, determined the synergistic cytotoxicity of various combinations of the alkylating agents busulfan (Bu) and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC), the nucleoside analog fludarabine (Flu) and the BCL2 inhibitor ABT199/venetoclax in AML cells. [Bu+4HC] and [Bu+Flu] inhibited cell proliferation and activated apoptosis; addition of ABT199 to either combinations significantly increased these effects with combination indexes < 1. Apoptosis is suggested by cleavages of PARP1 and CASPASE 3, DNA fragmentation, increased reactive oxygen species, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased pro-apoptotic proteins in the cytoplasm. A similar enhancement of apoptosis was observed in patient-derived cell samples. ABT199/venetocalx upregulated anti-apoptotic MCL1 as a compensatory mechanism but addition of [Bu+4HC] or [Bu+Flu] negated this effect by CASPASE 3-mediated cleavage of MEK1/2 and its substrate MCL1. CASPASE 3 caused cleavage of pro-survival ß-CATENIN, which likely contributed to the activation of stress signaling pathways involving SAPK/JNK and AMPK. The observed synergistic cytotoxicity was associated with an inhibition of pro-survival pathways involving STAT1, STAT5 and PI3K. These findings will be useful in designing clinical trials using these drug combinations as pre-transplant conditioning regimens for AML patients.

Enhanced cytotoxicity of bisantrene when combined with venetoclax, panobinostat, decitabine and olaparib in acute myeloid leukemia cells.

Bisantrene (Bis), a topoisomerase-II inhibitor, is less cardiotoxic than the current anthracyclines. Its synergistic cytotoxicity with newly developed antineoplastic drugs has not been reported. We demonstrated the synergism of [Bis + ABT199/venetoclax] in combination with panobinostat (Pano), decitabine (DAC), or olaparib (Ola), known inhibitors of BCL2, histone deacetylase, DNA methyltransferase, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, respectively, in AML cells. [Bis + ABT199] with Pano, DAC, or Ola synergistically inhibited cell proliferation with combination indices of 0.25-0.6, 0.2-0.35, and 0.2-0.4 (at 50% inhibition of proliferation), respectively. Increased γ-H2AX suggests enhanced DNA damage; cleavages of Caspase 3 and PARP1, DNA fragmentation, increased ROS, and decreased MMP indicate potent apoptosis activation. Similar results were observed using mononuclear cells from leukemia patients but not from healthy donors. The SAPK/JNK signaling pathway was strongly activated by the combination treatments, whereas the PI3K/mTOR and Wnt/ß-catenin pro-survival pathways were inhibited. These drug combinations may be used in cytoreductive clinical trials for AML patients.

Improved outcomes of high-risk relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma patients after high-dose chemotherapy: a 15-year analysis.

High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplant (HDC/ASCT) is standard treatment for chemosensitive relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma, although outcomes of high-risk relapse (HRR) patients remain suboptimal. We retrospectively analyzed all HRR classical Hodgkin lymphoma patients treated with HDC/ASCT at our institution between 01/01/2005 and 12/31/2019. HRR criteria included primary refractory disease/relapse within 1 year, extranodal extension, B symptoms, requiring more than one salvage line, or positron emission tomography (PET)-positive disease at ASCT. All patients met the same ASCT eligibility criteria. We treated 501 patients with BEAM (n=146), busulphan/melphalan (BuMel) (n=38), gemcitabine( Gem)/BuMel (n=189) and vorinostat/Gem/BuMel (n=128). The Gem/BuMel and vorinostat/Gem/BuMel cohorts had more HRR criteria and more patients with PET-positive disease at ASCT. Treatment with brentuximab vedotin (BV) or anti-PD1 prior to ASCT, PET-negative disease at ASCT, and maintenance BV increased over time. BEAM and BuMel predominated in earlier years (2005-2007), GemBuMel and BEAM in middle years (2008-2015), and vorinostat/GemBuMel and BEAM in later years (2016-2019). The median follow-up is 50 months (range, 6-186). Outcomes improved over time, with 2-year progressionfree survival (PFS)/overall survival (OS) rates of 58%/82% (2005-2007), 59%/83% (2008-2011), 71%/94% (2012-2015) and 86%/99% (2016- 2019) (P<0.0001). Five-year PFS/OS rates were 72%/87% after vorinostat/ GemBuMel, 55%/75% after GemBuMel, 45%/61% after BEAM, and 39%/57% after BuMel (PFS: P=0.0003; OS: P<0.0001). These differences persisted within the PET-negative and PET-positive subgroups. Prior BV and vorinostat/GemBuMel were independent predictors of more favorable outcome, whereas primary refractory disease, ≥2 salvage lines, bulky relapse, B symptoms and PET-positivity at ASCT correlated independently with unfavorable outcomes. In conclusion, post-HDC/ASCT outcomes of patients with HRR classic Hodgkin lymphoma have improved over the last 15 years. Pre-ASCT BV treatment and optimized synergistic HDC (vorinostat/GemBuMel) were associated with this improvement.

Myeloablative Fractionated Busulfan With Fludarabine in Older Patients: Long Term Disease-Specific Outcomes of a Prospective Phase II Clinical Trial.

Compared to reduced-intensity conditioning regimen, myeloablative conditioning (MAC) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) reduces relapse but is avoided in older patients because of higher non-relapse mortality (NRM). To meet the need for a myeloablative regimen for older patients, we developed a novel fludarabine and busulfan MAC regimen. We fractionated the dose of busulfan and gave it for 6 days over a 2-week period and demonstrated the feasibility and safety of this approach. However, the disease-specific efficacy of this regimen is not known. The purpose of this study was to estimate the efficacy of fractionated busulfan regimen by estimating diseases specific survival outcomes. The conditioning regimen consisted of busulfan and fludarabine. On days -13 and -12 before HCT, patients received 80 mg/m2 busulfan intravenously (IV) daily in an outpatient clinic. Additional chemotherapy was administered during inpatient treatment from day -6 through day -3, including fludarabine 40 mg/m2 and busulfan IV once daily. The dosing of busulfan was determined from pharmacokinetic analyses to achieve for the course a target area under the curve of 20,000 ± 12% µmol/min, which is close to the average exposure of myeloablative dose of busulfan. One hundred fifty patients with high-risk hematological malignancies up to 75 years were enrolled in this prospective phase II study. The objective was to evaluate NRM, relapse, survival, the rates of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and long-term complications. The median age of the patient population was 61 years (interquartile range, 55-67). The most common diagnoses were acute myeloid leukemia (AML; N = 59 [39.3%]), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; n = 29 [19.3%]), and myelofibrosis (MF; N = 22 [14.7%]). Most had an unrelated donor (n = 93 [62%]) and received peripheral blood graft (n = 110 [73.3%]). Over half had an HCT-specific comorbidity index of ≥3 (n = 79 [52.7%]). The median follow-up among survivors was 43.4 months (interquartile range, 38.9-50.4). In patients with AML in complete remission, MDS, and myelofibrosis, 3-year overall survival was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.2-88.5%), 43.6% (95% CI, 28.6-66.4%), and 59.1% (95% CI, 41.7-83.7%) respectively. The cumulative incidence of NRM was 22% (15.3%-28.7%), extensive chronic GVHD was 27% (95% CI, 20-34%), bronchiolitis obliterans was 4.7% (95% CI, 1.3-8.1%), and secondary malignancy was 8.7% (95% CI, 4.1-13.2%) at 3 years. Lengthening the duration of busulfan (fractionation) permits safe delivery of myeloablative conditioning in older patients, leading to prolonged survival. © 2021 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cytotoxicity of Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus extracts on hematologic malignant cells through activation of the SAPK/JNK signaling pathway.

Treatment of hematologic malignancies is a formidable challenge for hematologists and there is an urgent need to identify safe and efficacious agents either via synthesis in the laboratory or isolation from natural products. Here, we report the cytotoxicity of extracts from mushroom Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus Høil (G. pps) and describe its molecular mechanisms. Using leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines, 28-35 ppm G. pps extract inhibited cell proliferation by ~46-79%, which correlates with activation of apoptosis as indicated by increase in annexin V-positive cells (~5-8-fold), production of reactive oxygen species (~2-3-fold), cells in sub G0/G1 phase (~3-13-fold), caspase 3 enzymatic activity (~1.6-2.9-fold), DNA fragmentation, PARP1 cleavage and down-regulation of prosurvival proteins. Mitochondrial membrane potential decreased and leakage of pro-apoptotic factors to cytoplasm was observed, consistent with the activation of intrinsic apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed activation of the ASK1-MEK-SAPK/JNK and ASK1-P38 MAPK pathways possibly due to changes in the cellular redox status as suggested by decreased protein levels of peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Moreover, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine alleviated the cytotoxicity of G. pps. Pharmacological inhibition of SAPK/JNK and P38 alleviated the G. pps-mediated cytotoxicity. The extract activated apoptosis in leukemia and lymphoma patient cell samples but not in mononuclear cells from healthy donors further supporting the therapeutic values of G. pps for hematologic malignancies.

Low-dose decitabine as part of a modified Bu-Cy conditioning regimen improves survival in AML patients with active disease undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Relapse is the major cause of mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Effective preventive intervention in high-risk AML may be crucial. In this study, we investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of low dose decitabine (DAC) as part of a modified Busulfan-Cyclophosphamide (Bu-Cy) regimen for high-risk AML patients undergoing allo-HSCT to reduce relapse rate. Fifty-nine patients received DAC (20 mg/m2/d, i.v.) for 5 days, followed by modified Bu-Cy (DAC group). A matched-pair control (CON) group of 177 patients (matched 1:3) received modified Bu-Cy only. The differences were more substantial among patients with active disease: 2-year OS, 80.7% (DAC) versus 43.5% (CON), P = 0.011 and 2-year LFS, 64.9% (DAC) versus 39.2% (CON), P = 0.024. Median time to relapse was 8 months (DAC) versus 5 months (CON) for the entire groups and 6.5 months (DAC) versus 3.5 months (CON) for patients with active disease. In summary, our data indicated that the conditioning regimen containing low dose DAC may confer a survival advantage in high-risk AML patients with active disease undergoing allo-HSCT, and a prospective randomized trial is warranted to confirm these observations.

Panobinostat and venetoclax enhance the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine, busulfan, and melphalan in multiple myeloma cells.

Gemcitabine (Gem), busulfan (Bu), and melphalan (Mel) are used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To further improve their efficacy, a preclinical study on their synergism with the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (Pano) and the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax/ABT199 was performed. Multiple myeloma cell lines MM.1R and MC/CAR were exposed to ∼IC20 levels of the drugs. Synergistic cytotoxicity was observed in cells exposed to the five-drug combination as indicated by combination indexes <1, supported by ∼86% inhibition of proliferation and ∼84% annexin V positivity in MM.1R and ∼58% inhibition of proliferation and ∼46% annexin V positivity in MC/CAR cells. Activation of the DNA damage response and apoptosis were suggested by a modest increase in the phosphorylation of ATM and its substrates; significant cleavage of PARP1, caspase 3, and heat shock protein 90; DNA fragmentation; mitochondrial membrane depolarization; and reactive oxygen species production. The five-drug combination significantly decreased the levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, RAPTOR, P-P70S6K, and eIF2α, with concomitant increases in P-AMPK and its substrate Tuberin/TSC2, suggesting that the mTOR signaling pathway was compromised. Endoplasmic reticulum stress through activation of the unfolded protein response was also observed as suggested by increases in the levels of calnexin, BiP/GRP78, ERO1-Lα, and protein disulfide isomerase, which may relate to venetoclax-mediated inhibition of BCL2 in the endoplasmic reticulum. This is the first report on the effects of a venetoclax-containing regimen on the unfolded protein response. These results provide a rationale to propose a clinical trial on use of Gem + Bu + Mel + Pano + Venetoclax as part of a conditioning regimen for multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.