Sward characteristics, herbage accumulation and nutritional value of elephantgrass based mixed with or without pinto peanut.

Elephantgrass stands out for its high potential for forage production in different tropical and subtropical regions. In most properties, it is cultivated intensively with high doses of mineral fertilizers, mainly nitrogen, which makes production expensive and less sustainable. In this context, the mixtures of elephantgrass with forage legumes can make the system more efficient and with less environmental impact. Thus, the objective is to evaluate elephantgrass-based grazing systems,with or without a legume in terms of sward characteristics, herbage accumulation and nutritional value of pastures during one, agricultural year. Two grazing systems (treatments) were analyzed: (i) elephantgrass-based (EG) with mixed spontaneous-growing species (SGE) in the warm-season and ryegrass (R) in the cool-season; and (ii) EG + SGE + R + pinto peanut. The standardization criterion between the systems was the level of nitrogen fertilization (120 kg N/ha/year). The presence of pinto peanut positively affected the botanical composition of the pasture, with a reduction in SGE and dead material, and in the morphology of elephantgrass, with a greater proportion of leaf blades, and less stem + sheath and senescent material. In themixture with pinto peanut, there was an increase in herbage accumulation and greater nutritional value of forage.

Effect of inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense on grain and silage production / Efeito da inoculação de sementes de milho com Azospirillum brasilense sobre a produção de grãos e silagem

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense on grain and fodder production, nutritional value and fermentative characteristics of corn silage. The experimental design was completely randomized and consisted of two treatments with the inoculation of A. brasilense and control. The nutritive value of silages and grain yield were evaluated. The inoculation with A. brasilense did not increase the forage production (P> 0.05) however it resulted in an increase (P <0.05) in the silage material buffer power from pH 4.77 to pH 5.37 (meq HCl/100g MS). In silage the inoculation increased (P<0.05) crude protein, total digestible nutrients and degradability of organic matter. These results are associated with lower (P <0.05) concentration of lignin in the silages inoculated with A. brasilense. The grain yield and plant morphology were not altered (P>0.05) by inoculation. The inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense did not affect the production however it made possible an improvement in the nutritional value of the silage.

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os efeitos da inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense, sobre a produção de grãos e de forragem, o valor nutricional e as características fermentativas das silagens de milho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e consistiu de dois tratamentos, com a inoculação da A. brasilense e controle. Foram avaliados o valor nutritivo das silagens e a produção de grãos. A inoculação com A. brasilense não elevou (P>0,05) a produção de forragem, contudo resultou em aumento (P<0,05) do poder tampão do material ensilado de 4,77 para 5,37 (meq. HCl/100g MS). Na silagem, a inoculação elevou (P<0,05) os teores de proteína bruta, nutrientes digestíveis totais e da degradabilidade da matéria orgânica. Esses resultados estão associados a menor (P<0,05) concentração de lignina nas silagens inoculadas com A. brasilense. A produção de grãos e a morfologia das plantas não foram alteradas (P>0,05) pela inoculação. A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense não afetou a produção, contudo possibilitou melhoria no valor nutricional da silagem.

Soro do leite em substituição ao leite na cria de bezerros / Use of whey in substitution to milk in holstein calves / Suero de leche en sustitución a la leche en cría de terneros

O uso de leite na alimentação de bezerras representa o maior custo na fase de cria. Com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de diferentes quantidades de dieta líquida na alimentação de bezerros da Raça Holandês, utilizou-se 160 ou 240 litros de dieta líquida, durante um período de 53 dias (do quarto ao 56o dia de vida) de aleitamento com diferentes níveis de inclusão de soro de leite em substituição ao leite integral (0, 10 e 20%), em esquema fatorial 2x3 (160 ou 240 litros de dieta líquida e 0, 10 ou 20% de inclusão de soro do leite), conduzido no Laboratório de Bovinocultura Leiteira da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Os animais foram distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca do concentrado (CMSC), da matéria seca total (CMST), ganho médio diário (GMD), conversão alimentar (CA), peso vivo final (PVF) e o comportamento dos animais. Para os níveis de soro do leite, ocorreu uma resposta quadrática (p<0,05) para o CMSC, CMST, GMD e CA. Os bezerros que receberam 160 litros de leite apresentaram maior (p<0,05) CMSC, porém pior CA. O CMST, o GMD e o PVF foram superiores (p<0,05) para os bezerros que consumiram 240 litros de leite durante o período experimental, com melhor CA para esse grupo de animais. Na análise do comportamento não foi determinada diferença significativa para os parâmetros avaliados (p>0,05).(AU)

The use of milk in the calves feed represents the largest cost in the calf production system. The aim was to evaluate the technical feasibility of using different amounts of liquid diet in feeding of Holstein calves. It was used 160 or 240 liters of milk during 53 days (from the fourth to the 56th day of life) of feeding with different levels of milk serum included to whole milk (0, 10 and 20%), in a factorial 2x3 model conducted at the Dairy Cattle Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria. The animals were randomly assigned to six treatments with four replicates per treatment. The dry matter intake of concentrate (DMIC), of the total dry matter (TDM), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), final body weight (FBW) and the behavior of animals. For milk serum levels, there was a quadratic response (p<0.05) for the DMIC, TDM, ADG and FC. DMIC and FC were higher (p<0.05) for calves received 160 liters of milk. The ADG, TDM and FBW were higher for calves that consumed 240 liters of milk during the experimental period, while FC was lower (p<0.05) for this group of calves. There was no difference in the behavior of calves for the evaluated parameters (p>0.05).(AU)

El uso de leche en la alimentación de terneros representa el costo más grande en la fase de creación. Con el fin de evaluar la viabilidad técnica de utilizar diferentes cantidades de dieta líquida en la alimentación de terneros de la raza holandesa, se utilizaron 160 o 240 litros de dieta líquida por un período de 53 días (desde el cuarto hasta el día 56º día de vida), alimentación con diferentes niveles de adición de suero de leche entera (0, 10 y 20%), en un estudio factorial 2x3 (160 0 240 litros de dieta líquida y 0, 10 o 20% de inclusión de suero de leche), llevado a cabo en el Laboratorio de Ganado Lechero de la Universidad Federal de Santa María. Los animales se distribuyeron completamente al azar en seis tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Se evaluó el consumo de materia seca del concentrado (CMSC), de la materia seca total (CMST), ganancia media diaria (GMD), conversión alimenticia (CA), el peso vivo final (PVF) y el comportamiento de los animales. Para los niveles de suero de leche, hubo una respuesta cuadrática (p<0,05) para el CMSC, CMST, GMD y CA. Los terneros que recibieron 160 litros de la leche presentaron mayor (p<0,05) CMSC, sin embargo con peor CA. Las variables CMST, GMD y PVF fueran mayores (p<0,05) para los terneros que consumieron 240 litros de leche durante el período experimental, mientras con mejor CA para ese grupo de animales. En el análisis del comportamiento no ha sido determinada diferencia significativa para los parámetros evaluados (p>0,05).(AU)

Soro do leite em substituição ao leite na cria de bezerros / Use of whey in substitution to milk in holstein calves / Suero de leche en sustitución a la leche en cría de terneros

O uso de leite na alimentação de bezerras representa o maior custo na fase de cria. Com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de diferentes quantidades de dieta líquida na alimentação de bezerros da Raça Holandês, utilizou-se 160 ou 240 litros de dieta líquida, durante um período de 53 dias (do quarto ao 56o dia de vida) de aleitamento com diferentes níveis de inclusão de soro de leite em substituição ao leite integral (0, 10 e 20%), em esquema fatorial 2x3 (160 ou 240 litros de dieta líquida e 0, 10 ou 20% de inclusão de soro do leite), conduzido no Laboratório de Bovinocultura Leiteira da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Os animais foram distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca do concentrado (CMSC), da matéria seca total (CMST), ganho médio diário (GMD), conversão alimentar (CA), peso vivo final (PVF) e o comportamento dos animais. Para os níveis de soro do leite, ocorreu uma resposta quadrática (p<0,05) para o CMSC, CMST, GMD e CA. Os bezerros que receberam 160 litros de leite apresentaram maior (p<0,05) CMSC, porém pior CA. O CMST, o GMD e o PVF foram superiores (p<0,05) para os bezerros que consumiram 240 litros de leite durante o período experimental, com melhor CA para esse grupo de animais. Na análise do comportamento não foi determinada diferença significativa para os parâmetros avaliados (p>0,05).(AU)

The use of milk in the calves feed represents the largest cost in the calf production system. The aim was to evaluate the technical feasibility of using different amounts of liquid diet in feeding of Holstein calves. It was used 160 or 240 liters of milk during 53 days (from the fourth to the 56th day of life) of feeding with different levels of milk serum included to whole milk (0, 10 and 20%), in a factorial 2x3 model conducted at the Dairy Cattle Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria. The animals were randomly assigned to six treatments with four replicates per treatment. The dry matter intake of concentrate (DMIC), of the total dry matter (TDM), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), final body weight (FBW) and the behavior of animals. For milk serum levels, there was a quadratic response (p<0.05) for the DMIC, TDM, ADG and FC. DMIC and FC were higher (p<0.05) for calves received 160 liters of milk. The ADG, TDM and FBW were higher for calves that consumed 240 liters of milk during the experimental period, while FC was lower (p<0.05) for this group of calves. There was no difference in the behavior of calves for the evaluated parameters (p>0.05).(AU)

El uso de leche en la alimentación de terneros representa el costo más grande en la fase de creación. Con el fin de evaluar la viabilidad técnica de utilizar diferentes cantidades de dieta líquida en la alimentación de terneros de la raza holandesa, se utilizaron 160 o 240 litros de dieta líquida por un período de 53 días (desde el cuarto hasta el día 56º día de vida), alimentación con diferentes niveles de adición de suero de leche entera (0, 10 y 20%), en un estudio factorial 2x3 (160 0 240 litros de dieta líquida y 0, 10 o 20% de inclusión de suero de leche), llevado a cabo en el Laboratorio de Ganado Lechero de la Universidad Federal de Santa María. Los animales se distribuyeron completamente al azar en seis tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Se evaluó el consumo de materia seca del concentrado (CMSC), de la materia seca total (CMST), ganancia media diaria (GMD), conversión alimenticia (CA), el peso vivo final (PVF) y el comportamiento de los animales. Para los niveles de suero de leche, hubo una respuesta cuadrática (p<0,05) para el CMSC, CMST, GMD y CA. Los terneros que recibieron 160 litros de la leche presentaron mayor (p<0,05) CMSC, sin embargo con peor CA. Las variables CMST, GMD y PVF fueran mayores (p<0,05) para los terneros que consumieron 240 litros de leche durante el período experimental, mientras con mejor CA para ese grupo de animales. En el análisis del comportamiento no ha sido determinada diferencia significativa para los parámetros evaluados (p>0,05).(AU)

Effect of organic acids or monensin-sodium addition on fatty acid production of short chain and methane through the ruminal fermentation in vitro / Efeito da adição de ácidos orgânicos ou monensina sódica na produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e metano através da fermentação ruminal in vitro

Food additives may increase food and animal production efficiency, as well as reduce the production of enteric methane (CH4). With the aim to evaluate the influence of organic additives in two concentrations (250 and 500 ppm) in the production of CH4 (mL), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and pH, an experiment in vitro gas was conducted, having two control groups, one as a negative control without the presence of additive and another as a positive control, with the addition of monensin-sodium (30ppm). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatment with monensin-sodium increased the propionate production (p<0.05) and decreased (p<0.05) CH4, acetate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate production, the acetate/ propionate ratio and total SCFA production compared to treatment without additive, the N-NH3 concentration being unchanged. Among CTX 250 and 500 organic acids treatments, only 500 CTX showed a trend (p<0.10) to decrease in N-NH3 concentrations, with no significant changes (p>0.05) in the remaining parameters related to treatment without additives. In this sense, monensin-sodium shows characteristics of modulation of rumen environment.(AU)

Aditivos alimentares podem aumentar a eficiência dos alimentos e a produção animal, bem como reduzir a produção de metano (CH4) entérico. Com objetivo de avaliar a influência de aditivos orgânicos em duas concentrações (250 e 500ppm) na produção de CH4 (mL), ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e no pH, foi conduzido um experimento in vitro gás, tendo dois controles, um negativo sem a presença de aditivo e outro positivo, com à adição de monensina sódica (30ppm). O experimento foi organizado em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. O tratamento com monensina sódica aumentou (p<0.05) a produção de propionato e diminuiu (p<0.05) a produção de CH4, acetato, butirato, valerato, isobutirato, isovalerato, a relação de acetato/propionato e a produção total AGCC em relação ao tratamento sem aditivo, não alterando a concentração de N-NH3. Dos tratamentos com ácidos orgânicos CTX 250 e 500, somente o CTX 500 mostrou tendência (p<0.10) a diminuição nas concentrações de N-NH3, sem alterações significativas (p>0.05) nos demais parâmetros avaliados em relação ao tratamento sem aditivos. Neste sentido a monensina sódica apresenta características de modulação do ambiente ruminal.(AU)

Fatty acid profiles of milk and Minas frescal cheese from lactating grazed cows supplemented with peanut cake.

Milk and Minas frescal cheese were evaluated from crossbred Holstein × Gir cows that were fed diets enriched with 0, 33, 66 and 100% inclusion levels of palm kernel cake in a concentrated supplement in replace of soybean meal. Eight crossbred lactating cows were distributed (four animals × four treatments × four periods) in the experimental design of double 4 × 4 Latin squares. The capric (C : 10, P = 0.0270), undecylic (C : 11, P = 0.0134), and lauric (C : 12, P = 0.0342) saturated fatty acid concentrations and CLA (C18 : 2c9t11, P = 0.0164) of the milk fat decreased linearly with an increasing percentage of peanut cake in the diet. The increased peanut cake content (100%) in the diet was associated with a linear decrease in C : 10 (P = 0.0447), C : 12 (P = 0.0002), mirystic (C : 14, P 0.05) ratios were not influenced by the different peanut cake levels. The inclusion of up to 100% peanut cake as a substitution for soybean meal in the concentrate of grazing lactating cows resulted in changes in the nutritional quality of their milk products, as indicated by the increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids and the decrease of saturated fatty acids (lauric, myristic, and palmitic).

The effect of mycotoxins adsorbents beta glucans or montmorillonite on bovine ruminal fermentation in vitro / Impacto dos adsorventes de micotoxinas Beta-glucana ou montmorilonita sobre a fermentação ruminal de bovinos in vitro

Background: The addition of adsorbents in foods has been the strategy used by nutritionists to reduce the toxic effects of mycotoxins in animals. Mycotoxins are found in a range of foods and commonly they present variations in the chemical structure therefore, it has been appropriate to include adsorbents from different sources in the diet of ruminants. However, few researches were conducted in order to better understand the interaction of adsorbents on ruminal fermentation. Our objective in this study was to investigate the possible effects of two adsorbent products on bovine ruminal fermentation. One consists of 65% of -glucan (-glu), originating cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used at a concentration of 1% and natural sodium montmorillonite (MMT) at a concentration of 5%. Materials, Methods & Results: The effects of -glu adsorbents (1%) and MMC (5%) in culture medium that simulated ruminal fermentation were evaluated. Bottles, with a capacity of 120 mL, were used to be filled with substrate such as maize and ryegrass hay ground, nutrient solution (medium of Menke), liquid extracted rumen fistulated bovine and the two adsorbents evaluated, totaling 50 mL. The experiment was conducted with three treatments, named after: control (Cont), -glu and MMT. In the control treatment adsorbents were not added. Six replicates were used for each treatment and two trials were conducted. One of the tests aimed to determine the fermentation kinetics by means of the gas production after 72 h incubation and quantifying the production of methane (CH4) at 48h. While another test aimed to quantify the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) - acetic, propionic and butyric acid - and the production of ammonia (NH3) in 24 h incubation. [...](AU)

Effect of organic acids or monensin-sodium addition on fatty acid production of short chain and methane through the ruminal fermentation in vitro / Efeito da adição de ácidos orgânicos ou monensina sódica na produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e metano através da fermentação ruminal in vitro

Food additives may increase food and animal production efficiency, as well as reduce the production of enteric methane (CH4). With the aim to evaluate the influence of organic additives in two concentrations (250 and 500 ppm) in the production of CH4 (mL), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and pH, an experiment in vitro gas was conducted, having two control groups, one as a negative control without the presence of additive and another as a positive control, with the addition of monensin-sodium (30ppm). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatment with monensin-sodium increased the propionate production (p0.05) in the remaining parameters related to treatment without additives. In this sense, monensin-sodium shows characteristics of modulation of rumen environment.

Aditivos alimentares podem aumentar a eficiência dos alimentos e a produção animal, bem como reduzir a produção de metano (CH4) entérico. Com objetivo de avaliar a influência de aditivos orgânicos em duas concentrações (250 e 500ppm) na produção de CH4 (mL), ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e no pH, foi conduzido um experimento in vitro gás, tendo dois controles, um negativo sem a presença de aditivo e outro positivo, com à adição de monensina sódica (30ppm). O experimento foi organizado em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. O tratamento com monensina sódica aumentou (p0.05) nos demais parâmetros avaliados em relação ao tratamento sem aditivos. Neste sentido a monensina sódica apresenta características de modulação do ambiente ruminal.

The effect of mycotoxins adsorbents beta glucans or montmorillonite on bovine ruminal fermentation in vitro / Impacto dos adsorventes de micotoxinas Beta-glucana ou montmorilonita sobre a fermentação ruminal de bovinos in vitro

Background: The addition of adsorbents in foods has been the strategy used by nutritionists to reduce the toxic effects of mycotoxins in animals. Mycotoxins are found in a range of foods and commonly they present variations in the chemical structure therefore, it has been appropriate to include adsorbents from different sources in the diet of ruminants. However, few researches were conducted in order to better understand the interaction of adsorbents on ruminal fermentation. Our objective in this study was to investigate the possible effects of two adsorbent products on bovine ruminal fermentation. One consists of 65% of -glucan (-glu), originating cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used at a concentration of 1% and natural sodium montmorillonite (MMT) at a concentration of 5%. Materials, Methods & Results: The effects of -glu adsorbents (1%) and MMC (5%) in culture medium that simulated ruminal fermentation were evaluated. Bottles, with a capacity of 120 mL, were used to be filled with substrate such as maize and ryegrass hay ground, nutrient solution (medium of Menke), liquid extracted rumen fistulated bovine and the two adsorbents evaluated, totaling 50 mL. The experiment was conducted with three treatments, named after: control (Cont), -glu and MMT. In the control treatment adsorbents were not added. Six replicates were used for each treatment and two trials were conducted. One of the tests aimed to determine the fermentation kinetics by means of the gas production after 72 h incubation and quantifying the production of methane (CH4) at 48h. While another test aimed to quantify the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) - acetic, propionic and butyric acid - and the production of ammonia (NH3) in 24 h incubation. [...]

Morphological characteristics of maize plants in estimate the silage chemical composition / Características morfológicas de plantas de milho estimam a composição bromatológica da silagem

The aim of this study was to estimate the chemical composition of maize silage based on the morphological characteristics of maize plants and to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and the inclusion of a microbial inoculant during the ensiling process on the production of maize silage and its morphological, qualitative and fermentative characteristics. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilization with urea (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and the inclusion or exclusion of the microbial inoculants during the ensiling process. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The maize silage chemical composition was estimated by evaluating the plant height (PH) and ear characteristics (NRE= number of rows per ear; NKE= number of kernels per ear; ELS= ear length with straw; EL= ear length without straw) using the following equations:CP= -12.44 + 5.871 × PH + 0.01814 × NRE² (R²= 0.89; P < 0.0001); NDF= 587.93-0.78×NKE-11.67×ELS-0.47×EL+0.0000007×NKE³+0.006× EL³ (R²=0.92; P = 0.003); ADF= 41.48 -0.046 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.42; P = 0.02);TDN= 57.81 - 0.0319 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.42; P = 0.02);EDDM= 56.58 + 0.035 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.42; P = 0.02) andNEL= 1.31 + 0.000757 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.41; P = 0.02). In conclusion, nitrogen fertilization increases the silage energy and protein content; while the inclusion of microbial inoculants during the ensiling process does not alter the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the maize silage.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a composição bromatológica da silagem por meio de características morfoló- gicas das plantas de milho, e avaliar o efeito de níveis de adubação nitrogenada e da inclusão de inoculante microbiano na ensilagem sobre as características produtivas, morfológicas, bromatológicas e fermentativas de silagem de milho. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro níveis de adubações com ureia: 0; 100; 200 e 300 Kg ha-1, e da inclusão ou não de inoculante microbiano. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 4 × 2. A composição bromatológica da silagem foi estimada pela altura das plantas (AP) de milho e pelas características da espiga (NLE = número de linhas de grãos por espiga; NGE = Número de grãos por espiga; CCP = comprimento da espiga com palha; CSP = comprimento da espiga sem palha) por meio das seguintes equações: PB = -12,44 + 5,871 × AP + 0,01814 × NLE² (R² = 0,89; P < 0,0001); FDN = 587,93 – 0,78 × NGE – 11,67 × CCP – 0,47 × CSP + 0,0000007 × NGE³ + 0,006 × CCP³ (R² = 0,92; P = 0,003); FDA = 41,48 - 0,046 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,42; P = 0,02); NDT = 57,81 – 0,0319 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,42; P = 0,02); DMSE = 56,58 + 0,035 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,42; P = 0,02) e ELL = 1,31 + 0,000757 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,41; P = 0,02). Pode-se concluir que a adubação nitrogenada aumenta o teor de energia e de proteína da silagem; enquanto a inclusão de inoculante microbiano não altera as características bromatológicas e fermentativas da silagem de milho.

Morphological characteristics of maize plants in estimate the silage chemical composition / Características morfológicas de plantas de milho estimam a composição bromatológica da silagem

The aim of this study was to estimate the chemical composition of maize silage based on the morphological characteristics of maize plants and to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and the inclusion of a microbial inoculant during the ensiling process on the production of maize silage and its morphological, qualitative and fermentative characteristics. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilization with urea (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and the inclusion or exclusion of the microbial inoculants during the ensiling process. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The maize silage chemical composition was estimated by evaluating the plant height (PH) and ear characteristics (NRE= number of rows per ear; NKE= number of kernels per ear; ELS= ear length with straw; EL= ear length without straw) using the following equations:CP= -12.44 + 5.871 × PH + 0.01814 × NRE² (R²= 0.89; P < 0.0001); NDF= 587.93-0.78×NKE-11.67×ELS-0.47×EL+0.0000007×NKE³+0.006× EL³ (R²=0.92; P = 0.003); ADF= 41.48 -0.046 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.42; P = 0.02);TDN= 57.81 - 0.0319 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.42; P = 0.02);EDDM= 56.58 + 0.035 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.42; P = 0.02) andNEL= 1.31 + 0.000757 × NRE2 (R2 = 0.41; P = 0.02). In conclusion, nitrogen fertilization increases the silage energy and protein content; while the inclusion of microbial inoculants during the ensiling process does not alter the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the maize silage.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a composição bromatológica da silagem por meio de características morfoló- gicas das plantas de milho, e avaliar o efeito de níveis de adubação nitrogenada e da inclusão de inoculante microbiano na ensilagem sobre as características produtivas, morfológicas, bromatológicas e fermentativas de silagem de milho. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro níveis de adubações com ureia: 0; 100; 200 e 300 Kg ha-1, e da inclusão ou não de inoculante microbiano. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 4 × 2. A composição bromatológica da silagem foi estimada pela altura das plantas (AP) de milho e pelas características da espiga (NLE = número de linhas de grãos por espiga; NGE = Número de grãos por espiga; CCP = comprimento da espiga com palha; CSP = comprimento da espiga sem palha) por meio das seguintes equações: PB = -12,44 + 5,871 × AP + 0,01814 × NLE² (R² = 0,89; P < 0,0001); FDN = 587,93 0,78 × NGE 11,67 × CCP 0,47 × CSP + 0,0000007 × NGE³ + 0,006 × CCP³ (R² = 0,92; P = 0,003); FDA = 41,48 - 0,046 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,42; P = 0,02); NDT = 57,81 0,0319 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,42; P = 0,02); DMSE = 56,58 + 0,035 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,42; P = 0,02) e ELL = 1,31 + 0,000757 × NLE2 (R2 = 0,41; P = 0,02). Pode-se concluir que a adubação nitrogenada aumenta o teor de energia e de proteína da silagem; enquanto a inclusão de inoculante microbiano não altera as características bromatológicas e fermentativas da silagem de milho.(AU)

Physiological and productive responses of Holstein cows in fosterage submitted or not to shading and aspersion in premilking / Respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas holandesas em lactação submetidas ou não a sombreamento e aspersão na pré-ordenha

It was aimed, to evaluate the influence of some acclimatizated resources in production and composition of milk in physiological variables, respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature. It was used 14 cows of Holstein breed, in an experiment with completely randomized design with two treatments: shading waiting room added with aspersion (conditioned) and waiting room without acclimatized structure (not conditioned), having seven cows per treatment. The climatic data of each treatment were registered to calculate the temperature and humidity index. The daily milk production was significantly superior in conditioned treatment opposite to not conditioned, 13,97 against 11,24kg of milk, respectively. There was not difference among the treatment for milk components (protein, nonfat dry extract, density and fat). The temperature and humidity index remained inside the thermal comfort zone for cows during fosterage (72-78) in conditioned treatment, however the inverse have happened in not conditioned treatment, 71,34 and 79,76, respectively. The animals that did not have acclimatization had presented an increase of rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate, when compared to those animals in conditioned treatment.

Objetivou-se, avaliar a influência de alguns recursos de climatização na produção e composição do leite e nas variáveis fisiológicas, freqüência respiratória, freqüência cardíaca, temperatura retal. Foram utilizadas 14 vacas da raça Holandesa, em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: sala de espera com sombreamento acrescido de aspersão (climatizado) e sala de espera sem estrutura de climatização (não climatizado), sendo sete vacas por tratamento. Os dados climáticos de cada tratamento foram registrados para calcular o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade. A produção de leite diária foi significativamente superior no tratamento climatizado frente ao não climatizado, 13,97 contra 11,24kg de leite, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os componentes do leite (proteína, extrato seco desengordurado, densidade e gordura). O índice de temperatura e umidade permaneceu dentro da zona de conforto térmico para vacas em lactação (72 a 78) no tratamento climatizado, porém o inverso ocorreu no tratamento não climatizado, 71,34 e 79,76, respectivamente. Os animais que não desfrutaram da climatização apresentaram aumento da temperatura retal, da freqüência respiratória e cardíaca, quando comparados aos animais do tratamento climatizado.

Physiological and productive responses of Holstein cows in fosterage submitted or not to shading and aspersion in premilking / Respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas holandesas em lactação submetidas ou não a sombreamento e aspersão na pré-ordenha

It was aimed, to evaluate the influence of some acclimatizated resources in production and composition of milk in physiological variables, respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature. It was used 14 cows of Holstein breed, in an experiment with completely randomized design with two treatments: shading waiting room added with aspersion (conditioned) and waiting room without acclimatized structure (not conditioned), having seven cows per treatment. The climatic data of each treatment were registered to calculate the temperature and humidity index. The daily milk production was significantly superior in conditioned treatment opposite to not conditioned, 13,97 against 11,24kg of milk, respectively. There was not difference among the treatment for milk components (protein, nonfat dry extract, density and fat). The temperature and humidity index remained inside the thermal comfort zone for cows during fosterage (72-78) in conditioned treatment, however the inverse have happened in not conditioned treatment, 71,34 and 79,76, respectively. The animals that did not have acclimatization had presented an increase of rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate, when compared to those animals in conditioned treatment.(AU)

Objetivou-se, avaliar a influência de alguns recursos de climatização na produção e composição do leite e nas variáveis fisiológicas, freqüência respiratória, freqüência cardíaca, temperatura retal. Foram utilizadas 14 vacas da raça Holandesa, em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: sala de espera com sombreamento acrescido de aspersão (climatizado) e sala de espera sem estrutura de climatização (não climatizado), sendo sete vacas por tratamento. Os dados climáticos de cada tratamento foram registrados para calcular o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade. A produção de leite diária foi significativamente superior no tratamento climatizado frente ao não climatizado, 13,97 contra 11,24kg de leite, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os componentes do leite (proteína, extrato seco desengordurado, densidade e gordura). O índice de temperatura e umidade permaneceu dentro da zona de conforto térmico para vacas em lactação (72 a 78) no tratamento climatizado, porém o inverso ocorreu no tratamento não climatizado, 71,34 e 79,76, respectivamente. Os animais que não desfrutaram da climatização apresentaram aumento da temperatura retal, da freqüência respiratória e cardíaca, quando comparados aos animais do tratamento climatizado.(AU)

Antibacterial activity of essential oil of cinnamon and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from clinical mastitis of cattle and goats / Antibacterial activity of essential oil of cinnamon and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from clinical mastitis of cattle and goats

Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco

Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco

Dynamics of nitrogen concentration on intercropped ryegrass - 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i1.12661

The dynamics of nitrogen (N) in ryegrass intercropped with different forage species with regard to dry matter (DM) accumulation within an agroecological transition system was evaluated. Annual ryegrass was intercropped with black oats (RY + BO), white clover (RY + WC) and forage peanut (RY + FP). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications. The study applied the N dilution model for plant tissue which comparatively uses modifiable factors of the environment at optimal levels. The model shows decline in N concentration due to the DM accumulation of temperate grass pastures. Data were compared to model by the root mean square deviation analysis. Dilution coefficient (), used in all pasture samples, was lower than -0.60. Highest N concentration decline in plant tissues, due to DM accumulation, occurred in RY + WC pastures ( = -0.94), followed by RY + FP ( = - 0.86) and RY + BO ( = - 0.67), respectively. Ryegrass intercropped with white clover showed the highest N content in plant tissue, with a nitrogen nutrition index close to the proposed model.

Dynamics of nitrogen concentration on intercropped ryegrass - 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i1.12661

The dynamics of nitrogen (N) in ryegrass intercropped with different forage species with regard to dry matter (DM) accumulation within an agroecological transition system was evaluated. Annual ryegrass was intercropped with black oats (RY + BO), white clover (RY + WC) and forage peanut (RY + FP). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications. The study applied the N dilution model for plant tissue which comparatively uses modifiable factors of the environment at optimal levels. The model shows decline in N concentration due to the DM accumulation of temperate grass pastures. Data were compared to model by the root mean square deviation analysis. Dilution coefficient (), used in all pasture samples, was lower than -0.60. Highest N concentration decline in plant tissues, due to DM accumulation, occurred in RY + WC pastures ( = -0.94), followed by RY + FP ( = - 0.86) and RY + BO ( = - 0.67), respectively. Ryegrass intercropped with white clover showed the highest N content in plant tissue, with a nitrogen nutrition index close to the proposed model.

Dynamics of nitrogen concentration on intercropped ryegrass / Dinâmica da concentração de nitrogênio em azevém consorciado

The dynamics of nitrogen (N) in ryegrass intercropped with different forage species with regard to dry matter (DM) accumulation within an agroecological transition system was evaluated. Annual ryegrass was intercropped with black oats (RY + BO), white clover (RY + WC) and forage peanut (RY + FP). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications. The study applied the N dilution model for plant tissue which comparatively uses modifiable factors of the environment at optimal levels. The model shows decline in N concentration due to the DM accumulation of temperate grass pastures. Data were compared to model by the root mean square deviation analysis. Dilution coefficient (ß), used in all pasture samples, was lower than -0.60. Highest N concentration decline in plant tissues, due to DM accumulation, occurred in RY + WC pastures (ß = -0.94), followed by RY + FP (ß = - 0.86) and RY + BO (ß = - 0.67), respectively. Ryegrass intercropped with white clover showed the highest N content in plant tissue, with a nitrogen nutrition index close to the proposed model.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a dinâmica do nitrogênio (N) no azevém consorciado com diferentes espécies forrageiras, em função do acúmulo de matéria seca (MS), em um sistema de transição agroecológica. Foram avaliados os consórcios de azevém anual cv. Comum, com aveia preta (AZ + AV), trevo branco (AZ + TB) e amendoim forrageiro (AZ + AF). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Utilizou-se o modelo de diluição do N no tecido vegetal, o qual utiliza comparativamente os fatores modificáveis do meio ambiente em um nível ótimo. O modelo descreve o declínio da concentração do N em função do acúmulo de forragem de pastagens temperadas. Os dados de campo foram confrontados ao modelo utilizando-se a análise do desvio da raiz do quadrado médio. O valor do coeficiente de diluição (ß) em todas as pastagens foi inferior a -0,60. O declínio mais intenso da concentração de N no tecido vegetal em função do acúmulo de MS ocorreu na pastagem de AZ + TB (ß = -0,94), seguido das pastagens de AZ + AF (ß = -0,86) e AZ + AV (ß = -0,67), respectivamente. O azevém consorciado com trevo branco apresentou maior conteúdo de N no tecido vegetal, com índice de nutrição nitrogenada mais próxima ao modelo estudado.

Antibacterial activity of essential oil of cinnamon and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from clinical mastitis of cattle and goats

Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an inflammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifiable. Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. from mastitis of cows (n = 32) and goats (n = 33). The cinnamon EO was extracted from the leaves and was composed majority by isoeugenol (96%), while the TC was acquired commercially. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed according to CLSI M31-A3 agar diffusion method. Based on these tests, the isolates were divided into subgroups according to the resistance profiles. Subsequently, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth microdilution technique CLSI M31-A3. The MICs (geometric mean, GM) for cinnamon EO were 2032 mg/L and 2102 mg/L, respectively, for cattle and goats, while the majority fraction TC was most active with MICs (GM) of 598 mg/L and 875 mg/L, respectively, for cattle and goats. Discussion: Some differences between these results and those reported by other authors can be attributed to the composition of OEs or techniques employed. In this study, we used the broth microdilution technique based on the document M31-A3, from CLSI, for the determination of MICs and MBCs. The lack of an internationally standardized technique for evaluating OEs and plant extracts that allow different protocols undermines the comparisons of results. The results of this study confirmed the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon EO and TC against clinical Staphylococcus spp. independent of the antibacterial susceptibility profile. The best antimicrobial activity was observed with TC than in the cinnamon EO, which deserves further research investigating the use of these compound in the treatment of mastitis. The TC can be found in high concentration in cinnamon bark. However, the essential oil used in this work was extracted from the leaves, and the major component was isoeugenol. The cinnamon EO composition can be varied depending on the part of the plant where it is extracted.

Antibacterial activity of essential oil of cinnamon and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from clinical mastitis of cattle and goats / Antibacterial activity of essential oil of cinnamon and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from clinical mastitis of cattle and goats

Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco

Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco

Atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de condimentos frente a Staphylococcus spp isolados de mastite caprina / Antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from spices against Staphylococcus spp isolated from goat mastitis

Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Lippia graveolens (lípia), Zingiber officinale (gengibre), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Ocimum basilicum (manjericão), bem como de frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol, cinamaldeído e cineol frente a 33 isolados de Staphylococcus spp oriundos de rebanhos leiteiros caprinos. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana para os OEs de orégano, lípia e tomilho, bem como para as frações majoritárias de carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído. A ordem decrescente de atividade foi orégano = tomilho > lípia. As frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído evidenciaram melhor atividade do que os óleos essenciais e, dentre elas, carvacrol e cinamaldeído foram mais ativas que o timol.

The antimicrobial activity of some essencial oils was evaluated as follows: Origanum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Ocimum basilicum (basil), as well as the majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde and cineole against 33 Staphylococcus spp isolates from herds of dairy goats. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using broth microdilution method. Antimicrobial activity observed on the essencial oils of oregano, mexican oregano, thymus, well as to majoritary constituents of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde. The descending order of antimicrobial activity were oregano = thyme > mexican oregano. The majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde presented themselves more active than the verified by the essencial oils. The majority constituents, carvacrol and cinnomaldehyde were equally more active than thymol.