Effect of Wendler glottoplasty on voice and quality of life of transgender women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Wendler glottoplasty on voice feminization, voice quality and voice-related quality of life. METHODS: Prospective interventional cohort of transgender women submitted to Wendler glottoplasty. Acoustic analysis of the voice included assessment of fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time formant frequencies (F1 and F2), frequency range, jitter and shimmer. Voice quality was blindly assessed through GRBAS scale. Voice-related quality of life was measured using the Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire and the self-perceived femininity of the voice. RESULTS: A total of 7 patients were included. The mean age was 35.4 years, and the mean postoperative follow-up time was 13.7 months. There was a mean increase of 47.9 ±â€¯46.6 Hz (p = 0.023) in sustained/e/F0 and a mean increase of 24.6 ±â€¯27.5 Hz (p = 0.029) in speaking F0 after glottoplasty. There was no statistical significance in the pre- and postoperative comparison of maximum phonation time, formant frequencies, frequency range, jitter, shimmer, and grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain scale. Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire decreased following surgery from 98.3 ±â€¯9.2 to 54.1 ±â€¯25.0 (p = 0.007) and mean self-perceived femininity of the voice increased from 2.8 ±â€¯1.8 to 7.7 ±â€¯2.4 (p = 0.008). One patient (14%) presented a postoperative granuloma and there was 1 (14%) premature suture dehiscence. CONCLUSION: Glottoplasty is safe and effective for feminizing the voice of transgender women. There was an increase in fundamental frequency, without aggravating other acoustic parameters or voice quality. Voice-related quality of life improved after surgery.

Effect of Wendler glottoplasty on voice and quality of life of transgender women

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effect of Wendler glottoplasty on voice feminization, voice quality and voice-related quality of life. Methods: Prospective interventional cohort of transgender women submitted to Wendler glottoplasty. Acoustic analysis of the voice included assessment of fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time formant frequencies (F1 and F2), frequency range, jitter and shimmer. Voice quality was blindly assessed through GRBAS scale. Voice-related quality of life was measured using the Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire and the self-perceived femininity of the voice. Results: A total of 7 patients were included. The mean age was 35.4 years, and the mean postoperative follow-up time was 13.7 months. There was a mean increase of 47.9 ± 46.6 Hz (p = 0.023) in sustained/e/F0 and a mean increase of 24.6 ± 27.5 Hz (p = 0.029) in speaking F0 after glottoplasty. There was no statistical significance in the pre- and postoperative comparison of maximum phonation time, formant frequencies, frequency range, jitter, shimmer, and grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain scale. Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire decreased following surgery from 98.3 ± 9.2 to 54.1 ± 25.0 (p = 0.007) and mean self-perceived femininity of the voice increased from 2.8 ± 1.8 to 7.7 ± 2.4 (p = 0.008). One patient (14%) presented a postoperative granuloma and there was 1 (14%) premature suture dehiscence. Conclusion: Glottoplasty is safe and effective for feminizing the voice of transgender women. There was an increase in fundamental frequency, without aggravating other acoustic parameters or voice quality. Voice-related quality of life improved after surgery.

Forensic analysis of auditorily similar voices / Perícia em vozes auditivamente semelhantes

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify contributions of acoustic spectrographic analysis in the forensic identification of speakers with auditorily similar voices, considering the distinctive behavior of acoustic parameters: formants of vowel "é", of connected speech, mean fundamental frequency in Hz, linear prediction curve of vowel "é" and linear prediction curve area; and to propose an objective method to use the analyzed parameters. Methods: a quantitative, qualitative and descriptive study, conducted in Pernambuco on 16 pairs of male siblings, aged 18-60 years. The subjects recorded videos from which the audios were extracted, numbered and sent to three examiners, in two groups: older brothers and younger brothers, for perceptual-auditory pairing. The correct pairings, indicated by at least two examiners, were submitted to acoustic analysis. The statistical tests included Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni, with p<0.05. Results: the results of analyses of formants and the mean fundamental frequency were not enough to distinguish similar voices. Unprecedentedly, in the measurements of areas generated by the linear prediction curve graphs, a distinctive statistical significance was observed. Conclusion: it was concluded that, among the parameters studied, the measurements of areas of the linear prediction curve objectively indicated effectiveness in distinguishing speakers with auditorily similar voices.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar contribuições da análise espectrográfica acústica na identificação forense de falantes em vozes auditivamente semelhantes, considerando o comportamento distintivo dos parâmetros acústicos: formantes da vogal "é", da fala encadeada, média da frequência fundamental em Hz, curva de predição linear da vogal "é" e área da curva de predição linear; propor um método objetivo da utilização dos parâmetros analisados. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, qualitativo e descritivo, realizado em Pernambuco com 16 pares de irmãos do sexo masculino, entre 18-60 anos. Os sujeitos gravaram vídeos de onde extraíram-se os áudios que foram numerados e enviados a três avaliadores, em dois grupos: dos irmãos mais velhos e dos irmãos mais novos, para pareamento perceptivo-auditivo. Os pareamentos corretos, apontados por pelo menos dois avaliadores, foram submetidos à análise acústica. Os testes estatísticos foram Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, Bonferroni, com p<0,05. Resultados: os resultados das análises dos formantes e da média da frequência fundamental não foram suficientes para distinguir as vozes semelhantes. Ineditamente nas medidas das áreas geradas pelos gráficos da curva de predição linear, foi verificada significância estatística distintiva. Conclusão: concluiu-se que entre os parâmetros estudados, as medidas das áreas da curva de predição linear apontaram, objetivamente, eficácia na distinção de falantes com vozes auditivamente semelhantes.

Effects of the Voiced Tongue Trill Technique in Glissandos on the Voice Range Profile of Choir Members: A Preliminary Study.

The objective of this study was to verify the immediate effect of the voiced tongue trill technique in ascending and descending glissandos on the voice range profile of choir members. A total of 25 sopranos, mezzo-sopranos, contraltos, tenors, and baritones participated in the study. They were choir members, aged 20 to 45 years, with no voice symptoms, and able to perform the voiced tongue trill technique. Their voice range profile was analyzed before and after performing the ascending and descending technique for 2 and 5 minutes. The maximum fundamental frequency values in the study groups increased after performing the ascending and descending technique for 2 minutes (P = 0.001) and 5 minutes (P = 0.003). The range in Hz increased after 2 minutes (P = 0.010) and 5 minutes (P = 0.050) of the ascending technique and after 2 minutes (P = 0.001) of the descending technique, and the minimum fundamental frequency mean value suffered interference from the type of technique (ascending/descending). The immediate effects of VTTT in glissandos on the VRP of choir members' considering the two factors: condition and time, in ascending and descending glissandos for 2 and 5 minutes increased the maximum frequency and the range in Hz of choristers. Regarding volume levels results, no difference was found in intensity after applying the technique.

Implantação e utilização de dispositivo móvel na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil / Application and use of mobile devices in Primary Health Care in Brasil

RESUMO de dispositivos móveis na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa fundamentado na Teoria Ator-Rede e na Cartografia de Controvérsias. Realizou-se entrevistas com seis enfermeiros, 12 Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, dois coordenadores da Atenção Primária à Saúde, três Técnicos de Informática e sete pacientes, a observação participante e coleta de dispositivos de inscrição em um Município de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a Análise de Conteúdo e, sistematizados, com o software Atlas.ti. A rede de actantes, entendida como articuladora de conexões, construindo rede em associação com outros mediadores humanos e não humanos, tem emitido efeitos sobre a utilização de tablets, na forma de (re)invenções, além do normatizado. Verificou-se resistências, acordos, conflitos e o tablet como um actante influenciador da relação profissional-pacientes. É preciso considerar os efeitos emitidos por humanos e não humanos na adoção de tecnologias, permanecendo o desafio de utilizá-las e aprimorá-las com vistas à qualificação da gestão do cuidado(AU)

La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la red de actores y sus efectos sobre el uso de dispositivos móviles en la Atención Primaria de Salud. El estudio tuvo un carácter cualitativo basado en la Teoría Actor-Red y la Cartografía de Controversia. Se realizaron entrevistas con seis enfermeras, 12 agentes comunitarios de salud, dos coordinadores de Atención Primaria de Salud, tres técnicos en informática y siete pacientes, y se efectuó la recolección de dispositivos de registro en un municipio de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos se analizaron mediante Content Analysis y se sistematizaron con el software Atlas.ti. La red de actores, entendida como un articulador de conexiones, al construir una red en asociación con otros mediadores humanos y no humanos causó efectos sobre el uso de tabletas, en forma de (re) invenciones, además del estándar. Hubo resistencias, acuerdos, conflictos y la tableta como un actor influyente de la relación profesional-paciente. Es necesario considerar los efectos emitidos por humanos y no humanos en la adopción de tecnologías, y mantener el desafío de usarlas y mejorarlas con miras a calificar la gestión del cuidado(AU)

The research aimed to assess the network of actors and their effects on the use of mobile devices in Primary Health Care. Qualitative study was carried out based on the Actor-Network Theory and the Cartography of Controversies. Interviews were conducted with six nurses, 12 Community Health Agents, two Primary Health Care coordinators, three IT Technicians, and seven patients, participant observation and collection of inscription devices in a city in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data was analyzed using Content Analysis and systematized using Atlas.ti software. The network of actors, understood as an articulator of connections, building a network in association with other human and nonhuman mediators, has had effects on the use of tablets, in the form of (re)inventions, in addition to the regulated uses. There was resistance, agreement, and conflicts. The tablet was an actant that influenced the professional-patient relationship. It is necessary to take into account the effects emitted by humans and nonhumans in the adoption of technologies, and the challenge of using and improving technologies to qualify health care management remains(AU)

Minor Structural Alterations of the Vocal Fold Cover: Vocal Quality before and after Treatment.

Introduction Minor structural alterations of the vocal fold cover are important causes of dysphonia. The variability in the type of alteration and the grade of vocal deviation affects the definition of the conduit and the results of treatment. Objective To characterize the occurrence, the selected treatments adopted and vocal quality before and after treatment in patients with minor structural alterations of the vocal folds cover. Methods This was a cross-sectional study based on the records of patients treated by an interdisciplinary team at the laryngology outpatient clinic of a public university hospital from 2010 to 2018. Data collection consisted of access to a database of information on otorhinolaryngological diagnostic hypotheses, intervention and perceptual-auditory vocal assessments before and after the treatment. Data from 102 subjects were analyzed. Association tests were applied between the perceptual-auditory vocal results and the different alterations found and between these and the adopted treatments. The results of the degrees of vocal deviation before and after treatment were also compared. Results The degree of roughness was associated with the sulcus vocalis, and in this alteration the highest occurrence was mild degree of roughness. There was an improvement in the breathiness and general grade of vocal deviation after treatment. Conclusion Cysts were the most frequent structural alteration in the population studied. There was an association between the degree of general deviation and that of roughness in sulcus vocalis cases. The breathiness and the general grade of vocal deviation improved after treatment regardless of the type of treatment and alteration.

Chondrolaryngoplasty in transgender women: Prospective analysis of voice and aesthetic satisfaction.

Introduction: Chondrolaryngoplasty or "tracheal shaving" is cosmetic surgery to reduce the laryngeal prominence in transgender women. Complications may include damage to the vocal folds and epiglottic destabilization or aesthetic dissatisfaction. Objective: To assess and compare acoustic and perceptual voice outcomes and aesthetic satisfaction of transgender women submitted to chondrolaryngoplasty. Methods: Prospective interventional cohort of transgender women submitted to chondrolaryngoplasty between March 2018 and October 2019. Voice analysis included simple-blind application of the GRBAS Hirano scale by speech therapist and measurement of the fundamental frequency, in the preoperative and 1-month postoperative periods. The visual analog scale was used to analyze the aesthetic satisfaction, before and 6-months after chondrolaryngoplasty. Results: Fifteen patients participated, with a mean age of 31.7 ± 8.3 years (range 22-51 years). The mean postoperative follow-up period was 15.3 ± 6.1 months (range 6-25 months). There was a significant improvement in the visual analog scale for aesthetic satisfaction, with a preoperative mean = 0.7 ± 1.0 and a postoperative mean = 9.3 ± 1.1 (95% CI for difference = 7.3 to 9.6; p < 0.001). All patients presented a positive variation. The preoperative mean fundamental frequency was 171.3 ± 41.2 Hz and the postoperative, 177.1 ± 39.5 Hz, with no statistical significance (95% CI for difference = -30.1 to 41.7; p = 0.74). There was no statistically significant difference in the pre- and postoperative comparison of each component of the GRBAS scale. One (7%) patient presented a hyperpigmented scar and 2 (13%) reported hoarseness during the first postoperative week. There were no major complications such as disinsertion of the epiglottis or vocal folds. Conclusion: Chondrolaryngoplasty led to significant aesthetic satisfaction in transgender women. The surgery caused no noticeable vocal change in pitch or perception.

Using stable isotopes to discriminate anthropogenic impacts of the sedimentary organic matter pollution in the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (RJ, Brazil).

Over the last decades, the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (RFL), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been impacted by the release of untreated domestic sewage, causing eutrophication processes with negative effects on its biota. Recently, the RFL underwent urban interventions to fulfill the demands of the 2016 Olympic Games, which included building the waist gallery and monitoring clandestine waste discharges into the underground drainage network. Organic-source tracing methods can be successfully used to characterize the organic matter transported from the urbanized areas to the RLF. The application of the elemental (C, N) and stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) fingerprint methods in sediments from the RLF indicated a reduction in the domestic sewage inputs from 32 ± 16 to 12 ± 13% between 2015 and 2017. However, the sewage inputs continue being worrying. Our results also suggest that the main source of organic matter pollution in the lagoon comes from indiscriminate domestic sewage release from river channels. Secondary pollution sources are associated with the underground drainage network that still shows punctual and irregular releases of domestic sewage. Petroleum products, mainly from sewers, also show as possible organic pollution sources. Finally, the findings indicate that the interventions carried out in the RFL are promising. However, they were insufficient to cease the pollutant inputs and mitigate the negative impacts of eutrophication.

Vocal Fold Polyps: Literature Review

Abstract Introduction Vocal fold polyps are one of themost frequent benign laryngeal lesions, impacting the quality of life of those affected by them, primarily the vocal production. Despite being a well-established therapy in conjunction with surgery, speech therapy alone may also be effective in treating these lesions. As such, otolaryngologists and speech therapists need updated bibliographic knowledge on the issue. Objective To describe the literature findings on vocal fold polyps that discuss prevalence, etiology, histology, physiopathology, vocal characteristics or treatment. Data Synthesis The present study is a review article based on a bibliographic search using platforms, databases and search engines, with no restrictions on means of publication, methodological quality or language. All the articles on vocal fold polyps pertaining to the object of study published in the past 15 years were included. Among the characteristics investigated, the most discussed were prevalence of men, smoking as an etiological cofactor, the possibility of histological differentiation from vocal nodules, the relationship with cover minor structural alterations, and the indication and effectiveness of different treatment options. Conclusion Despite the discrepancies found in the present literature review on vocal fold polyps, there has been a notable scientific progress in the otolaryngologic techniques and in the effectiveness of speech therapy as initial treatment, with direct and indirect techniques, corroborating the need for scientific investigation of the issue.

Vocal Fold Polyps: Literature Review.

Introduction Vocal fold polyps are one of the most frequent benign laryngeal lesions, impacting the quality of life of those affected by them, primarily the vocal production. Despite being a well-established therapy in conjunction with surgery, speech therapy alone may also be effective in treating these lesions. As such, otolaryngologists and speech therapists need updated bibliographic knowledge on the issue. Objective To describe the literature findings on vocal fold polyps that discuss prevalence, etiology, histology, physiopathology, vocal characteristics or treatment. Data Synthesis The present study is a review article based on a bibliographic search using platforms, databases and search engines, with no restrictions on means of publication, methodological quality or language. All the articles on vocal fold polyps pertaining to the object of study published in the past 15 years were included. Among the characteristics investigated, the most discussed were prevalence of men, smoking as an etiological cofactor, the possibility of histological differentiation from vocal nodules, the relationship with cover minor structural alterations, and the indication and effectiveness of different treatment options. Conclusion Despite the discrepancies found in the present literature review on vocal fold polyps, there has been a notable scientific progress in the otolaryngologic techniques and in the effectiveness of speech therapy as initial treatment, with direct and indirect techniques, corroborating the need for scientific investigation of the issue.

Pharmaceutical Services and comprehensiveness 30 years after the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System. / Assistência Farmacêutica nos 30 anos do SUS na perspectiva da integralidade.

This article examines pharmaceutical services and access to essential medicines in Brazil during the 30 years since the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System from a comprehensiveness perspective. The following topics are addressed: the "realignment" of pharmaceutical services; human resources in pharmaceutical services; the essential medicines concept; the rational use of medicines; technological advances and drug manufacturing; and ethical regulation. With a strong regulatory focus and a structural framework centered on the National Medicines Policy, the past three decades represent a mixture of progress and setbacks, considering the national complexities of the healthcare system and the political, economic and social changes that have influenced policy and access to medicines, which is a key concern even in the world's richest countries, as the forums of discussion on global health have demonstrated. We show that major steps forward have been taken, highlighting that the recent fiscal austerity measures imposed by the government threaten to seriously undermine social progress.

Os autores analisam a Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) e o acesso a medicamentos no Brasil na perspectiva do princípio da integralidade nos 30 anos do SUS. A partir da sua inclusão no movimento de reforma sanitária, foram selecionados temas relevantes, incluindo a reorientação da AF, a questão de recursos humanos, o conceito de medicamentos essenciais, o uso apropriado de medicamentos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a produção industrial e a regulação ética. Com fortes componentes regulatórios e tendo a política nacional de medicamentos como eixo estruturante, as três décadas do SUS são confrontadas entre avanços e retrocessos, considerando a complexidade nacional, as mudanças políticas, econômicas e sociais que impactaram políticas públicas e o acesso a medicamentos, tema que hoje mostra sua importância mesmo nas economias mais ricas do mundo, a partir de foros de discussão relacionados com Saúde Global. As conquistas ao longo do tempo são destacadas, considerando a preocupação decorrente do regime fiscal que compromete as áreas sociais.

Assistência Farmacêutica nos 30 anos do SUS na perspectiva da integralidade / Pharmaceutical Services and comprehensiveness 30 years after the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System

Resumo Os autores analisam a Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) e o acesso a medicamentos no Brasil na perspectiva do princípio da integralidade nos 30 anos do SUS. A partir da sua inclusão no movimento de reforma sanitária, foram selecionados temas relevantes, incluindo a reorientação da AF, a questão de recursos humanos, o conceito de medicamentos essenciais, o uso apropriado de medicamentos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a produção industrial e a regulação ética. Com fortes componentes regulatórios e tendo a política nacional de medicamentos como eixo estruturante, as três décadas do SUS são confrontadas entre avanços e retrocessos, considerando a complexidade nacional, as mudanças políticas, econômicas e sociais que impactaram políticas públicas e o acesso a medicamentos, tema que hoje mostra sua importância mesmo nas economias mais ricas do mundo, a partir de foros de discussão relacionados com Saúde Global. As conquistas ao longo do tempo são destacadas, considerando a preocupação decorrente do regime fiscal que compromete as áreas sociais.

Abstract This article examines pharmaceutical services and access to essential medicines in Brazil during the 30 years since the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System from a comprehensiveness perspective. The following topics are addressed: the "realignment" of pharmaceutical services; human resources in pharmaceutical services; the essential medicines concept; the rational use of medicines; technological advances and drug manufacturing; and ethical regulation. With a strong regulatory focus and a structural framework centered on the National Medicines Policy, the past three decades represent a mixture of progress and setbacks, considering the national complexities of the healthcare system and the political, economic and social changes that have influenced policy and access to medicines, which is a key concern even in the world's richest countries, as the forums of discussion on global health have demonstrated. We show that major steps forward have been taken, highlighting that the recent fiscal austerity measures imposed by the government threaten to seriously undermine social progress.

Informatização da atenção básica a saúde: avanços e desafios / Informatización de la atención primaria de salud: avances y desafíos / Computerization of primary health care information systems: advances and challenges

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a implantação da estratégia e-SUS Atenção Básica na Região Oeste de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: estudo de caso, descritivo, com dados de 62 responsáveis pela implantação em 54 municípios, de maio a junho de 2015, além de dois entrevistados e análise dos documentos: "Implantação do e-SUS AB na SRS Divinópolis" e "Municípios por Situação de Implantação do e-SUS AB na SRS Divinópolis". Os dados foram analisados porestatística descritiva e Análise de Conteúdo, com suporte do software Atlas TI, versão 7.0. Resultados: em 44 (81,5%) dos municípios foi implantado apenas o cadastro de dados simplificado e 22 (40,7%) dos municípios estão no cenário três de implantação, 34 (54,8%) dos responsáveis pela implantaçãonão são servidores públicos efetivos. Conclusão: a implantação apresenta fragilidades relacionadas à infraestrutura, deficiências nas capacitações e resistência dos profissionais. É necessário rever o planejamento da implantação considerando sua complexidade.

RESUMEN bjetivo: Analizar la implantación de la estrategia del e-SUS Atención Primaria en la Región Oeste de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: Estudio de caso, descriptivo, con datos de 62 responsables de la implantación en 54 municipios, entre mayo y junio de 2015, además de dos entrevistados y análisis de documentos: "Implantação do e-SUS AB na SRS Divinópolis" y "Municípios por Situação de Implantação do e-SUS AB na SRS Divinópolis". Datos analizados por estadística descriptiva y Análisis de Contenido, con ayuda del software Atlas TI, versión 7.0. Resultados: En 44 (81,5%) de los municipios se implantó sólo el registro de datos simplificado, 22 (40,7%) de los municipios están en la etapa 3 de implantación, 34 (54,8%) de los responsables de la implantación son empleados públicos efectivos. Conclusión: La implantación muestra debilidades relacionadas con infraestructura, capacitaciones deficientes y resistencia de los profesionales. Resulta necesario rever la planificación de la implantación, considerándose su complejidad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the implantation of the e-SUS Primary Health Care strategy in the West Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method: descriptive case study, with data from 62 people responsible for implementation in 54 municipalities, between May and June 2015, as well as two interviewees and analysis of the following documents: "Implantation of the e-SUS PHC in SRS Divinópolis" (Implantação do e-SUS AB na SRS Divinópolis) and "Municipalities, by Implantation of the e-SUS PHC in SRS Divinópolis" (Municípios por Situação de Implantação do e-SUS AB na SRS Divinópolis). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Content Analysis, using the Atlas ti software, version 7.0. Results: in 44 (81.5%) of the municipalities, only the simplified data register was implemented, and 22 (40.7%) of the municipalities are in scenario three of implantation, 34 (54.8%) of those responsible for implantation are not permanently contracted staff. Conclusion: The implantation has weaknesses related to infrastructure and shortcomings in the professionals' training and resistance. It is necessary to review the planning of the implantation, taking its complexity into account.

National Medicines Policy in retrospective: a review of (almost) 20 years of implementation. / Política Nacional de Medicamentos em retrospectiva: um balanço de (quase) 20 anos de implementação.

Pharmaceutical services and the formulation of a medicines policy are SUS areas ensured by the organic health care law 8,080/90. Thus, after a widely participative process, involving stakeholders, the National Medicines Policy (NMP) was approved in 1998 by Ordinance 3,916.The NMP presents directives and priorities, aligned with organic health care law, which should guide the federal, states and municipals entities actions to achieve the policy goals. Considering almost 20 years of the NMP, this paper took stock discussed some of the directives in light of the SUS principles. It was not the objective to provide an exhaustive review of all the activities performed during this period. The authors tried to get close to those that have brought advances and dilemmas, with potential risk of regression. Efforts to implement an ambitious agenda applied to pharmaceutical services were identified. This agenda tried to deal with different challenges like the dynamics of the pharmaceutical market and the operation of pharmaceutical services to guarantee the supply of medicines aligned with principles and directives of SUS.

A Teoria Ator-Rede como referencial teórico-metodológico em pesquisas em saúde e enfermagem / La Teoría Actor-Red como referencial teórico-metodológico en investigaciones en salud y enfermagem / The Actor-Network Theory as a theoretical-methodological framework in health and nursing research

RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a Teoria Ator-Rede como referencial teórico-metodológico na pesquisa em saúde e enfermagem. Método: estudo do tipo reflexivo, que utilizou-os princípios e conceitos da Teoria Ator-Rede como referencial teórico-metodológico. Resultados: a referida Teoria pode ser operacionalizada a partir da cartografia de controvérsias como seu método, sendo este definido pelos movimentos: 1) buscar uma porta de entrada na rede; 2) identificar os porta-vozes; 3) acessar os dispositivos de inscrição; 4) mapear as associações entre os actantes. Constitui-se como um conjunto de técnicas para explorar e visualizar polêmicas e controvérsias, observando e cartografando o debate social, especialmente, mas não exclusivamente, em torno dos problemas técnico-científicos. Assim, no escopo da saúde e enfermagem, mais precisamente no ambiente de práticas complexas, onde os enfermeiros e as tecnologias da saúde operam, a Teoria Ator-Rede tem emergido como um referencial teórico-metodológico de relevante notoriedade. Sua aplicação pode contribuir para o entendimento das inovações e suas influências para a coletividade a partir de associações estabelecidas entre os atores, seguindo seus passos, sem fracionar suas vidas, sem fazer recortes isolados, seguindo o que acontece em rede e o que está interligado, interferindo e sofrendo interferências. Conclusão: por acreditar que o conhecimento é um produto social ou efeito de uma rede de atores humanos e não-humanos, e não algo produzido por meio da operação de um método científico privilegiado, a Teoria Ator-Rede apresenta-se como um referencial teórico-metodológico promissor para os ambientes controversos das áreas da saúde e enfermagem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la Teoría Actor-Red como referencial teórico-metodológico en la investigación en salud y enfermería. Método: estudio del tipo reflexivo, que utilizo los principios y conceptos de la Teoría Actor-Red como referencial teórico-metodológico. Resultados: la referida Teoría puede ser operacionalizada a partir de la cartografía de controversias como su método, siendo este definido por los movimientos: 1) buscar una puerta de entrada en la red; 2) identificar a los portavoces; 3) acceder a los dispositivos de inscripción; 4) mapear las asociaciones entre los actantes. Se constituye como un conjunto de técnicas para explorar y ver polémicas y controversias, observando y cartografiando el debate social, especialmente, pero no exclusivamente, en torno a los problemas técnico-científicos. Así, en el ámbito de la salud y enfermería, más precisamente en el ambiente de prácticas complejas donde los enfermeros y las tecnologías de la salud operan, la Teoría Actor-Red ha emergido como un referencial teórico-metodológico de relevante notoriedad. Su aplicación puede contribuir al entendimiento de las innovaciones y sus influencias para la colectividad a partir de asociaciones establecidas entre los actores, siguiendo sus pasos, sin fraccionar sus vidas, sin hacer recortes aislados, siguiendo lo que sucede en red y lo que está interconectado, interfiriendo y sufriendo interferencias. Conclusión: por creer que el conocimiento es un producto social o efecto de una red de actores humanos y no humanos, y no algo producido por medio de la operación de un método científico privilegiado, la Teoría Actor-Red se presenta como un referencial teórico-metodológico prometedor para los ambientes controvertidos de las áreas de la salud y enfermería.

ABSTRACT Objective: we aimed to reflect on the Actor-Network Theory as a theoretical-methodological framework in health and nursing research. Method: reflexive study, in which principles and concepts of the Actor-Network Theory were used as a theoretical-methodological framework. Results: the Theory can be put in practice based on the mapping of controversies as its method, defined by the following movements: 1) seeking an entry door in the network; 2) identifying the spokespersons; 3) accessing the inscription devices; 4) mapping the associations between the actants. It corresponds to a set of techniques to explore and visualize polemics and controversies, observing and mapping the social debate, especially, but not exclusively, addressing technical-scientific problems. Hence, in the scope of health and nursing, more precisely in the sphere of the complex practices where the nurses and health technologies operate, the Actor-Network Theory has emerged as a relevant and noteworthy theoretical-methodological framework. Its application can contribute to the understanding of the innovations and their influences for the group, based on associations established between the actors, following their steps without fractioning their lives, without taking isolated excerpts, following what happens in a network and what is interlinked, interfering and suffering interference. Conclusion: in the belief that knowledge is a social product or effect of a network of human and non-human actors, instead of something produced by operating a privileged scientific method, the Actor-Network Theory figures as a promising theoretical-methodological framework for the controversial environments of health and nursing.

Técnica de vibração sonorizada de lábios e língua: revisão de literatura / Voiced lip and tongue trill technique: literature review / Técnica de vibración sonora de los labios y la lengua: revisión de la literatura

A técnica de vibração sonorizada de lábios e língua tem ampla aplicabilidade clínica e utilização. Para se compreender melhor a sua aplicação na clínica vocal, o objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi identificar a técnica de vibração sonorizada de lábios e língua quanto à classificação, principais indicações, resultados clínicos e tempo de execução. Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica na plataforma PubMed, portal de periódicos CAPES e site de busca Google Acadêmico. Foram incluídos artigos originais, revisões de literatura, anais de congresso, dissertações e teses que abordaram a técnica de vibração sonorizada de lábios ou língua, publicados nos últimos 10 anos, em português ou inglês. Foram excluídos livros, resenhas e editoriais. Foram ainda excluídos os artigos cuja técnica foi apenas citada, sem abordagem sobre efeitos vocais ou laríngeos imediatos, formas de utilização ou resultados clínicos obtidos. Inicialmente, foram encontradas 42 publicações. Após as etapas de seleção por título e resumo, restaram 20 artigos originais, um artigo de revisão de literatura e cinco dissertações. As publicações analisadas demonstraram que a técnica de vibração sonorizada de lábios ou língua é classificada como exercício do trato vocal semiocluído, suaviza o contato entre as pregas vocais, equilibra as pressões sub e supra glótica, otimiza o movimento muco-ondulatório e aumenta a resistência vocal. Suas principais indicações são aquecimento vocal, uso ocupacional da voz, disfonias hipercinéticas e lesões de massa em pregas vocais.

The voiced lip and tongue trill technique, has broad clinical applicability and use. To better understand their application in vocal clinic, the aim of this literature review was to identify the voiced tongue and lip vibration technique on the classification, main indications, clinical results and technical performance duration. Literature search was conducted in PubMed platform, portal CAPES and Google Scholar search site. There were included original articles, literature reviews, congress proceedings, dissertations and thesis that ddressed the sonorous lips or tongue vibration technique, published in the last 10 years, in Portuguese or English. There were excluded books and editorials. Articles whose technique was only cited without approach on immediate vocal or laryngeal effects, forms of use or clinical results were also excluded. Initially, were found 42 publications. After the steps of selection by title and abstract, it remained 20 original articles, 1 literature review and 5 dissertations. The publications analyzed showed that the voiced tongue and lip vibration technique is classified as an exercise of semi-occluded vocal tract, which softens the contact between the vocal folds, balances the subglottal and supraglottal pressure, optimizes the mucus-wave motion and increases vocal resistance. Its main indications are for vocal warm up, occupational use of voice, hyperkinetic dysphonia and mass lesions in the vocal folds.

La técnica de vibración sonora de labios y lengua tiene amplia aplicabilidad clínica y utilización. Para comprender mejor su aplicación en la clínica vocal, el objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura fue identificar las publicaciones sobre la técnica de vibraciones sonoras de labios y lengua en lo que respeta a la clasificación, indicaciones principales, resultados clínicos y tiempo de ejecución técnica. Búsqueda de la literatura se llevó a cabo en la plataforma PubMed, portal de periódicos CAPES y sitio de búsqueda Google Académico. Se incluyeron artículos originales, revisiones de la literatura, actas de congreso, disertaciones y tesis que abordaron la técnica de vibración sonora de labios y lengua, publicados en los últimos 10 años, en portugués o inglés. Se excluyeron libros, revistas y editoriales. También se xcluyeron los artículos donde la técnica fue sólo citada, sin enfoque en los efectos vocales o laríngeos inmediatos, formas de uso o resultados clínicos. Inicialmente, fueron encontradas 42 publicaciones. Después de las etapas de selección por título y resumen, se mantuvieron 20 artículos originales, 1 artículo de revisión de la literatura e 5 disertaciones. Las publicaciones analizadas mostraron que la técnica de vibración sonora de labios o lengua se clasifica como ejercicio de tracto vocal semi-ocluido, suaviza el contacto entre las cuerdas vocales, equilibra la presión sub glótica y supra glótica, optimiza el movimiento mocoondulatorio y aumenta la resistencia vocal. Sus principales indicaciones son el calentamiento vocal, uso profesionales de la voz, disfonías hipercinéticas y lesiones de masas en las cuerdas vocales. Palabras clave: deglución; trastornos de la deglución; fenómenos biomecánicos; hueso hioides; laringe.

Experiencias de enfermeros con educación a distancia: una visión sobre las dimensiones interacción y autonomía / Nurses' experience in distance education: an overview on the dimensions of interaction and autonomy / Experiências de enfermeiros na educação a distância: um olhar sobre as dimensões interação e autonomia

Estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa que buscou analisar as experiências de enfermeiros na modalidade a distância nas dimensões interação e autonomia. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 13 enfermeiros de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior em Minas Gerais, entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015. Utilizou-se da Análise de Conteúdo como técnica de análise. Verificou-se que a interação foi destacada por meio dos componentes diálogo e estrutura. O diálogo aconteceu, predominantemente, entre os próprios estudantes e na perspectiva da socialização e do aprendizado colaborativo. Quanto à estrutura, constatou-se a concepção de alta estruturação e o controle favorecidos pela maximização do aparato tecnológico. Na dimensão autonomia, o aprendizado se deu em rede e de forma colaborativa, potencializados pelas características: flexibilidade de horários/tempo/deslocamento, redução de custos e a decisão pela busca do aprimoramento. Conclui-se que a enfermagem tem encontrado na Educação a Distância possibilidades de avanços no conhecimento, entretanto a interação e autonomia necessitam serem maximizadas nestas experiências (AU).

This was a case study with a qualitative approach that aimed to analyze nurses' experience in the distance education modality focusing on the dimensions of interaction and autonomy. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 13 nurses in a Higher Education Institution in Minas Gerais, from December 2014 to February 2015. Content Analysis was used as technique of analysis. It was found that interaction was made possible through the components of dialogue and structure. Dialogue took place mainly among students themselves and in the context of socialization and collaborative learning. Regarding structure, the study found the evidence of high structuring and control made possible by the maximization of the technological apparatus. In the dimension of autonomy learning took place through networking and in a collaborative way, enhanced by the following features: Time/displacement flexibility; reduced costs; and the decision to search for improvement. This study found possibilities of advancing knowledge in Distance Education, though interaction and autonomy need to be maximized in these experiences (AU).

Estudio de caso, abordaje cualitativo, buscando analizar experiencias de enfermeros en aprendizaje a distancia respecto de dimensiones interacción y autonomía. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 13 enfermeros de Institución de Enseñanza Superior de Minas Gerais, entre diciembre 2014 y febrero 2015. Se aplicó técnica de Análisis de Contenido. La interacción fue destacada por sus componentes diálogo y estructura. El diálogo se dio, fundamentalmente, entre los propios estudiantes, en perspectiva de socialización y aprendizaje colaborativo. Respecto a la estructura, se constató concepción de alta estructuración y de control, favorecidos por maximización del aparato tecnológico. En la dimensión autonomía, el aprendizaje se realizó en red, de manera colaborativa, potenciado por las características: flexibilidad de horarios/tiempo/desplazamiento, reducción de costos y decisión de búsqueda de mejoramiento. Se concluye en que la enfermería encuentra en la Educación a Distancia posibilidades de avances del conocimiento, en tanto interacción y autonomía sean maximizadas en la experiencia (AU).

Efetividade da fonoterapia no tratamento do pólipo em pregas vocais / Effectiveness of speech therapy in the treatment of vocal fold polyps

RESUMO: O objetivo dessa revisão de literatura foi verificar a efetividade da fonoterapia no tratamento do pólipo em pregas vocais, a partir de levantamento bibliográfico. Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica na plataforma PublicMedline e nas bases de dados Scopus, Science Direct, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature e Web of Science, seguindo etapas de seleção e análise crítica dos artigos. Foram incluídos artigos originais que utilizaram a fonoterapia como tratamento para o pólipo vocal, sem restrições de data de publicação ou língua. Foram excluídos artigos que abordassem exclusivamente outros tratamentos para pólipo vocal e os que utilizaram a fonoterapia somente após a cirurgia laríngea. Foram encontrados inicialmente 905 artigos. Após as etapas de seleção, restaram nove artigos na composição final da amostra. Foram então analisados na íntegra, cadastrados por meio de protocolo previamente elaborado que contemplou autor, ano, local, tipo de estudo, amostra, classificação do pólipo, tipo de intervenção e principais resultados. Os artigos analisados apresentaram fragilidade metodológica e ausência de padronização quanto aos protocolos e procedimentos fonoaudiológicos utilizados. Foram constituídos em sua maioria por série de casos retrospectiva. A amostra dos estudos variou em relação à quantidade de participantes, tipo de lesão e tipo de pólipo. A fonoterapia para o tratamento do pólipo em pregas vocais demonstrou efetividade entre 38% e 100% nos estudos analisados, com melhores resultados em lesões pequenas e recentes.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of speech therapy in the treatment of vocal fold polyps by reviewing existing literature. Literature search was conducted through PublicMedline platform and the Scopus, Science Direct, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Web of Science databases, followed by critical pre-selection and deep analysis of the articles. There were included original articles in which the speech therapy was used as treatment for vocal polyp, no publication date or language restrictions. There were excluded studies addressing just other treatments for vocal polyp and also articles in which the speech therapy was used only after laryngeal surgery. A total of 905 articles were found. However, after the selection stages, only nine articles were chosen to be part of the sample. The selected articles were fully analyzed, registered through previously developed protocol. The articles analyzed in this study showed poor methodology and lack of standardization regarding the speech therapy protocols and procedures used. It was consisted mostly by retrospective case series. The sample of studies reviewed presented variation in the number of participants, the type of lesion and type of polyp. The predominant type of intervention in the studies was the direct and indirect speech therapy associated, which demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of polyps on the vocal folds. Speech therapy for the treatment of vocal fold polyps demonstrated effectiveness between 30% and 100% of the analyzed studies, with better results in small and recent polyps.