Realistic nitrate concentrations diminish reproductive indicators in Skiffia lermae, an endemic species in critical endangered status.

Goodeinae is a subfamily of critically endangered fish native to central Mexico. Populations of Skiffia lermae, a species belonging to this subfamily, have significantly decreased in the past two decades. A previous study showed that S. lermae is sensitive to acute nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) exposure, leading to noticeable changes in both behavioral and histopathological bioindicators. The aim herein was to determine the vulnerability of S. lermae to NO3-N exposure at realistic concentrations registered in freshwater ecosystems in central Mexico where the species was historically reported. Offspring of S. lermae were chronically exposed during 60 days to concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg NO3-N/L, with 2 mg NO3-N/L used as the reference value (control). Survival rate, feeding behavior, aquatic surface respiration, body growth, scaled mass index, immature red blood cells, as well as histopathological changes in branchial, hepatic and gonadal tissues were evaluated. Additionally, this study analyzed water quality in freshwater ecosystems where S. lermae presently persists. The results showed decreased survival as NO3-N concentration increased, as well as increased feeding latency, aquatic surface respiration and histological damage in the gills and liver. These organs showed differential sex-dependent responses to NO3-N exposure; females were more sensitive than males. In the ovaries, a decreased density of stage III oocytes was associated with increased NO3-N concentrations. No changes were observed in body growth and number of immature red blood cells. Concentrations recorded in the three freshwater ecosystems that S. lermae inhabit were below 2 mg NO3-N/L. Together, the results could explain why the species has disappeared from more contaminated freshwater ecosystems where NO3-N levels exceed 5 mg/L. Moreover, the study warns about the risks of increasing NO3-N concentrations in the current sites where the species lives.

Presence of Indicator Bacteria and Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species in Packaged Ice Cubes in Central Mexico.

This study aimed to determine the bacteriological quality and presence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEP) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species in 85 packaged ice samples from 12 different states of central Mexico. Three samples had a pH of 9.8 and therefore fell outside of the acceptable range for pH. All samples were positive for aerobic-mesophilic bacteria, with limits ranging from 1 to 3.47 log CFU/mL. In total, 35, 11, and 3 ice samples were positive for total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and E. coli, respectively. In the samples, the TC concentration ranged from <1.1 to >23 MPN/100 mL and from <1.1 to 23 MPN/100 mL for FC and E. coli. In total, 38 (44.7%) ice samples were outside of Mexico's official guidelines. None of the 12 E. coli strains isolated from the three ice samples belonged to DEP. NTM were recovered from 20 ice samples and included M. neoaurum (n = 7), M. porcinum (n = 2), M. flavescens (n = 2), M. fortuitum (n = 1), M. abscessus (n = 1), M. senegalense (n = 1), M. conceptionense (n = 1), and M. sp. (n = 1). In the remaining four samples, two NTM were isolated simultaneously. Thus, we recommend that producers should evaluate the microbiological quality of purified water used as a raw material as well as that of the final product, the ice should be packed in thick bags to avoid stretching and tearing during transportation or storage to prevent environmental contamination of ice, personnel involved in the production, and handling of ice should be trained in relative hygiene matters and how ice-machines should be cleaned and disinfected and the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points must be applied throughout the chain of production. Finally, regular inspection by the authorities is also of great importance. These recommendations can be applied in different countries with low microbiological quality packaged ice.

Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Assay (MGIA) as a Host Directed Diagnostic Tool for the Evaluation of the Immune Response in Subjects Living With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The lack of efficient and cost-effective diagnostic tools contributes to poor control of tuberculosis in endemic countries. Moreover, host biological processes influence susceptibility, and infection resolution. It is well known that comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) affect the host immune response, making individuals more susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Currently, there are no laboratory tools that can identify those subjects who have a higher risk of developing the disease. In this study, we used a whole blood mycobacterial growth inhibition assay to assess the immune response capacity to inhibit mycobacterial growth between healthy subjects and those living with DM2 with optimal and poor glycemic control. We also measured cytokine levels in the culture supernatant by cytokine bead arrays. We included 89 patients with DM2: 54 patients with optimal control (mean age 56.2 ± 11.75 years) and 35 patients with poor control (mean age 52.05 ± 9.94 years). We also included 44 healthy subjects as controls (mean age 42.12 ± 11.75 years). We compared the Δlog UFC (a value that represents the difference between mycobacterial growth in the control tube versus the subject's blood) between each group. Our results demonstrate that patients with DM2 had a lower capacity to inhibit M. tuberculosis growth (Δlog UFC DM2 subjects 0.9581 (-0.3897 to 2.495) vs Δlog UFC healthy subjects 0.7190 (-0.2678 to 2.098); p=0.013). Comparing subjects living with DM2 (optimal and poor glycemic control) vs healthy subjects, we found only significant differences between healthy subjects and patients poorly controlled (Δlog UFC optimal control group 0.876 (-0.3897 to 2.495); Δlog UFC poor control group 1.078 (0.068 to 2.33); Δlog UFC healthy subjects 0.7190 (-0.2678 to 2.098); p= 0.022). Therefore, glycemic control assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin values influences the capacity of the host to control the infection. Our results confirm that the whole blood mycobacterial growth inhibition assay has potential utility as an in vitro marker of M. tuberculosis immunological control in vivo in subjects living with DM2. This assay can be used to evaluate the immune response of each individual against M. tuberculosis, allowing clinicians to choose a more specific host-directed therapy.

Retinopatía esclopetaria: reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Retinitis sclopetaria: Case report and literature review

Introducción: La retinopatía esclopetaria se presenta en casos de trauma ocular cerrado por proyectiles de alta velocidad a nivel orbitario y periorbitario con alteraciones secundarias en la coroides, retina, epitelio pigmentario de la retina y membrana de Bruch. Por la rara ocurrencia de este mecanismo de trauma, es una complicación poco frecuente del trauma ocular cerrado que se presenta en el momento inicial del trauma y genera secuelas a largo plazo. Objetivo: Dar a conocer las características clínicas y las secuelas de la retinopatía esclopetaria. Diseño del estudio: Observacional. Material y métodos: Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre de 45 años con antecedente de herida por arma de fuego hace 27 años, con restos de esquirlas metálicas a nivel frontal, con disminución de agudeza visual crónica, hallazgos de catarata subcapsular posterior y a la fundoscopia cicatriz coriorretinal compatible con retinopatía esclopetaria. Se indica manejo médico con observación de la alteración del segmento posterior y manejo quirúrgico de la catarata secundaria al trauma. Conclusiones: La retinopatía esclopetaria puede generar daños agudos y secuelas que conlleven disminución de la agudeza visual; el manejo es médico observacional. Según la localización de los hallazgos se definirán las secuelas visuales. El diagnóstico oportuno y seguimiento son el pilar del tratamiento.

Background: Retinitis sclopetaria occurs in cases of closed ocular trauma caused by high-speed bullets at the orbital and periorbital tissues with secondary alterations in the choroid, retina, RPE and Bruch's membrane. Due to the rare occurrence of this mechanism, it is a rare complication of closed ocular trauma that occurs at the initial moment of trauma and generates long-term sequelae. Objective: To present clinical characteristics and the sequelae of a case of retinitis sclopetaria. Study design: Observational Material and methods: We present the clinical case of a 45-year-old man with a history of firearm injury 27 years ago, with remains of metallic splinters at the frontal level, with decreased chronic visual acuity, findings of a posterior subcapsular cataract and fundoscopy of chorioretinal scar compatible with retinitis sclopetaria. Medical management was indicated with observation and surgical management of the cataract secondary to trauma. Conclusions: Retinitis sclopetaria can cause acute damage and sequelae that lead to decreased visual acuity; treatment is observation. Visual sequelae is defined depending on the location of the retinal alterations. Diagnosis and follow-up are the mainstay of managemen

Diseño de intervención y estaciones ECOE sobre alimentación del menor de dos años / Design of intervention and oser stations on feeding children under two years of age

OBJETIVO: Probar una metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje, instrumentos de medición y sistema de implementación de la ECOE en relación con lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria, crecimiento y consejería. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió la adquisición de competencias sobre alimentación en menores de dos años en internos de pediatría aplicando la evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada (ECOE) antes y después del desarrollo de un proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje (PEA) estructurado. Se organizaron cuatro estaciones de evaluación de los aspectos centrales de alimentación y crecimiento, en un grupo de internos seleccionados al azar. RESULTADOS: Las cuatro estaciones de la ECOE se aplicaron sin dificultades antes y después del PEA. Los resultados mostraron una mejora en el rendimiento de los internos, de manera individual y de grupo; en este último las diferencias en la media fueron para alimentación complementaria pre 2,5 (DE 0,93) y post 5 (DE 2,39); consejería pre 5,75 (DE 1,49) y post 8,13 (DE 1,25); lactancia materna pre 12,63 (DE 2,5) y post 16,38 (DE 2) y velocidad de crecimiento pre 3,13 (DE 1,36) y post 3,38 (DE 0,92). Los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos para los tres primeros rubros. CONCLUSIONES: En base a estos resultados se sugieren mejoras en el programa de enseñanza y se verifica la aplicabilidad de la ECOE en el internado del Hospital del Niño Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría.

OBJECTIVE: To test a teaching-learning methodology, measurement tools and OSCE implementation system in relation to breastfeeding, complementary feeding, growth and counseling. METHODOLOGY: The acquisition of competences was studied by applying objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) before and after the development of a structured teaching-learning process. Four assessment stations were organized considering central aspects on feeding and growth of children under two years of age, in a group of randomly selected students during medical internship. RESULTS: The four OSCE stations were applied without difficulties before and after the learning and teaching process. The results showed an improvement in the performance of interns, individually and in groups; in the latter, mean differences were: for complementary feeding pre 2.5 (SD 0.93) and post 5 (SD 2.39); counseling pre 5.75 (SD 1.49) and post 8.13 (SD 1.25); breastfeeding pre 12.63 (SD 2.5) and post 16.38 (SD 2) and growth velocity pre 3.13 (SD 1.36) and post 3.38 (SD 0.92). The results were statistically significant for the first three items. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, the authors suggest improvements in the teaching program, and verify the applicability of the OSCE for the evaluation of rotatory internship at the Hospital del Nino Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uria.

Life experiences that favor the plenitude and transcendence of the elderly being: a phenomenological-hermeneutical study.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the life experiences that favor the plenitude and transcendence of the elderly being. METHOD: Qualitative study of hermeneutical phenomenological approach. It was conducted from January 2014 to March 2017 in two social groups for seniors. Selection of participants was by intentional sampling with information saturation. Characteristics of participants: men or women aged 60 years and over. Data collection through a phenomenological interview. Study in compliance with the General Law of Health, Subject of Health Research and the Declaration of Helsinki. Analysis through the Heidegger's hermeneutic circle: Pre-understanding, understanding and interpretation. RESULTS: Units of meaning arose. Ontologically, seniors are revealed in their historicity and temporality, emphasize fear and anguish in their daily life, and fall into a feeling of nothing with the need to be authentic that is achieved through care. This understanding of the being is transcendence, and its manifestation is enlightenment. CONCLUSION: Transcendence is favored by care in the life cycle. Nursing as a science of care can promote actions that facilitate the reach of the encounter of seniors at different stages of their lives.

Life experiences that favor the plenitude and transcendence of the elderly being: a phenomenological-hermeneutical study / Experiências de vida que favorecem a plenitude e transcendência do ser adulto idoso: estudo fenomenológico-hermenêutico / Experiencias de vida que favorecen la plenitud y trascendencia del ser adulto mayor: estudio fenomenológico-hermenéutico

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the life experiences that favor the plenitude and transcendence of the elderly being. Method: Qualitative study of hermeneutical phenomenological approach. It was conducted from January 2014 to March 2017 in two social groups for seniors. Selection of participants was by intentional sampling with information saturation. Characteristics of participants: men or women aged 60 years and over. Data collection through a phenomenological interview. Study in compliance with the General Law of Health, Subject of Health Research and the Declaration of Helsinki. Analysis through the Heidegger's hermeneutic circle: Pre-understanding, understanding and interpretation. Results: Units of meaning arose. Ontologically, seniors are revealed in their historicity and temporality, emphasize fear and anguish in their daily life, and fall into a feeling of nothing with the need to be authentic that is achieved through care. This understanding of the being is transcendence, and its manifestation is enlightenment. Conclusion: Transcendence is favored by care in the life cycle. Nursing as a science of care can promote actions that facilitate the reach of the encounter of seniors at different stages of their lives.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender as experiências de vida que favorecem a plenitude e transcendência do ser-adulto idoso. Método: Estudo qualitativo com enfoque fenomenológico-hermenêutico. Foi realizado de janeiro de 2014 a março de 2017 em dois grupos de convivência de idosos. Seleção de participantes por amostragem intencional com saturação de informação. As características dos participantes foram: ter 60 anos ou mais, homens ou mulheres. Coleta de dados por meio de entrevista fenomenológica. Foi cumprida a Lei Geral da Saúde, Matéria de Pesquisa em Saúde e a Declaração de Helsinki. Análise por meio do círculo hermenêutico heideggeriano: Pré-compreensão, Compreensão e Interpretação. Resultados: Onticamente surgiram unidades de significado. Ontologicamente o ser-adulto idoso é revelado na sua historicidade e temporalidade, destacando na sua cotidianidade o temor e a angústia, caindo em um sentimento de nada com necessidade de ser autêntico, obtido por meio do cuidado; essa compreensão do ser é transcendência, cuja manifestação é a iluminação. Conclusão: A transcendência é favorecida com o cuidado no ciclo vital; a enfermagem como ciência do cuidado pode promover ações que facilitem o encontro do ser-adulto idoso em diferentes etapas da sua vida.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender las experiencias de vida que favorecen la plenitud y trascendencia del ser-adulto mayor. Método: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico hermenéutico. Se llevó a cabo de enero 2014 a marzo 2017 en dos grupos de convivencia de adultos mayores. Selección de participantes por muestreo intencional con saturación de información. Características de participantes fueron: tener 60 años y más, hombres o mujeres. Recolección de datos mediante entrevista fenomenológica. Cumplió con la Ley General de Salud, Materia de Investigación en Salud y la Declaración de Helsinki. Análisis a través del círculo hermenéutico heideggeriano: Pre-comprensión, Comprensión e Interpretación. Resultados: Ónticamente surgieron unidades de significado. Ontológicamente el ser-adulto mayor es desvelado en su historicidad y temporalidad, destacando en su cotidianidad el temor y angustia, cayendo en un sentimiento de nada con necesidad de ser auténtico, logrado a través del cuidado; esta comprensión del ser es trascendencia cuya manifestación es la iluminación. Conclusión: La trascendencia se favorece con cuidado en el ciclo vital, enfermería como ciencia del cuidado puede promover acciones que faciliten alcanzar el encuentro del ser-adulto mayor en diferentes etapas de su vida.

Comparación de dos métodos de enseñanza universitaria en alimentación en los dos primeros años de vida / Comparison of two university teaching methods in feeding during the first two years of life

PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: ¿Existe diferencia en la retención de conocimientos aplicando dos modalidades en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje - presencial y combinada (presencial y virtual) - entre universitarios de quinto curso de la carrera de medicina? MÉTODO: En la gestión 2015 los universitarios de medicina recibieron 12 horas de enseñanza practica en lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria; los resultados de esta experiencia han sido informados anteriormente. En el 2016 se empleó una modalidad combinada, incluyendo 12 horas de actividad presencial. La actividad virtual, de alrededor de 12 horas, incluyó pre- y post-test y subida de presentaciones referidas a lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria y situaciones especiales. A fin de valorar la retención de conocimiento de los universitarios se aplicó en la gestión 2016 y después de concluida la gestión academica, el mismo post-test utilizado en la gestión 2015. Cabe resaltar que los universitarios de la gestión 2015 estaban familiarizados con el test, a diferencia de los de la gestión 2016 que completaron pruebas que no eran similares. Para el análisis de los datos se calcularon los estadísticos descriptivos para la población en estudio, se estimó el promedio de rendimiento por PEA, a partir de la suma total de las calificaciones. Las medidas fueron contrastadas mediante la prueba de t de Student de muestras independientes, posteriormente se realizó el grafico multi-vari para mostrar las medias para cada nivel de cada factor y examinar las relaciones entre ellas, finalmente se aplicó un modelo lineal general en base a ANOVA...

RESEARCH QUESTION: Is there a difference in knowledge retention when applying two types of the teaching -learning process: in situ and a combined in situ and virtual method, among fifth grade medical students? METHOD: Medical students of academic year 2015 received 12 hours of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practical teaching. The results of this experience were previously reported. During the academic year 2016 a combined methodology was used, which included 12 hours face to face practical teaching; additional 12 hours of online activities, included pre-and post- test and the uploading of presentations referred to breastfeeding, complementary feeding and feeding in special situations. In order to assess knowledge retention, the test applied in 2015 was repeated with the students in 2016 at the end of both academic years. It is worth noting that in 2015 the same test was applied during pre and post training, while in 2016 medical students were submitted to a different online version. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis, average score was compared between student's groups 2015 -2016. 'Students' t-test for independent samples was used to compare means, and a multivariate graphic was used to show medians for each level and factor and the relationship between them, and finally a general lineal model was applied using ANOVA...

Scenario approximation in a phenomenological study in Mexico: experience report.

OBJECTIVE:: To report our experience using scenario approximation in a phenomenological study of nursing in Mexico. METHOD:: Experience report on scenario approximation to coexist with elderly in order to select the participants of a phenomenological study. RESULTS:: During a four-month period in 2016, visits were carried out two groups of elderly individuals where several activities were carried out. Coexistence with the elderly throughout accompaniment in the groups' activities together with joint dialogue allowed selection of those who corresponded to the characteristics of the study objective. CONCLUSION:: Scenario approximation is necessary in phenomenological studies, not only for creating empathy among the participants but also for the researchers to immerse themselves in the phenomenon under study, as shown by the first approaches of the researcher. OBJETIVO:: Relatar la experiencia del acercamiento al escenario de un estudio fenomenológico en enfermería en México. MÉTODO:: Relato de experiencia sobre el acercamiento al escenario de estudio para convivir con adultos mayores con la finalidad de seleccionar a los participantes de un estudio fenomenológico. RESULTADOS:: Se llevaron a cabo visitas durante el año 2016, en un periodo de cuatro meses a dos grupos de adultos mayores en donde se realizaron diversas actividades. La convivencia con los adultos mayores a través del acompañamiento en las actividades que realizaban en los grupos y el diálogo conjunto permitió seleccionar a aquellos que respondían a las características del objeto de estudio. CONCLUSIÓN:: Es necesaria la aproximación al escenario de estudios fenomenológicos, no sólo con la finalidad de ganar empatía de los participantes sino para sumergirse en el fenómeno de estudio, mismo que se va mostrando desde los primeros acercamientos del investigador.

Scenario approximation in a phenomenological study in Mexico: experience report / Aproximação ao cenário de estudo fenomenológico no México: relato de experiência / Acercamiento al escenario de estudio fenomenológico en México: relato de experiencia

ABSTRACT Objective: To report our experience using scenario approximation in a phenomenological study of nursing in Mexico. Method: Experience report on scenario approximation to coexist with elderly in order to select the participants of a phenomenological study. Results: During a four-month period in 2016, visits were carried out two groups of elderly individuals where several activities were carried out. Coexistence with the elderly throughout accompaniment in the groups' activities together with joint dialogue allowed selection of those who corresponded to the characteristics of the study objective. Conclusion: Scenario approximation is necessary in phenomenological studies, not only for creating empathy among the participants but also for the researchers to immerse themselves in the phenomenon under study, as shown by the first approaches of the researcher.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar a experiência da aproximação ao cenário de estudo fenomenológico de enfermagem no México. Método: Relato de experiência sobre a aproximação ao cenário de estudo para conviver com idosos, com o objetivo de selecionar os participantes de um estudo fenomenológico. Resultados: Foram realizadas visitas no ano 2016, durante um período de quatro meses em dois grupos de convivência de idosos, onde várias atividades foram realizadas. A convivência com idosos através do acompanhamento nas atividades realizadas nos grupos e o diálogo conjunto permitiu selecionar aqueles que responderam às características do objeto de estudo. Conclusão: É necessária a aproximação ao cenário de estudos fenomenológicos, não só para ganhar a empatia dos participantes, mas para mergulhar no fenômeno do estudo, no que se mostra, desde as primeiras aproximações do pesquisador.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar la experiencia del acercamiento al escenario de un estudio fenomenológico en enfermería en México. Método: Relato de experiencia sobre el acercamiento al escenario de estudio para convivir con adultos mayores con la finalidad de seleccionar a los participantes de un estudio fenomenológico. Resultados: Se llevaron a cabo visitas durante el año 2016, en un periodo de cuatro meses a dos grupos de adultos mayores en donde se realizaron diversas actividades. La convivencia con los adultos mayores a través del acompañamiento en las actividades que realizaban en los grupos y el diálogo conjunto permitió seleccionar a aquellos que respondían a las características del objeto de estudio. Conclusión: Es necesaria la aproximación al escenario de estudios fenomenológicos, no sólo con la finalidad de ganar empatía de los participantes sino para sumergirse en el fenómeno de estudio, mismo que se va mostrando desde los primeros acercamientos del investigador.

Characteristics of the phenomenological interview in nursing research. / Características de la entrevista fenomenológica en investigación en enfermería.

OBJECTIVE: To reflect on the characteristics of the phenomenological interview as part of a phenomenological research in nursing research and to present some practical recommendations for its realization. METHOD: Reflective theoretical study conducted in October and November of 2016 about the development of the phenomenological interview in nursing, based on the scientific literature and critical analysis of the authors. RESULTS: We present the characteristics of the phenomenological interview and suggest some practical recommendations for its application in nursing. CONCLUSIONS: The interview is a valuable tool to access the phenomenon studied in nursing and unveiled by being.

El envejecimiento desde la percepción de enfermería / Aging from the perception of nursing / Envelhecimento da percepção da enfermagem

ResumenIntroducción. El proceso de envejecimiento se concibe como un proceso heterogéneo, irreversible, universal que conlleva una disminución en las capacidades físicas. Al ser el envejecimiento objetivo de estudio de la enfermería, es necesario analizar cómo la enfermera y los estudiantes de la carrera perciben el envejecimiento.Método. Se elaboró una revisión integrativa sobre el proceso de envejecimiento desde la perspectiva de la enfermería. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos SCIELO, LILACS, EBSCO, CUIDEN y REDALYC con los descriptores "envejecimiento" "enfermería" "percepción", en inglés, portugués e inglés, a partir de enero de 2011 a noviembre de 2015. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos originales en texto completo en inglés, español y/o portugués, mientras que se excluyó editoriales, cartas, artículos de opinión, reflexión o ensayo y tesis. Se encontró 388 artículos de los cuales se obtuvo una muestra de 10 que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Se detectó artículos originales (100%), cualitativos (90%), descriptivos, exploratorios (70%), utilizando entrevistas abiertas (90%) y análisis de contenido (70%).Resultado. Respecto de los profesionales encontrar la dirección de la percepción en el ejercicio profesional, es una manera de fomentar la formación y las relaciones extra-académicas (creencias, valores) respecto del envejecimiento.Conclusión. Para explorar la percepción respecto de un fenómeno se utiliza el estudio cualitativo. Por otra parte, la relación enfermera-adulto mayor es dada por valores y por conocimiento teórico.

AbstractIntroduction. The aging process is conceived as a heterogeneous, irreversible and universal process, this entails a decline in physical abilities. The aging is objective of study for nursing and is necessary to analyze how the nurse and nursing students perceive the aging.Method.An integrative review of the aging process from the perspective of the nurse was made. It was conducted a search on the data bases SCIELO, LILACS, EBSCO, CUIDEN and REDALYC whit the descriptors "aging" "nursing" "perception" in English, Portuguese and English from January 2011 to November 2015 concerning the theme, the inclusion criteria were: original articles in full text in English, Spanish and / or Portuguese. We excluded editorials, letters, opinion articles, reflection or essay and thesis. Were found 388 articles, was obtained a sample of 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Original articles (100%), Qualitative (90%), Descriptive, exploratory (70%), Using open interviews (90%), it was made content analysis (70%).Result. Regarding professionals find the address of perception in professional practice; it is a way to promote training and extra-academic relations (beliefs, values) to aging.Conclusion. They are qualitative studies to explore the perception of a phenomenon; it recognized the relationship nurse-older people whit values and theoretical knowledge.

ResumoIntrodução.O processo de envelhecimento é concebido como um processo heterogéneo universal, irreversível, conduzindo a uma diminuição da capacidade física. O objectivo de enfermagen é estudo da envelhecimento , é necessário analisar como os estudantes de enfermagem e de carreira percebem o envelhecimento.Método.Uma revisão integrativa sobre o processo de envelhecimento foi desenvolvida a partir da perspectiva da enfermagem. Eles realizaram uma pesquisa na base SCIELO, LILACS, EBSCO, CUIDEN e REDALYC dados descritores "envelhecimento" "enfermagem" "percepção" em Inglês, Português e Inglês, a partir de janeiro de 2011 a novembro 2015. Critérios de inclusão foram: artigos originais em texto completo em Inglês, Espanhol e / ou Português, enquanto os editoriais, cartas, opinião, reflexão ou ensaio e teses foram excluídos. 388 itens, dos quais uma amostra de 10 que preencheram os critérios de inclusão conheci foi obtido. Artigos originais (100%), qualitativa (90%), descritivo, exploratório (70%) foi detectada por meio de entrevistas abertas (90%) e análise de conteúdo (70%).Resultado. Em relação profissionais de encontrar o endereço de percepção, na prática profissional, é uma maneira de promover a formação e as relações extra-acadêmica (crenças, valores) para o envelhecimento.Conclusão.Para explorar a percepção de um fenômeno utilizado o estudo qualitativo. Além disso, a relação enfermeiro-idosos é dada por valores e conhecimento teórico.

Características de la entrevista fenomenológica en investigación en enfermería / Características da entrevista fenomenológica na pesquisa em enfermagem / Characteristics of the phenomenological interview in nursing research

RESUMEN Objetivo Reflexionar sobre las características de la entrevista fenomenológica como parte de una investigación fenomenológica en investigación en enfermería y presentar algunas recomendaciones prácticas para su realización. Método Estudio teórico reflexivo realizado en los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2016 sobre el desarrollo de la entrevista fenomenológica en enfermería, basado en la literatura científica y análisis crítico de los autores. Resultados Se presentan las características de la entrevista fenomenológica y se sugieren algunas recomendaciones prácticas para su aplicación en enfermería. Conclusiones La entrevista constituye un instrumento valioso para el acceso al fenómeno estudiado en enfermería y desvelado del ser.

RESUMO Objetivos Refletir sobre as características da entrevista fenomenológica na pesquisa em enfermagem e apresentar algumas recomendações práticas para a sua realização. Método Estudo teórico reflexivo realizado nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2016 sobre o desenvolvimento da entrevista fenomenológica em enfermagem, baseada na literatura científica e análise crítica dos autores. Resultados Apresenta as características da entrevista fenomenológica e aponta algumas recomendações práticas para a sua realização na enfermagem. Conclusões A entrevista fenomenológica constitui um instrumento valioso para o acesso ao fenômeno estudado em enfermagem e para o desvelamento do ser.

ABSTRACT Objective To reflect on the characteristics of the phenomenological interview as part of a phenomenological research in nursing research and to present some practical recommendations for its realization. Method Reflective theoretical study conducted in October and November of 2016 about the development of the phenomenological interview in nursing, based on the scientific literature and critical analysis of the authors. Results We present the characteristics of the phenomenological interview and suggest some practical recommendations for its application in nursing. Conclusions The interview is a valuable tool to access the phenomenon studied in nursing and unveiled by being.

Determinantes sociales de salud en mujeres adultas con síndrome metabólico / Social determinants of health in adult women with metabolic syndrome

Resumen:

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico es más frecuente en la vida adulta y repercute en años perdidos de vida saludable, disminución en la expectativa de vida e incremento de la mortalidad prematura y discapacidad. Aun cuando se conoce la relación causa-efecto de factores bioquímicos, en su génesis también participan determinantes sociales de salud.

Objetivo: comprender cómo influyen los determinantes sociales de salud estructurales e intermediarios en el estado de enfermedad de las mujeres adultas con síndrome metabólico. Metodología: se integró un grupo de 16 mujeres entre 24 y 63 años de edad, para analizar los determinantes sociales respecto a su situación socioeconómica, de género, condiciones de trabajo, alimentación, factores biológicos y servicios de salud a los que tienen acceso. Se llevó a cabo un análisis cualitativo con base en una guía de entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se realizó entre categorías y subcategorías, de las categorías teóricas surgieron cinco subcategorías y 52 códigos. Resultados: respecto a las representaciones sociales en salud del grupo participante, se identificaron limitaciones en la disponibilidad de alimentos y de trabajo, salud inestable, acceso a los servicios de salud con inconformidad en la atención, así como creencias acerca de la enfermedad y su tratamiento.

Conclusiones: el impacto a la salud depende de los servicios de salud, de las características biológicas humanas y de los modos, condiciones y estilos de vida que la sociedad impone a las poblaciones. Considerar estos determinantes permitirá otorgar atención de salud oportuna.

Abstract:

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome occurs most frequently in adulthood and has effect on lost years of healthy life, reduced life expectancy and increased premature mortality and disability. Even when the cause and effect of certain biochemical factors is known, in the genesis, social, health, structural and intermediates determinants are also involved.

Objective. To understand how social, health, structural and intermediary determinants influence health in adult women with metabolic syndrome.

Methods: A group of 16 women between 24 and 63 years of age was integrated to analyze the social determinants regarding socioeconomic status, gender, working conditions, food, biological and health services they have access. A qualitative analysis was performed based on a semistructured interview guide. The analysis was performed between categories and subcategories. From the theoretical categories five subcategories and 52 codes emerged.

Results: Regarding the social representations of health of the polled group, limitations in the availability of food and labor, unstable health, access to health services with disagreement in care, and beliefs of the disease and its treatment were identified.

Conclusions: Health impact depends on health services, human biological characteristics and the modes, conditions and lifestyles that society imposes on populations. Considering these determinants will provide timely health care.

Espacio y movimiento del cuidador de la persona con discapacidad motora / Space and movement of the caregiver of the person with motor disabilities

Objetivo: Analizar y describir el espacio y movimiento del cuidador de la persona con discapacidad motora. metodología: Investigación de abordaje cualitativo y de tipo descriptiva exploratoria; los informantes fueron cuatro cuidadores de personas con discapacidad motora hospitalizados en el Servicio de Rehabilitación Neurológica; los datos fueron recolectados mediante entrevista a profundidad, la cual fue grabada, transcrita y analizada sobre la base de análisis de discurso. Resultados: Emergieron dos categorías teóricas analíticas: espacio y movimiento, con las subcategorías para espacio: necesidad de bañar a la persona y necesidad de hacerle sus ejercicios a la persona, y la segunda categoría movimiento con la subcategoría, movimiento ascendente. Conclusiones: El espacio del cuidador de la persona con discapacidad motora se centra en las actividades de cuidado, como son: baño, alimentación, comunicación, movilización y terapias, y el movimiento se manifiesta a través del proceso interactivo de cuidar

Objective: To analyze and describe the motion space and caregivers of people with motor disabilities. methodology: Qualitative research approach was exploratory and descriptive; the informants were four caregivers of people with motor disabilities hospitalized in the Neurological Rehabilitation Service, data were collected through in-depth interview, which was recorded, transcribed and analyzed on the basis discourse analysis. Results: Analytical theory emerged two categories: space and movement, with the subcategories to space: the need to bathe the person and need to give the person exercises and the second category with the subcategory movement, upward movement. Conclusions: The space of the caregiver of the person with motor disabilities focuses on self-care activities such as: bathing, feeding, communication, mobilization and therapies, and movement manifests itself through the interactive process of care.

Characterization of soybean Bradyrhizobium strains adapted to the Brazilian savannas.

Brazilian soils are originally free from soybean bradyrhizobia and the first inoculants were brought to the country in this century, but a search for adapted strains started immediately and still continues. A strain selection program was established at Embrapa based on the reisolation of strains after a long period of adaptation to the soils followed by a search for variant genotypes with higher N(2) fixation capacity and competitiveness. A second approach of this program consists of searching for variant colonies of a single strain with higher N(2) fixation rates and competitiveness, following a short period of adaptation to the soil. In this study, using both approaches, strains belonging to three serogroups, CB 1809, 532C and SEMIA 5020, were obtained. In general, the variant strains showed differences in colony morphology (mucoidy) but produced similar protein and lipopolysaccharide profiles. Within serogroup CB 1809, containing variants obtained via the second approach, a low level of DNA polymorphism was detected relative to the parental genotype by ERIC and REP-PCR. However, within the two other serogroups, containing variant strains obtained via the first approach, a high level of polymorphism in ERIC and REP-PCR fingerprints was observed relative to the putative serologically related parental genotypes. These results show that a great variability can be detected following adaptation of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil, although other potential explanations for the DNA polymorphisms observed are discussed. Some of the variant strains obtained by both methodologies were found to have higher rates of N(2) fixation and almost all were more competitive than the parental genotypes, suggesting that it is possible to select variant strains which can contribute to an improved plant N nutrition status.