Impact of load on the knee in relation to a treadmill angle.

Aim To determine the effect of the load on the meniscus in relation to a different angle, and to present the impact of force on eventual injury of menisci. Methods Research included 200 males with average height of 178.5 cm, mass 83.5 kg, and average age of 22 years. The simulation of treadmill that was used in the evaluation of ischemic heart disease was made. Effects on the knee were evaluated by measuring at different inclinations (5°70', 6°80', 7°90', 9°10', 10°20', 11°30' and 12°40'). Results With increasing ascent of treadmill the load on the meniscus also increased. Each increase in ascent after 22% (which corresponded to the angle of 12°40' and seventh degree of load according to the Bruce protocol) at given anthropological values was an etiological factor for meniscus injury. Conclusion The seventh degree of load according to the Bruce protocol can lead to the meniscus injury.

A Mathematical Model of Achilles Tendon Overload During Jump Shot.

INTRODUCTION: Achilles tendon injuries usually occur with abrupt movements at the level of the ankle and foot, and the consequence is the overload of the Achilles tendon. AIM: Examine the Achilles tendon load as a function of the landing angle, and find the critical point at which the tendon overload begins and when a further increase in the landing angle can lead to rupture. METHODS: The study has a prospective character. The input data represent the anthropometric values of the respondents, who are professional basketball players in the senior national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina and were processed in the CATIA v5-6 software solution. Software data processing analyzed the landing angles and the transfer of force to the Achilles tendon. The end result is a regression curve, which projects the angle at which the Achilles tendon is overloaded, and indicates an increased risk of possible injury to the tendon itself. RESULTS: The onset of overloading starts at an angle of 32.28° and at an angle of 35.75° the overloaded load occurs, indicating the need for the subject to change the position of the foot to prevent damage to the tendon itself. CONCLUSION: An angle of 35.75° is the critical point at which the Achilles tendons are overloaded at the very landing. Prevention of injury should go in the direction of practicing the feet for a particular position at the time of the landing, and in the direction to develop adequate footwear that would mitigate the angle at the landing.

Noise Effect on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate - Regression Analysis in Service of Prediction.

INTRODUCTION: Investigations have shown that noise is one of the etiologic factors that leads to a risk of cardiovascular incidence. AIM: To present effect of noise on arterial tension and heart rate of workers who work on machine press during period of three-years. METHODS: The study had a prospective character and included 30 subjects (n = 30) who were monitored over a three-year period (36 months). The respondents worked at the factory "Cimos" on machine press (Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Ten machine presses were monitored, and three workers worked on each press. Approximately every worker was affected by a wide range of noise between 65 and 110 dB in the workplace (via isohypse). MATLAB (version 9.4, MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America (USA)) software was used to estimate the possible damage caused by noise in factories that produce noise in their work. RESULTS: During the three-year period, arterial tension in the subjects increased, and at the end of the observed period, they were considered as patients with a diagnosis of arterial hypertension grade I. The tension depends on the strength of the produced noise, and the values also depend on position of the respondent on the machine press. CONCLUSION: Noise prevention has become a problem of modern medicine. The result of our work allows estimation of arterial hypertension in specified time in case of exposure to a certain strength of noise. Prevention of noise, daytime noise prevention as well as better equipment for work and preventive equipment are imposed as imperative in such or similar conditions, with the need of development of national strategies for this issue in countries where they are not present.

Redesign of Work Space in Order to Reduce Noise Health Effects.

INTRODUCTION: Noise represent an unwanted sound that endangers human health in multiple manners and in work setting causes reduction of productivity on one side, and increased waste on the other. Noise pollution occurs when the ear is exposed to the volume of sound that is disturbing, stressful or directly damaging hearing, but also acting on the organism as a whole. AIM: The aim of the article is to examine the vulnerability of workers working on the "press" machine, and to carry out an analysis and examine the press operator workplace, then perform the noise spread measurement in the press operator work area and compare the current measurements with the permissible levels and analyze the time period of worker exposure, as well as presentation of the effects of noise on productivity and workers health. The aim of the article also includes the proposal for decrease of noise pollution. METHODS: A noise analysis at the workplace of workers working on a "press" machine was performed, which is exposed to a high impulse noise due to which the quality and quantity of production are reduced. For the purpose of calculating the noise level for one working day at the press operator site 1, 2 and 3, it is necessary to analyze the noise level in time. Operators spend most of their working hours at stations 1 and 3 where the measured noise level is Lm1 = 94.7 dB is taken, or at position 3, Lm3 = 97.2 dB. The measured noise level at these locations without the operation of the press is Lm1 = 80.1 dB, or at station 3 is Lm3 = 80.1 dB. RESULTS: It was found that these operators working on the machine in question were exposed to a noise over the limit for more than three years. Their health problems that arise as a result of noise exposure are documented in their health charts. In order to achieve uninterrupted work at the press machine, during the eight hours shift, a noise correction is required to allow the equivalent sound level to fall within one day to the permissible 85 dB. In this regard, we consider the fact that we have known that the press produces a sound level of 110 dB, and that there is a reverberation (reflecting) sound. Given the technical characteristics of the plant, the reduction of the sound intensity of the source itself is not possible, so the suggestions of the technical solution will be based on reduced reflected sounds and to prevent the spread of direct sound to the operator. CONCLUSION: Workers are exposed to permanent noise during a working day, which produces a number of consequences for the health of the worker, but also the employer and the community. The imperative of the employer is to reduce the number of rejects, increase profitability and to have a positive impact on the health of the individual.

Spinal Column and Abdominal Muscles Loading in Pregnant Women Dependent on Working Postures.

INTRODUCTION: : Diastasis recti abdominis is consequence of mechanical forces that, proportionally to uterus and fetus augmentation, make pressure on anterior abdominal wall. Muscle tonus in pregnancy is significantly impaired. Stress relaxation of connective tissues and modified statics often cause back and leg pain. AIM: To evaluate whether pregnancy augment the spinal column and abdominal muscles loading and to what extent, based on anthropometric measurements and software analysis. METHODS: Twenty women participated in the study, having similar anthropometric measurements. Average height was 170 cm (mean), and weight 68.0 kg (mean). Three working postures were analyzed: upright (working posture 1), semi-bent (working posture 2) and bent (working posture 3) working postures by both non-pregnant and pregnant women. Simulation was made in software package CATIA. RESULTS: Analysis was done for working postures at workplace in pre-pregnancy period (height 170 cm, weight 68 kg) and during pregnancy (height 170 cm, weight 80 kg). From analysis of posture 2 and posture 3 in pregnant woman, conclusion can be drawn that despite of the fact that our examinees did not carry any external/additional loads, in these two working postures the abdominal muscles suffered overloading. CONCLUSION: It is crucial to strengthen the entire musculature for women who wish to get pregnant. The pre-pregnancy exercises might improve the posture, tonus and boost chances for safe labor and delivery. Strong abdominal muscles are needed to unload the spine. It is highly recommended to prepare their musculature for pregnancy through various pre-pregnancy exercises.

Organism Encumbrance of Cardiac Surgeon During Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Most everyday activities, performed over a long period leads to performance degradation of skeletal muscles as well as spinal column which is reflected in the reduction of maximum force, reduction of the speed of response, reducing control of the movement etc. Although until now many mathematical models of muscles are developed, very small number takes into account the fatigue, and those models that take into account changes in the characteristics of muscles for extended activities, generally considered tiring under certain conditions. Given that the current models of muscle fatigue under arbitrary conditions of activation and load are very limited, this article presents a new model that includes scale of muscles overload. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There are three female cardiac surgeons working performing these surgeries in operating rooms, and their average anthropometric measures for this population is: a) Weight: 62 kg; b) Height: 166 cm. Age: 45 taken in the calculation within the CATIA software, that entity is entitled to 50% of healthy female population that is able to execute these and similar jobs. During the surgery is investigated the two most common positions: position "1" and "2". We wish to emphasize that the experiment or surgical procedure lasted for two positions for five hours, with the position "1" lasted 0.5 hours, and position "2" lasted about 4.5 hours. The additional load arm during surgery is about 1.0 kg. RESULTS: The analysis was done in three positions: "Operating position 1", "Operating position 2 ', and each of these positions will be considered in its characteristic segments. These segments are: when the body takes the correct position, but is not yet burdened with external load, then when the surgeon receives the load and the third position when the load is lifted at the end of the position. Calculation of internal energy used on the joints is carried out in the context of software analysis of this model using CATIA R5v19. The proposed model is based on CATIA software model, which consists of visual indicators of the burden on certain parts of the body as well as the forces acting in these parts of the body. CONCLUSION: Based on these indicators to define which muscles, as well as that part of the skeletal system is overloaded, what is the position and what needs to be done that specific load be within permitted limits.