Soil acidity and soy phytometry under application of limestone and agricultural gypsum / Acidez do solo e fitometria de soja sob aplicação de calcário e gesso agrícola

The soybean is one of the main agricultural crops in Brazil, because the use of its grains is an important source of protein and vegetable oil. One of the main limiting factors for obtaining high yields in soybean in tropical soils is related to the need to correct soil acidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and the variation of soil pH values under the application of limestone and agricultural gypsum. The experimental design was completely randomized, distributed in a 4x4 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of doses of 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 t ha-1of only limestone, only gypsum and the combination of limestone and gypsum, repeated four times, totaling 64 experimental units. The soil pH was evaluated at 30, 45, 60, 75 days before sowing. The growth variables were: number of pods, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, root length and shoot/root ratio. The variables pH 75 days, root length and shoot/root ratio were significantly influenced by the treatments, alone or in interaction. For pH 30, pH 45 and pH 60 days, number of pods and shoot dry mass, there were isolated effects of treatments for gypsum and limestone. In root dry mass, the effect of the treatment was verified only with the use of limestone. As a conclusion, the application of limestone and gypsum reduces the soil acidity, obtaining higher pH values from the doses of 3000 kg ha-1, with the combination of limestone and gypsum. The use of gypsum consortium with limestone promotes significant results in the growth of soybean plants.

A soja é uma das principais culturas agrícolas do Brasil, pois, a utilização de seus grãos é uma importante fonte de proteínas e óleo vegetal. Um dos principais fatores limitantes para obtenção de altos rendimentos na soja, em solos tropicais, está relacionado à necessidade de correção da acidez do solo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento de (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) e a variação dos valores de pH do solo sob a aplicação de calcário e gesso agrícola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4x4, os tratamentos constaram de doses 0, 1,5, 3,0 e 4,5 t ha-1sendo elas somente calcário, somente o gesso e a combinação de calcário e gesso, repetidos quatro vezes, totalizando 64 unidades experimentais. O pH do solo foi avaliado a 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias antes da semeadura. As variáveis de crescimento foram: número de vagens, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz, comprimento da raiz e relação parte aérea/raiz. As variáveis pH 75 dias, comprimento da raiz e relação parte aérea/raiz, foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos, isoladamente ou em interação. Para o pH 30, 45 e 60 dias, número de vagens e massa seca da parte aérea ocorreram efeitos isolados dos tratamentos para gesso e calcário. Na massa seca da raiz o efeito do tratamento foi verificado apenas com a utilização do calcário. Como conclusão, a aplicação de calcário e gesso reduz a acidez do solo, obtendo maiores valores de pH a partir das doses de 3000 kg ha-1, com a combinação de calcário e gesso. A utilização do gesso consorciado com o calcário promove resultados significativos no crescimento das plantas de soja.

Physiological performance and chemical compositions of the Eryngium foetidum L. (Apiaceae) essential oil cultivated with different fertilizer sources.

The present work proposed an evaluation of the physiological performance, yield and chemical profile of the essential oil obtained from leaves and roots of Eryngium foetidum L. (Apiaceae) cultivated using different fertilizer sources. The other gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter was not different, suggested that the photosystem II was not affected by the different fertilizer sources. Highest essential oil yield was obtained in leaf samples cultivated with the mineral fertilizer (0.18%) and control conditions (0.22%), while it was obtained by mineral fertilization in the case of root samples (0.22%). The principal component analysis - PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis - HCA showed two groups: the first was formed by roots (OrgR, MinR and ConR), characterized by the constituents 2,3,4-Trimethylbenzaldehyde, Muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1ß-ol, Isoshyobunone, para-Mint-1,5-dien-8-ol, 6-Canphenone, (E)-γ-Atlantone and (E)-ß-Farnesene; and the second group formed by leaves (OrgF, MinF, ConF), related to (2E)-2-Dodecenal, t-2-Tetradecenal, 1-Dodecanal, 1-Decanal, Tetradecanal, γ-Terpinene, Mesitylene and ρ-Cymene.