Blood plasma coagulation studied by surface plasmon resonance.

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) apparatus was used to investigate blood plasma coagulation in real time as a function of thromboplastin and heparin concentrations. The response curves were analyzed by curve fitting to a sigmoid curve equation, followed by extraction of the time constant. Clotting activation by thromboplastin resulted in increased time constant, as compared to spontaneously clotted plasma, in a dose dependent way. Addition of heparin to the thromboplastin-activated plasma counteracted this effect. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) pictures of sensor surfaces dried after completed clotting, revealed differences in fibrin network structures as a function of thromboplastin concentration, and the fiber thickness increased with decreased thromboplastin concentration. The physical reason for the SPR signal observed is ambiguous and is therefore discussed. However, the results summarized in the plots and the fibrin network properties observed by AFM correlate well with present common methods used to analyze blood coagulation.

Comparison of surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance in the study of whole blood and plasma coagulation.

The coagulation of blood plasma and whole blood was studied with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based device and a quartz crystal microbalance instrument with energy dissipation detection (QCM-D). The SPR and QCM-D response signals were similar in shape but differing in time scales, reflecting differences in detection mechanisms. The QCM-D response time was longer than SPR, as a physical coupling of the sample to the substrate is required for molecules to be detected by the QCM-method. Change of sample properties within the evanescent field is sufficient for detection with SPR. Both the SPR signals and the QCM-D frequency and dissipation shifts showed dependency on concentrations of coagulation activator and sensitivity to heparin additions. The ratio of dissipation to frequency shifts, commonly considered to reflect viscoelastic properties of the sample, varied with the concentration of activator in blood plasma but not in whole blood. Additions of heparin to the thromboplastin activated whole blood sample, however, made the ratio variation reoccur. Implications of these observations for the understanding of the blood coagulation processes as well as the potential of the two methods in the clinic and in research are discussed.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of coagulation in whole blood with application in prothrombin time assay.

It is previously shown that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used to study blood plasma coagulation. This work explores the use of this technique for the analysis of tissue factor induced coagulation, i.e. prothrombin time (PT) analysis, of whole blood and plasma. The reference method was nephelometry. The prothrombin time analysis by SPR was performed by mixing two volumes of blood/plasma, one volume of thromboplastin, and one volume of CaCl2 solution directly on a sensor surface. The measurements show good agreement between nephelometry and SPR plasma analysis and also between SPR plasma and whole blood analysis. The effect of anticoagulant treatment on the clotting times was significant both quantitatively and qualitatively. The impact on the SPR signal of different physiological events in the coagulation process is discussed, and tentative interpretations of the sensorgram features are given. The major advantage of the SPR method compared to nephelometry is the possibility to perform analysis on whole blood instead of plasma. In conclusion, SPR is a promising method for whole blood coagulation analysis.

Immobilized chicken antibodies improve the detection of serum antigens with surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and other refractive index and mass sensitive methods are, due to complement activation by mouse monoclonal antibodies and with concomitant high background signal, only rarely used for the detection of antibody-antigen interactions in the blood serum milieu. In the present study chicken IgY and mouse IgG were immobilized to a sensor chip CM5 dextran matrix and compared for their background signal and detection of serum antigen. Ellipsometry with antibodies adsorbed to methylated silicon surfaces was used as a complementary detection method. As expected, fundamental differences in binding properties between the two kinds of antibodies were observed. Mouse antibodies bound large quantities of human serum. Human C1q was detected on mouse IgG and the complement system was activated, as seen from the rapid C3 and properdin depositions. Chicken antibodies bound low quantities of human serum and no human C1q. Moreover, C3 and properdin deposited only after prolonged serum incubations. Addition of EDTA to serum reduced the background signal modestly for both IgG and IgY. Serum samples with different concentrations of human C3 were injected over surfaces with immobilized chicken anti-C3, and the response was measured by SPR. Small concentration differences (< 1.25 micrograms/ml) in a physiologically relevant range (1-40 micrograms/ml after 100 times dilution) could then be detected reproducibly. The SPR signal was totally obscured when a mouse monoclonal anti-C3 antibody was used for the detection.