Pediatric neurogenic bowel dysfunction: ICCS review document.

INTRODUCTION: The International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) aims to improve the quality of life in children with lower urinary tract dysfunction. A substantial portion of children also have problems with bowel dysfunction. There is a lack of evidence-based information on managing neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) in children. OBJECTIVE/METHODS: The ICCS aimed to provide an up-to-date, selective, non-systematic review of NBD's definitions, assessment, and treatment. RESULTS: Specific definitions and terminology are defined within the document. Recommendations and considerations for physical assessment, history taking, and diagnostic studies are made. Management updates, both surgical and non-surgical, are provided as well as recommendations for follow-up and monitoring of individuals with NBD. CONCLUSION: This review of the current literature will help guide NBD management and research to improve NBD care.

Effects of taurine on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens.

To investigate the effects of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, and lipid metabolism in broilers, 384 male broilers (Arbor Acres, 1 D of age) were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 8 replicates of 8 birds. Dietary treatments were supplemented with taurine at the level of 0.00, 2.50, 5.00, and 7.50 g/kg of the diet (denoted as CON, TAU1, TAU2, TAU3, respectively). The BW gain from 1 to 21 D and from 22 to 42 D were all increased linearly (linear, P < 0.001) by taurine supplementation. Throughout the trial period, the highest BW gain and favorable gain-to-feed ratio were observed in the TAU2 group. Taurine supplementation increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased (linear, P < 0.001) the content of malondialdehyde in both serum and the liver of broilers and alleviated oxidative damage through enhancing (P < 0.05) the hepatic genes expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Correspondingly, in serum, the activities of hepatic lipase and total lipase were decreased linearly and quadratically (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001) with the increasing inclusion of taurine in the diet. Meanwhile, in serum, the content of triglycerides was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and except for TAU3, the total cholesterol content was also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by taurine supplementation. In addition, the hepatic content of triglycerides was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the TAU1 and TAU2 groups. Compared with the CON group, the hepatic genes expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), silent 1, (SIRT1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) were all increased (P < 0.05), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) expression was decreased (P < 0.05) in the TAU2 group. These results indicated that taurine supplementation improved the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism of broilers.

Emergence of a novel highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China.

From 2014 to 2015, four novel highly pathogenic PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV) strains named 14LY01-FJ, 14LY02-FJ 15LY01-FJ, and 15LY02-FJ were isolated from high morbidity (100%) and mortality (40%-80%) in piglets and sows in Fujian Province. To further our knowledge about these novel virus strains, we characterized their complete genomes and determined their pathogenicity in piglets. Full-length genome sequencing analysis showed that these four isolates were closely related to type 2 (North American type, NA-type) isolates, with 88.1%-96.3% nucleotide similarity, but only 60.6%-60.8% homology to the Lelystad virus (LV) (European type, EU-type). The full length of the four isolates was determined to be 15017 or 15018 nucleotides (nt), excluding the poly(A) tail. Furthermore, the four isolates had three discontinuous deletions (aa 322-432, aa 483, and aa 504-522) within hypervariable region II (HV-II) of Nsp2, as compared to the reference strain VR-2332. This deletion pattern in the four isolates is consistent with strain MN184 and strain NADC30 isolated from America. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses indicated that these virulent strains originated from a natural recombination event between the JXA1-like HP-PRRSV (JXA-1 is one of the earliest Chinese HP-PRRSV strains; sublineage 8.7) and the NADC30-like (lineage 1) PRRSV. Animal experiments demonstrated that these four strains caused significant weight loss and severe histopathological lung lesions as compared to the negative control group. High mortality rate (40% or 80%) was found in piglets infected with any one of the four strains, similar to that found with other Chinese HP-PRRSV strains. This study showed that the novel variant PRRSV was HP-PRRSV, and it is therefore critical to monitor PRRSV evolution in China and develop a method for controlling PRRS.

Non-destructive shadowgraph imaging of ultra-cold atoms.

An imaging system is presented that is capable of far-detuned non-destructive imaging of a Bose-Einstein condensate with the signal proportional to the second spatial derivative of the density. Whilst demonstrated with application to Rb85, the technique generalizes to other atomic species and is shown to be capable of a signal-to-noise of ∼25 at 1 GHz detuning with 100 in-trap images showing no observable heating or atom loss. The technique is also applied to the observation of individual trajectories of stochastic dynamics inaccessible to single shot imaging. Coupled with a fast optical phase locked loop, the system is capable of dynamically switching to resonant absorption imaging during the experiment.

In-situ atomic layer deposition of tri-methylaluminum and water on pristine single-crystal (In)GaAs surfaces: electronic and electric structures.

The electronic structure of single-crystal (In)GaAs deposited with tri-methylaluminum (TMA) and water via atomic layer deposition (ALD) is presented with high-resolution synchrotron radiation core-level photoemission and capacitance-voltage (CV) characteristics. The interaction of the precursor atoms with (In)GaAs is confined at the topmost surface layer. The Ga-vacant site on the GaAs(111)A-2 × 2 surface is filled with Al, thereby effectively passivating the As dangling bonds. The As-As dimers on the GaAs(001)-2 × 4 surface are entirely passivated by one cycle of TMA and water. The presumed layerwise deposition fails to happen in GaAs(001)-4 × 6. In In0.20Ga0.80As(001)-2 × 4, the edge row As atoms are partially bonded with the Al, and one released methyl then bonds with the In. It is suggested that the unpassivated surface and subsurface atoms cause large frequency dispersions in CV characteristics under the gate bias. We also found that the (In)GaAs surface is immune to water in ALD. However, the momentary exposure of it to air (less than one minute) introduces significant signals of native oxides. This indicates the necessity of in situ works of high κ/(In)GaAs-related experiments in order to know the precise interfacial atomic bonding and thus know the electronic characteristics. The electric CV measurements of the ALD-Al2O3 on these (In)GaAs surfaces are correlated with their electronic properties.

A scalable method to concentrate lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with measles virus glycoproteins.

Lentiviral (LV) vectors have emerged as powerful tools for basic research and clinical applications because of their ability to stably transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. A wide range of viral envelope (Env) glycoproteins have the ability to associate with the membrane of LV vectors, a process that is referred to as pseudotyping. Pseudotyped vectors have the capacity to transduce specific cell types for specific applications. For example, LV vectors pseudotyped with the measles virus (MV)-derived hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins have the ability to transduce quiescent lymphocytes. In addition, the MV H glycoprotein can be engineered allowing cell-specific targeting of LV vectors. One problem with MV glycoprotein-pseudotyped LV vectors is low titer during vector production. This results in the need to manufacture large volumes of the vectors and to concentrate them to appropriate titers. The commonly used centrifugation-based concentration techniques for LV vectors are not practical for large-scale vector manufacturing. Thus, there is a need for improved methods to concentrate LV vectors. In this study, we adapted an anion-exchange membrane chromatography method that we previously used in the context of LV vectors pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein to concentate MV glycoprotein-pseudotyped LV vectors. Up to 60% of the input vectors with an up to 5300-fold reduction in volume was achieved using this anion-exchange chromatography method in conjunction with a desalting/concentration step involving centrifugal filter units. This technique provides a rapid and scalable approach for concentrating MV-pseudotyped LV vectors that does not require an elaborate setup.

Excision of Mullerian duct remnant for persistent Mullerian duct syndrome provides favorable short- and mid-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: In dealing with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS), excision of Mullerian duct remnant (MDR) has been rarely mentioned in the past, but recent discussions have taken place. This study aimed to evaluate the operative feasibility and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three patients with PMDS operated on with excision of MDR between 2000 and 2009 were enrolled. Medical records were retrospectively collected and reviewed. RESULTS: Bilateral undescended testis was manifested in all cases. Two patients presented with incarcerated hernia, requiring emergency herniorrhaphy at the ages of 6 months and 10 days, respectively. Reconstruction comprising simultaneous MDR excision and orchiopexy was made at the age of 1 year. MDR was incidentally found in another patient during operation for undescended testis. Immediate reconstruction was accomplished. Follow-up periods were 12.0, 3.5, and 2.5 years, respectively. Worse outcomes were noted on the two testes with repeated operations for incarcerated hernias, whereas the outcomes on the other four testes with a single operation were favorable. CONCLUSIONS: Excision of MDR is technically feasible, and provides favorable outcomes in cases of a single operation. For experienced surgeons, immediate reconstruction should be the priority when this abnormality is incidentally encountered at an age suitable for orchiopexy.

Optimal Design for Marker-assisted Gene Pyramiding in Cross Population.

Marker-assisted gene pyramiding aims to produce individuals with superior economic traits according to the optimal breeding scheme which involves selecting a series of favorite target alleles after cross of base populations and pyramiding them into a single genotype. Inspired by the science of evolutionary computation, we used the metaphor of hill-climbing to model the dynamic behavior of gene pyramiding. In consideration of the traditional cross program of animals along with the features of animal segregating populations, four types of cross programs and two types of selection strategies for gene pyramiding are performed from a practical perspective. Two population cross for pyramiding two genes (denoted II), three population cascading cross for pyramiding three genes(denoted III), four population symmetry (denoted IIII-S) and cascading cross for pyramiding four genes (denoted IIII-C), and various schemes (denoted cross program-A-E) are designed for each cross program given different levels of initial favorite allele frequencies, base population sizes and trait heritabilities. The process of gene pyramiding breeding for various schemes are simulated and compared based on the population hamming distance, average superior genotype frequencies and average phenotypic values. By simulation, the results show that the larger base population size and the higher the initial favorite allele frequency the higher the efficiency of gene pyramiding. Parents cross order is shown to be the most important factor in a cascading cross, but has no significant influence on the symmetric cross. The results also show that genotypic selection strategy is superior to phenotypic selection in accelerating gene pyramiding. Moreover, the method and corresponding software was used to compare different cross schemes and selection strategies.

Partial hydrodynamic screening of confined linear and circular double-stranded DNA dynamics.

We performed experiments and simulations to investigate the influence of hydrodynamic interaction on the diffusion dynamics of circular and linear λ-DNA confined in nanoslits. Contrary to the common assumption that intrachain hydrodynamic interaction (HI) is completely screened when polymers are confined in channels with height h smaller than the radius of gyration R(g), it is found that the HI is partially screened and approaches complete screening only for R(g)≪h. For λ-DNA, the HI becomes nearly completely screened only when the channel height is smaller than the Kuhn length. In addition, the dynamics of linear and circular λ-DNA in very strong confinement is shown to be independent of the chain topology.

Stable expression of rice dwarf virus Pns10 suppresses the post-transcriptional gene silencing in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

UNLABELLED: RNA silencing is a conserved mechanism that defends against viral infection and retrotransposon activity for protection of the genome. Segment 10 (S10) of Rice dwarf virus (RDV) encodes Pns10 protein, a viral suppressor of RNAi that suppresses the host RNA silencing machinery. In this study, we obtained stable transgenic RDV-S10 Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing Pns10. Suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by Pns10 supported the conclusion that this protein exhibited the RNA silencing suppressor activity. In particular, the transgenic plants stably expressing a viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR) provide a model system for investigating the mechanism of RNA silencing.
KEYWORDS: RNA silencing; VSR; Rice dwarf virus; Pns10; transgenic plant.

Absence of association between two insertion/deletion coding genetic polymorphisms of TIM-1 gene and asthma in Chinese Han population.

TIM-1, a member of T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain (TIM) gene family, was implicated as an asthma susceptibility gene in previous studies. TIM-1 was expressed on CD4(+) T cells after activation and its expression was sustained preferentially in T-helper type 2 (T(H)2) but not in T(H)1 cells, therefore TIM-1 became a good candidate gene for atopic diseases. Recent studies indicated that two insertion/deletion (ins/del) coding genetic polymorphisms in exon 4 of TIM-1 were associated with asthma susceptibility in some but not in all populations. In order to investigate the relationship between TIM-1 genetic polymorphisms and asthma in Chinese Han population, we performed a case-control study for two insertion/deletion polymorphisms in TIM-1 exon 4 (5383_5397ins/del and 5509_5511delCAA) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 8 (IVS 8+9 G/A) between a healthy control group of 309 people and an asthma patient group of 352 people recruited from Chinese Han population. The polymorphisms were genotyped and the allele and genotype frequencies were analysed, but none of the three polymorphisms showed association with asthma susceptibility in single-locus association analyses. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses demonstrated that the two insertion/deletion polymorphisms were in strong LD but the haplotypes constructed from these two polymorphisms showed no significant association with asthma. In conclusion, our findings suggest that 5383_5397ins/del, 5509_5511delCAA and SNP IVS 8+9 G/A polymorphisms are not associated with asthma susceptibility in Chinese Han population.

Lack of association between ADAM33 gene and asthma in a Chinese population.

Asthma is a complex polygenic disease with gene-environment interactions being important. It has been previously suggested that ADAM33, which is a member of a gene family that encodes membrane-anchored proteins with a disintegrin and a metalloprotease domain, is primarily expressed in lung fibroblasts and bronchial smooth muscle cells and has been associated with airway remodelling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A significant association has previously been demonstrated between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the ADAM33 and asthma in ethnically diverse populations. To assess whether SNPs or haplotypes of ADAM33 are related to asthma in a Chinese Han population, we genotyped three SNPs of ADAM33 (7575G/A in intron 6, 11188A/T in intron 19, and 12433T/C in exon 20) in a case-control study involving 296 patients with asthma and 270 healthy controls. No significant association was detected between these three SNPs and asthma susceptibility in the Chinese population.

Different programs of activation-induced cell death are triggered in mature activated CTL by immunogenic and partially agonistic peptide ligands.

Activation-induced cell death (AICD) of mature T cells plays an important role in the control of immune homeostasis and peripheral tolerance. TNFRs and Fas have been implicated in the induction of AICD. However, these molecules were shown to be dispensable, at least in some experimental systems, for downsizing of Ag-induced T cell expansions and development of tolerance in vivo. The conditions of T cell activation leading to T cell deletion in a death receptor-independent manner are not well characterized. Here we show that human CTLs die through a death receptor-independent apoptotic program upon triggering with a partially agonistic peptide ligand. This apoptotic process exhibits some features of T cell death due to lymphokine deprivation and is blocked by exogenous IL-2. Our data demonstrate that engagement of TCR by MHC-peptide complexes can trigger diverse apoptotic programs of AICD and that the choice between these programs is determined by the agonistic potency of MHC-peptide ligand.

Characteristics of patients at a Taipei summer rock concert festival.

BACKGROUND: Rock concerts are popular mass gatherings in Taiwan. Millions of fans participate in rock concerts in Taiwan each year. However, there were no reports on the characteristics of the patients seen in rock concerts in Taiwan. METHODS: Medical care for a summer rock concert festival held in an outdoor stadium in Taipei was coordinated by emergency physicians of a medical center. About 50,000 attendees participated in the two-night concert. Three stations were set up to provide advanced medical care. A standardized form was used to collect information about patients. RESULTS: A total of 28 cases visited the medical stations, fourteen cases each day. They were aged from 13 to 40 years, with an average of 20.8 +/- 6.4. Twenty-one cases were female and seven were male. Twenty-two (79%) were spectators, five (18%) were on-duty staff, and one was a by-stander. Based on an estimation of totally 50,000 participants in the stadium for this two-night festival, the medical use rate was roughly 5.6 PPTT (patients per ten thousand attendees). The most common major problem was fainting which accounted for 13 cases (46%). Of these 13 cases, three cases (23%) lost consciousness and 12 cases (92%) were female. Sixteen cases (57%) were classified as requiring ALS (advanced life support) and 12 cases (43%) as requiring BLS (basic life support). Most cases improved and were discharged after onsite treatment. Only one case was transferred by ambulance due to persistent chest pain. However, she recovered several hours later. CONCLUSIONS: By this preliminary data, first reported in Taiwan, we found that the most common problem was fainting. More than half of the cases seen at the concert required advanced life support. A well-designed emergency medical service (EMS) system is mandatory to provide services for these events.

A partially agonistic peptide acts as a selective inducer of apoptosis in CD8+ CTLs.

We have analyzed the effect of partially agonistic peptides on the activation and survival of CTL clones specific for a highly immunogenic HLA A11-restricted peptide epitope derived from the EBV nuclear Ag-4. Several analogues with substitutions of TCR contact residues were able to trigger cytotoxic activity without induction of IL-2 mRNA and protein or T cell proliferation. Triggering with these partial agonists in the absence of exogenous IL-2 resulted in down-regulation of the cytotoxic potential of the specific CTLs. One analogue selectively triggered apoptosis as efficiently as the original epitope, subdividing the partial agonists into apoptosis-inducing and noninducing ligands. Analysis of early T cell activation events, induction of Ca2+ influx, and acid release did not reveal significant differences between the two types of analogue peptides. These results demonstrate that some partial agonists can dissociate the induction of CTL death from CTL activation. Peptides with such properties may serve as useful tools to study signal transduction pathways in CD8+ lymphocytes and as therapeutic agents modulating natural immune responses.

The effect of subcutaneous r-HuEPO in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with anemia: a preliminary report.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-related anemia in cancer patients is often encountered in clinical practice. It can reduce patient's compliance and tolerance to continuing chemotherapy. The mechanism of anemia may be ascribed to either decreasing serum EPO concentration or reducing sensitivity of EPO. Exogenous supply of EPO has shown to be effective in control of cancer-related anemia in early reports. This study preliminarily explored the efficacy and safety of r-HuEPO for cancer patients with anemia during the cytotoxic chemotherapy period in Taiwan. METHODS: Sixteen cancer patients receiving cyclic chemotherapy with anemia (Hgb < or = 10.5 g/dl) and without other systemic organ dysfunction, cerebral metastasis, uncontrolled hypertension, or presence of anemia attributable to causes other than cancer and chemotherapy entered the study. All patients received r-HuEPO 150 u/kg subcutaneous injection tiw for a total of 16 weeks. The efficacy determinations was based on the effect of r-HuEPO on hematological parameters, transfusion requirements, quality of life assessment, and physician's global assessment. Safety was assessed based on clinical laboratory tests, vital sign measurements and the incidence and severity of adverse experiences. RESULTS: There were no changes of WBC and platelet count in 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of r-HuEPO therapy. The mean hemoglobin values at baseline, week 4, 8, 12, and 16 were 9.2 +/- 1.0 g/dl, 11.4 +/- 0.9 g/dl, 11.6 +/- 1.8 g/dl, 11.8 +/- 1.8 g/dl, and 12.2 +/- 2.3 g/dl, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean hematocrit values at baseline, week 4, 8, 12, and 16 were 28.3 +/- 3.4%, 36.0 +/- 2.8%, 36.3 +/- 5.7%, 37.8 +/- 6.0%, and 40.1 +/- 7.1%, respectively (p < 0.0005). The use of r-HuEPO had the marginal effect on the increase of patient's energy and activity. No adverse impacts on patient's vital signs were noted except 2 incidences of systolic hypertension and one episode of diastolic hypertension in the week 4. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous injection of r-HuEPO at the dose of 150 u/kg tiw was safe and effective in increasing patient's hematocrit and RBC mass, and decreasing their blood transfusion requirement. Whether the current dosage of 150 u/kg tiw is the optimal treatment for chemotherapy-related anemia still needs further study.

Effectiveness of a continuous quality improvement program aiming to reduce unplanned extubation: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a continuous quality improvement (CQI) program in reducing the incidence of unplanned endotracheal extubation. DESIGN: Prospective study over a 9-month period. SETTING: Adult intensive care units (ICUs including coronary care unit, medical ICU, surgical ICU, and cardiovascular surgical ICU) in a university-affiliated medical center. PATIENTS: 831 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients. INTERVENTIONS: CQI program focusing on standardization of procedures, improvement of communication, and identification and management of high-risk patients. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: With the implementation of this CQI program, the overall incidence density of unplanned extubation (defined as number of new unplanned extubations per mechanical ventilation patient-days) significantly decreased from 2.6% in the first trimester to 1.5% in the second trimester and 1.2% in the third trimester (p = 0.01). This reduction was essentially the result of a decrease in unplanned extubation in orally intubated patients (incidence density 4.6, 1.7 and 1.0% for three trimesters, respectively; p < 0.0001). Unplanned extubation in nasally intubated patients remained largely unaffected (1.2, 1.4, and 1.4% for three trimesters, respectively; p = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a concerted CQI program is effective in reducing the overall incidence of unplanned endotracheal extubation.

Selective IgA deficiency and anaphylactoid transfusion reaction: a case report.

Anaphylactoid transfusion reaction following the administration of incompatible blood products can be life threatening, but accounts for only a very small proportion of all transfusion reactions. One of the causes of anaphylactoid transfusion reaction is the reaction of patient's anti-immunoglobulin A(IgA) with plasma IgA which is usually present in transfused blood. We report a case who had anaphylactoid transfusion reactions after transfusion of only a few milliliters of packed RBC from 3 consecutive donors, in spite of compatible pretransfusion crossmatches. The patient's serum revealed IgA deficiency accompanied by high-titer anti-IgA. The family study showed that one of her sons had partial IgA deficiency accompanied by anti-IgA2. In conclusion, although selective IgA deficiency is rare in Taiwan, it may still occasionally result in severe anaphylactoid transfusion reactions.

Trisomy 21 in acute myeloid leukemia.

We report two cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), constitutionally normal, with trisomy 21. Trisomy 21 does not often occur as a sole numerical karyotypic abnormality in AML leukemia. The possible prognostic significance of the finding in acute leukemia is discussed.

Treatment of advanced gastric cancer with a modified regimen of etoposide/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil.

The efficacy and toxicity of a combination of etoposide 100 mg/m2/day iv on day 2-4, leucovorin 300 mg/m2/day iv, and 5-FU 500 mg/m2 day iv on day 1-5 every 4 weeks were assessed in 21 patients with advanced gastric cancer with measurable or evaluable diseases. Eight patients had an objective response, including 3 in CR. The overall response rate was 38.1% (95% CI 33.4-42.8%). Five of 8 patients who exhibited locally advanced and unresectable diseases had an objective response (2 CR, 3 PR). The response rate in patients with metastatic disease was 23.0% (95% CI 14.4-31.6%). The median progression-free interval and overall survival time were 7 and 10 months, respectively. The most frequent side effect was alopecia (Gr I/II 71.4%). No treatment-related death occurred. Modified ELF is a relatively effective and tolerable combination regimen for advanced gastric cancer and can be safely administered to elderly patients and patients with systemic diseases.