Impacts of mining pollution on coastal ecosystems: is fish body condition a reliable indicator?

Identifying reliable biological indicators is fundamental to efficiently assess human impacts on biodiversity and to monitor the outcomes of management actions. This study investigates whether body condition is an appropriate indicator of putative effects from iron ore mining tailings on marine fishes, focusing on the world's largest mining disaster - known as the Mariana disaster, in Brazil. Eight species were used to test the hypothesis that individuals inhabiting an area severely impacted by tailings have reduced body condition in comparison to those in control areas near (<60 km) and distant (>120 km) from the impact site. Contrary to our prediction, no significant difference in condition was detected between the impacted area and both near and distant controls in seven of the eight species. The results indicate that body condition, as measured by the scaled mass index, has limited applicability as indicator of impact from mining pollution on the fishes analysed. Hypotheses that could explain our findings are proposed, including nutrient provisioning from continental drainage that could indirectly influence fish condition and compensate for the deleterious effects of mining pollution.

Variability in nearshore fish biodiversity indicators after a mining disaster in eastern Brazil.

The rupture of the Fundão mining dam (Doce river basin, Brazil) caused a wide range of negative impacts. Yet, assemblage-level implications to estuarine and coastal fishes remain unclear, partly due to the lack of pre-disaster information. Based on monthly otter trawl surveys, we analyzed spatial and seasonal variability in univariate (total biomass, biomass of species vulnerable to exploitation, rarefied richness and evenness) and multivariate (species composition and trophic composition) indicators of fish biodiversity in the Doce river delta, eastern Brazil. We determined the independent and interactive effects of environmental, seasonal and spatial variables on species composition to test whether environmental alterations provoked by mine tailings could affect assemblage's organization. Most indicators present idiosyncratic spatiotemporal patterns, suggesting they have complementary roles in revealing changes in fish biodiversity. Environmental variables, including those affected by the Fundão dam collapse such as turbidity, dissolved oxygen and pH, were much more important than seasonal and spatial predictors in explaining the variation in fish species composition. These findings highlight the potential from mine tailings to disrupt local ichthyofauna and indicate a preponderant role of environmental conditions in assemblage structuring. Given the lack of data prior to rupture, our results may be used as a baseline against which to assess temporal trends in fish biodiversity relative to changes detected in less disturbed estuarine and coastal assemblages.

Marine fish assemblages of Eastern Brazil: An update after the world's largest mining disaster and suggestions of functional groups for biomonitoring long-lasting effects.

When the Fundão dam collapsed in Brazil, 50 million m3 of iron ore tailings were released into the Doce river, resulting in the world's largest mining disaster. The contaminated mud was transported 668 km downstream of the Doce river and reached the Atlantic Ocean 17 days after the collapse. Seven months later, there was evidence that the tailings had reached the largest and richest coral reef formation in the South Atlantic Ocean. This study provides the first description of species composition, abundance, and diversity patterns of fish assemblages in estuaries, coastal areas, and coral reefs affected by the rupture of the mining dam in the Doce river. A linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to evaluate the influence of salinity on fish abundance across estuarine and coastal ecosystems. In addition, based on functional traits related to habitat use and feeding habits, this study identified fish species suitable as bioindicators of the long-lasting effects of this major mining disaster. Bottom trawls were used to sample five estuaries and their respective coastal areas, and a visual census was employed to sample five reef areas, representing an impact gradient. A total of 269 species were recorded in all three habitats, but only seven were shared among them. The results showed lower similarity in assemblages among estuarine areas compared to the coastal and reef areas. Species composition among estuaries and reef ecosystems was more heterogeneous. In contrast, coastal habitats exhibited high homogeneity. Salinity had no statistically significant effect on fish abundance either in estuaries (p = 0.22) and along the coast (p = 0.14). Twelve fish species were identified as suitable bioindicators for evaluating the long-lasting effects of resuspension of contaminated sediments. These species are commonly found in the ecosystems under the influence of the disaster inhabiting potentially contaminated substrates and substrate-associated benthic preys.

Relative effect of seasonality and body size on the diet of juvenile Lutjanus synagris (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) at a sandy beach in Southeastern Brazil / Efeitos relativos da sazonalidade e do tamanho do corpo na dieta de juvenis de Lutjanus synagris (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) em uma praia arenosa no sudeste do Brasil

The relative effect of seasonality and body size on the diet composition of juvenile Lutjanus synagris was investigated at a sheltered sandy beach (20º18S; 40º16W) on the coast of Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Monthly collections were carried out during the daytime from May 2004 to April 2005, using a beach seine. The specimens captured in each season (e.g. cold/dry, May to October 2004; hot/rainy, November 2004 to April 2005) were separated into three total length (TL) classes (≤ 40; 41–50; ≥ 51 mm). The stomach contents of 540 specimens with TL ranging from 22 to 135 mm were analyzed. Among the 13 food items consumed by L. synagris, the most important were Amphipoda (Index of Relative Importance, IRI = 81.2), Isopoda (IRI = 13.8) and Mysidacea (IRI = 4.4). Significant variations in the diet composition were observed between the seasons (PERMANOVA; P < 0.001), but not between the size classes (P = 0.170). There was, however, a significant interaction between these two factors (P<0,001), but not between the size classes (P = 0.170). There was, however, a significant interaction between these two factors (P<0.001), indicating that the differences between the seasons did not occur in every class. The most important items in the cold/dry and hot/rainy seasons were, respectively, Mysidacea and Amphipoda, for every class. The average length of the preys varied significantly (P<0.05) between the size classes, increasing progressively with the TL of the fishes. Overall, the results indicate a carnivore-opportunist food habit for L. synagris, with significant seasonal changes in the relative importance of the food items.(AU)

O efeito relativo da sazonalidade e do tamanho do corpo na composição da dieta de juvenis de Lutjanus synagris foi avaliado em uma praia arenosa abrigada (20º18S; 40º16W) no litoral do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Coletas mensais diurnas foram conduzidas no período de maio/04 a abril/05, usando uma rede de arrasto de praia. Os espécimes capturados em cada estação (fria/seca, maio a outubro de 2004; quente/chuvosa, novembro de 2004 a abril de 2005) foram separados em três classes de comprimento total (CT) (≤ 40; 41–50; ≥ 51 mm). O conteúdo estomacal de 540 espécimes com CT variando de 22 a 135 mm foi analisado. Entre os treze itens alimentares descritos para a dieta de L. synagris, os mais importantes foram Amphipoda (Índice de Importância Relativa, IIR = 81,2), Isopoda (IIR = 13,8) e Mysidacea (IIR = 4,4). Variações significativas na dieta foram observadas entre as estações do ano (PERMANOVA; P<0,001), mas não entre as classes de tamanho (P = 0,170). Houve, porém, uma interação significativa entre estes dois fatores (P<0,001), indicando que as diferenças entre as estações não ocorreram em todas as classes. Os itens mais importantes nas estações fria/seca e quente/chuvosa foram, respectivamente, Mysidacea e Amphipoda, para todas as classes. O tamanho médio das presas variou significativamente (P<0,05) entre as classes de tamanho, aumentando progressivamente com o CT dos peixes. No geral, os resultados indicam que L. synagris têm um hábito alimentar carnívoro-oportunista e muda sua dieta ao longo do ano. (AU)

Relative effect of seasonality and body size on the diet of juvenile Lutjanus synagris (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) at a sandy beach in Southeastern Brazil / Efeitos relativos da sazonalidade e do tamanho do corpo na dieta de juvenis de Lutjanus synagris (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) em uma praia arenosa no sudeste do Brasil

The relative effect of seasonality and body size on the diet composition of juvenile Lutjanus synagris was investigated at a sheltered sandy beach (20º18’S; 40º16’W) on the coast of Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Monthly collections were carried out during the daytime from May 2004 to April 2005, using a beach seine. The specimens captured in each season (e.g. cold/dry, May to October 2004; hot/rainy, November 2004 to April 2005) were separated into three total length (TL) classes (≤ 40; 41–50; ≥ 51 mm). The stomach contents of 540 specimens with TL ranging from 22 to 135 mm were analyzed. Among the 13 food items consumed by L. synagris, the most important were Amphipoda (Index of Relative Importance, IRI = 81.2), Isopoda (IRI = 13.8) and Mysidacea (IRI = 4.4). Significant variations in the diet composition were observed between the seasons (PERMANOVA; P < 0.001), but not between the size classes (P = 0.170). There was, however, a significant interaction between these two factors (P<0,001), but not between the size classes (P = 0.170). There was, however, a significant interaction between these two factors (P<0.001), indicating that the differences between the seasons did not occur in every class. The most important items in the cold/dry and hot/rainy seasons were, respectively, Mysidacea and Amphipoda, for every class. The average length of the preys varied significantly (P<0.05) between the size classes, increasing progressively with the TL of the fishes. Overall, the results indicate a carnivore-opportunist food habit for L. synagris, with significant seasonal changes in the relative importance of the food items.

O efeito relativo da sazonalidade e do tamanho do corpo na composição da dieta de juvenis de Lutjanus synagris foi avaliado em uma praia arenosa abrigada (20º18’S; 40º16’W) no litoral do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Coletas mensais diurnas foram conduzidas no período de maio/04 a abril/05, usando uma rede de arrasto de praia. Os espécimes capturados em cada estação (fria/seca, maio a outubro de 2004; quente/chuvosa, novembro de 2004 a abril de 2005) foram separados em três classes de comprimento total (CT) (≤ 40; 41–50; ≥ 51 mm). O conteúdo estomacal de 540 espécimes com CT variando de 22 a 135 mm foi analisado. Entre os treze itens alimentares descritos para a dieta de L. synagris, os mais importantes foram Amphipoda (Índice de Importância Relativa, IIR = 81,2), Isopoda (IIR = 13,8) e Mysidacea (IIR = 4,4). Variações significativas na dieta foram observadas entre as estações do ano (PERMANOVA; P<0,001), mas não entre as classes de tamanho (P = 0,170). Houve, porém, uma interação significativa entre estes dois fatores (P<0,001), indicando que as diferenças entre as estações não ocorreram em todas as classes. Os itens mais importantes nas estações fria/seca e quente/chuvosa foram, respectivamente, Mysidacea e Amphipoda, para todas as classes. O tamanho médio das presas variou significativamente (P<0,05) entre as classes de tamanho, aumentando progressivamente com o CT dos peixes. No geral, os resultados indicam que L. synagris têm um hábito alimentar carnívoro-oportunista e muda sua dieta ao longo do ano.