3D Nanocomposite with High Aspect Ratio Based on Polyaniline Decorated with Silver NPs: Synthesis and Application as Electrochemical Glucose Sensor.

In this paper, we present a new methodology for creating 3D ordered porous nanocomposites based on anodic aluminum oxide template with polyaniline (PANI) and silver NPs. The approach includes in situ synthesis of polyaniline on templates of anodic aluminum oxide nanomembranes and laser-induced deposition (LID) of Ag NPs directly on the pore walls. The proposed method allows for the formation of structures with a high aspect ratio of the pores, topological ordering and uniformity of properties throughout the sample, and a high specific surface area. For the developed structures, we demonstrated their effectiveness as non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors on glucose in a concentration range crucial for medical applications. The obtained systems possess high potential for miniaturization and were applied to glucose detection in real objects-laboratory rat blood plasma.

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders - Version 3. Part I: Anxiety disorders.

AIM: This is the third version of the guideline of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Task Force for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (published in 2002, revised in 2008). METHOD: A consensus panel of 33 international experts representing 22 countries developed recommendations based on efficacy and acceptability of available treatments. In total, 1007 RCTs for the treatment of these disorders in adults, adolescents, and children with medications, psychotherapy and other non-pharmacological interventions were evaluated, applying the same rigorous methods that are standard for the assessment of medications. RESULT: This paper, Part I, contains recommendations for the treatment of panic disorder/agoraphobia (PDA), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobias, mixed anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, separation anxiety and selective mutism. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are first-line medications. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the first-line psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. The expert panel also made recommendations for patients not responding to standard treatments and recommendations against interventions with insufficient evidence. CONCLUSION: It is the goal of this initiative to provide treatment guidance for these disorders that has validity throughout the world.

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders - Version 3. Part II: OCD and PTSD.

AIM: This is the third version of the guideline of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Task Force for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders which was published in 2002 and revised in 2008. METHOD: A consensus panel of 34 international experts representing 22 countries developed recommendations based on efficacy and acceptability of the treatments. In this version, not only medications but also psychotherapies and other non-pharmacological interventions were evaluated, applying the same rigorous methods that are standard for the assessment of medication treatments. RESULT: The present paper (Part II) contains recommendations based on published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for the treatment of OCD (n = 291) and PTSD (n = 234) in children, adolescents, and adults. The accompanying paper (Part I) contains the recommendations for the treatment of anxiety disorders.For OCD, first-line treatments are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Internet-CBT was also superior to active controls. Several second-line medications are available, including clomipramine. For treatment-resistant cases, several options are available, including augmentation of SSRI treatment with antipsychotics and other drugs.Other non-pharmacological treatments, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and others were also evaluated.For PTSD, SSRIs and the SNRI venlafaxine are first-line treatments. CBT is the psychotherapy modality with the best body of evidence. For treatment-unresponsive patients, augmentation of SSRI treatment with antipsychotics may be an option. CONCLUSION: OCD and PTSD can be effectively treated with CBT and medications.

Concerns and Challenges Related to Sputnik V Vaccination Against the Novel COVID-19 Infection in the Russian Federation: The Role of Mental Health, and Personal and Social Issues as Targets for Future Psychosocial Interventions.

Background: Vaccine hesitancy causes serious difficulties in vaccination campaigns in many countries. The study of the population's attitude toward vaccination and detection of the predictive important individual psychological and social factors defining the vaccination necessity perception will allow elaborating promoting vaccination adherence measures. Objectives: The aim of this research was to study COVID-19 threat appraisal, fear of COVID-19, trust in COVID-19 information sources, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and the relationship of sociodemographic variables to COVID-19 preventive behavior. Methods: We carried out a cohort cross-sectional study of the population's attitude toward vaccination against the novel COVID-19 coronavirus infection, using a specially designed questionnaire for an online survey. Totally, there were 4,977 respondents, ranging in age from 18 to 81 years. Statistical assessment was carried out using the SPSS-11 program. Results: There were different attitudes toward vaccination. Among respondents, 34.2% considered vaccination to be useful, 31.1% doubted its effectiveness, and 9.9% considered vaccination unnecessary. The survey indicated that 7.4% of respondents were indifferent to the vaccine, while 12.2% deemed it to be dangerous. Nearly one-third (32.3%) of respondents indicated that they did not plan to be vaccinated, while another third (34.0%) would postpone their decision until more comprehensive data on the results and effectiveness of vaccination were available. Only 11.6% of the respondents were vaccinated at the time of the study. Young people were less focused on vaccination compared to middle-aged and elderly people. Receiving information concerning COVID-19 vaccination from healthcare workers and scientific experts was associated with greater vaccination acceptance. Conclusion: The study results showed that vaccination attitudes interacted with individuals' mental health and various sociodemographic factors. Insofar as reports of physicians and experts are essential for shaping attitudes to vaccination, the study results inform the selection of target groups in need of particular psychosocial interventions to overcome their vaccine hesitancy.

Laser-Induced Synthesis of Electrocatalytically Active Ag, Pt, and AgPt/Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions.

We present an efficient and easily implemented approach for creating stable electrocatalytically active nanocomposites based on polyaniline (PANI) with metal NPs. The approach combines in situ synthesis of polyaniline followed by laser-induced deposition (LID) of Ag, Pt, and AgPt NPs. The observed peculiarity of LID of PANI is the role of the substrate during the formation of multi-metallic nanoparticles (MNP). This allows us to solve the problem of losing catalytically active particles from the electrode's surface in electrochemical use. The synthesized PANI/Ag, PANI/Pt, and PANI/AgPt composites were studied with different techniques, such as SEM, EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. These suggested a mechanism for the formation of MNP on PANI. The MNP-PANI interaction was demonstrated, and the functionality of the nanocomposites was studied through the electrocatalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The PANI/AgPt nanocomposites demonstrated both the best activity and the most stable metal component in this process. The suggested approach can be considered as universal, since it can be extended to the creation of electrocatalytically active nanocomposites with various mono- and multi-metallic NPs.

4-Azidocinnoline-Cinnoline-4-amine Pair as a New Fluorogenic and Fluorochromic Environment-Sensitive Probe.

A new type of fluorogenic and fluorochromic probe based on the reduction of weakly fluorescent 4-azido-6-(4-cyanophenyl)cinnoline to the corresponding fluorescent cinnoline-4-amine was developed. We found that the fluorescence of 6-(4-cyanophenyl)cinnoline-4-amine is strongly affected by the nature of the solvent. The fluorogenic effect for the amine was detected in polar solvents with the strongest fluorescence increase in water. The environment-sensitive fluorogenic properties of cinnoline-4-amine in water were explained as a combination of two types of fluorescence mechanisms: aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and excited state intermolecular proton transfer (ESPT). The suitability of an azide-amine pair as a fluorogenic probe was tested using a HepG2 hepatic cancer cell line with detection by fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and HPLC analysis of cells lysates. The results obtained confirm the possibility of the transformation of the azide to amine in cells and the potential applicability of the discovered fluorogenic and fluorochromic probe for different analytical and biological applications in aqueous medium.

A Self-Ordered Nanostructured Transparent Electrode of High Structural Quality and Corresponding Functional Performance.

The preparation of a highly ordered nanostructured transparent electrode based on a combination of nanosphere lithography and anodization is presented. The size of perfectly ordered pore domains is improved by an order of magnitude with respect to the state of the art. The concomitantly reduced density of defect pores increases the fraction of pores that are in good electrical contact with the underlying transparent conductive substrate. This improvement in structural quality translates directly and linearly into an improved performance of energy conversion devices built from such electrodes in a linear manner.

Single Step Laser-Induced Deposition of Plasmonic Au, Ag, Pt Mono-, Bi- and Tri-Metallic Nanoparticles.

Multimetallic plasmonic systems usually have distinct advantages over monometallic nanoparticles due to the peculiarity of the electronic structure appearing in advanced functionality systems, which is of great importance in a variety of applications including catalysis and sensing. Despite several reported techniques, the controllable synthesis of multimetallic plasmonic nanoparticles in soft conditions is still a challenge. Here, mono-, bi- and tri-metallic nanoparticles were successfully obtained as a result of a single step laser-induced deposition approach from monometallic commercially available precursors. The process of nanoparticles formation is starting with photodecomposition of the metal precursor resulting in nucleation and the following growth of the metal phase. The deposited nanoparticles were studied comprehensively with various experimental techniques such as SEM, TEM, EDX, XPS, and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The size of monometallic nanoparticles is strongly dependent on the type of metal: 140-200 nm for Au, 40-60 nm for Ag, 2-3 nm for Pt. Bi- and trimetallic nanoparticles were core-shell structures representing monometallic crystallites surrounded by an alloy of respective metals. The formation of an alloy phase took place between monometallic nanocrystallites of different metals in course of their growth and agglomeration stage.

Laser-induced twisting of phosphorus functionalized thiazolotriazole as a way of cholinesterase activity change.

Herein, the synthesis, design, and the physicochemical characterization of phosphorus functionalized thiazolotriazole (PFT) compound are presented. The PFT tests on the biological activity revealed butyrylcholinesterase inhibition that was confirmed and explained with molecular docking studies. The pronounced reduction of optical density and biological activity was found as a result of irradiation of the PFT water solution with laser beam at wavelength 266 nm. The observed phenomenon was explained on the base of molecular dynamics, docking, and density functional theory modeling by the formation of PFT conformers via laser-induced phosphonate group twisting. The reorganization of the PFT geometry was found to be a reason of butyrylcholinesterase inhibition mechanism change and the site-specificity loss. These results demonstrate that PFT combines photoswitching and bioactive properties in one molecule that makes it promising as a molecular basis for the further design of bioactive substances with photosensitive properties based on the mechanism of the phosphonate group phototwisting.

Laser-Induced Deposition of Plasmonic Ag and Pt Nanoparticles, and Periodic Arrays.

Surfaces functionalized with metal nanoparticles (NPs) are of great interest due to their wide potential applications in sensing, biomedicine, nanophotonics, etc. However, the precisely controllable decoration with plasmonic nanoparticles requires sophisticated techniques that are often multistep and complex. Here, we present a laser-induced deposition (LID) approach allowing for single-step surface decoration with NPs of controllable composition, morphology, and spatial distribution. The formation of Ag, Pt, and mixed Ag-Pt nanoparticles on a substrate surface was successfully demonstrated as a result of the LID process from commercially available precursors. The deposited nanoparticles were characterized with SEM, TEM, EDX, X-ray diffraction, and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of crystalline nanoparticles of Pt (3-5 nm) and Ag (ca. 100 nm) with plasmonic properties. The advantageous features of the LID process allow us to demonstrate the spatially selective deposition of plasmonic NPs in a laser interference pattern, and thereby, the formation of periodic arrays of Ag NPs forming diffraction grating.

Synthesis and Properties of 6-Aryl-4-azidocinnolines and 6-Aryl-4-(1,2,3-1H-triazol-1-yl)cinnolines.

An efficient approach towards the synthesis of 6-aryl-4-azidocinnolines was developed with the aim of exploring the photophysical properties of 6-aryl-4-azidocinnolines and their click reaction products with alkynes, 6-aryl-4-(1,2,3-1H-triazol-1-yl)cinnolines. The synthetic route is based on the Richter-type cyclization of 2-ethynyl-4-aryltriazenes with the formation of 4-bromo-6-arylcinnolines and nucleophilic substitution of a bromine atom with an azide functional group. The developed synthetic approach is tolerant to variations of functional groups on the aryl moiety. The resulting azidocinnolines were found to be reactive in both CuAAC with terminal alkynes and SPAAC with diazacyclononyne, yielding 4-triazolylcinnolines. It was found that 4-azido-6-arylcinnolines possess weak fluorescent properties, while conversion of the azido function into a triazole ring led to complete fluorescence quenching. The lack of fluorescence in triazoles could be explained by the non-planar structure of triazolylcinnolines and a possible photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. Among the series of 4-triazolylcinnoline derivatives a compound bearing hydroxyalkyl substituent at triazole ring was found to be cytotoxic to HeLa cells.

Raman fingerprints for unambiguous identification of organotin compounds.

Raman spectra of the different ecotoxicants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate acid, organotin compounds of different families tributyl-, and triphenyl-, as well as chemically close compounds belonging to the same family - such as mono-, di-, and tributyl organotin compounds were analyzed. The comprehensive Raman spectra analysis allowed suggesting the identification scheme for clear recognition of the toxins family and the following intra-group specification. Possibility of unambiguous toxins detection and identification was demonstrated also for complex mixtures of various toxins on a base of control of characteristic peak groups, which can be considered as Raman fingerprints of the listed environmentally hazardous substances.

Palladium(II)-Stabilized Pyridine-2-Diazotates: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Studies.

Well-defined diazotates are scarce. Here we report the synthesis of unprecedented homoleptic palladium(II) diazotate complexes. The palladium(II)-mediated nitrosylation of 2-aminopyridines with NaNO2 results in the formation of metal-stabilized diazotates, which were found to be cytotoxic to human ovarian cancer cells.

A model electrode of well-defined geometry prepared by direct laser-induced decoration of nanoporous templates with Au-Ag@C nanoparticles.

We present an original type of model electrode system consisting of bimetallic Au-Ag nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix with an extremely well-defined geometry of parallel, straight, cylindrical macropores. The samples are prepared in one step by direct laser deposition of the metal/carbon composite onto the inner walls of a porous 'anodic' alumina matrix serving as a template. The coating is homogeneous from top to bottom of the pores, and the amount of material deposited can be tuned by the duration of the deposition procedure. As a test system, we demonstrate that a bimetallic Ag-Au@C system is catalytically active for the electrochemical oxidation of glucose in alkaline solution, the anodic reaction of a direct glucose fuel cell. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic current density increases with the amount of Ag-Au@C NPs deposited, up to a point at which the pores are clogged with it. This type of model system allows for the systematic study of geometric effects in fuel cell electrodes. It can be generalized to a number of different nanoparticle compositions, and thereby, to various electrocatalytic reactions.